The New Style of Studies on Buddhism

with

The THESAURUS of PThe THESAURUS of PĀLIĀLI GĀTHĀGĀTHĀ

and

A Personal Computer

by

Tetsuo　 Hashimoto

What is What is ““The THESAURUS of PĀLI The THESAURUS of PĀLI

GĀTHĀGĀTHĀ”?”?

• I. INPUT OBJECTS• II. INPUT FORM• III. The MEANINGS of SIGNS or SYMBOLS

I.I. 　　 INPUT OBJECTSINPUT OBJECTS

““The THESAURUS of P LI G THĀ ĀThe THESAURUS of P LI G THĀ Ā” is a computer-readable file. Ā” is a computer-readable file. Ā

It contains the all words which aIt contains the all words which are cut out from all gāthās of the re cut out from all gāthās of the following texts----following texts----

The Pāli Texts

Suttanipāta (PTS.1965) . It is expressed ‘{sng_}’ . Sa yutta-Nikāya vol.I (PTS.1973). It is expressed ‘{s_}’ .ṃ Theragāthā (PTS.1966). It is expressed ‘{thag_}’ . Therīgāthā (PTS.1966). It is expressed ‘{thig_}’ . Dhammapada (PTS.1995). It is expressed ‘{dhp_}’ . Itivuttaka (PTS.1975). It is expressed ‘{itig_}’ . Udāna (PTS.1948). It is expressed ‘{udag_}’ .

(The words ‘api’, ‘iti’, ‘iva’, ‘eva’, ‘kho’, ‘ca’, ‘ce’, ‘ti’, ‘tu’, ‘na’, ‘no’(not pronoun), ‘nu’, ‘pi’, ‘mā’, ‘va’, ‘vā’, ‘ve’, ‘vo’, ‘si’, ‘su’, ‘hi’ are omitted.)

II.　 INPUT FORM(1)

ā aa ī ii ū uu ṅ nq ñ nw ṭ tz h ṭ tzh ṇ nz ḍ dz h ḍ dzh

ḷ lz ṃ mz

avagraha ‘-’ hyphen ‘=‘

I. TREATMENT OF DIACRITICAl MARKS(1)

II. 　 INPUT FORM(1)I. TREATMENT OF DIACRITICAl MARKS(2) *When ‘nq’, ‘nw’, ‘nz’, ‘n’, ‘m’, and ‘mz’ are at the end of words, they are changed into ‘m^’.

Ex. dhammamz dhammam^

Ex. sanqghan sanqgham^

*When ‘aaa’ is needed, and it means ‘a+aa’, it is written ‘.…axaa….’.

II.　 INPUT FORM(2) Words and combined words (compounds, etc.) are cut out from a sentence.Ex. {sng_0892} ' idh-eva suddhi5 ' iti vaadiyanti6 , na^anwnwesu dhammesu visuddhim aahu , evam7 pi tithyaa4 puthuso nivitztzhaa sakaayane tattha dalzhamz vadaanaa . 15 .

idh-eva {sng_0892} suddhi5 {sng_0892} vaadiyanti6 {sng_0892} na^anwnwesu {sng_0892} dhammesu {sng_0892} visuddhimz {sng_0892} aahu {sng_0892} evamz7 {sng_0892} tithyaa4 {sng_0892} puthuso {sng_0892} nivitztzhaa {sng_0892} sakaayane {sng_0892} tattha {sng_0892} dalzhamz {sng_0892} vadaanaa {sng_0892}

II.　 INPUT FORM(3) The combined words(compounds, e

tc.) are resolved into the words.

Ex. idh-eva {sng_0892}

/_idha_/_eva_/ {sng_0892}

* ‘/_’, ‘_/_’and ‘_/’are partitions.

II. 　 INPUT FORM(4)

The derivatives of a verb are reduced to the basic verbal form (present indicative, 3rd person, single.).

Ex. /_nivitztzha_/ {sng_0892}

/_ni-_visati~p_nivitztzha_/ {sng_0892}

‘~’indicates ‘verb’, ‘p’indicates ‘past participle’.

Passive, causative, etc. of the verb is reduced to the basic verbal form.EX. vaadiyanti {sng_0892}

/_vadati~>:caus_vaadeti~>:pass_vaadiyati~_/ | / vaadiyanti {sng_0892}/

*This line denotes that ‘vaadiyati’ is the passive of ‘vaadeti’, and ‘vaadeti’ is the causative of ‘vadati’.

II. 　 INPUT FORM(5)

Pronouns are changed into their antecedents.

Ex.--------/_tad_*>_te_<|~;mahaakassapa_><|~;bhaddaa#k_

>/:(#k=bhaddaakapilaanii) | :(/pron/ma/pl/no/_):HITOLL:THERA:THERI:(=te,see norman ad thig.66):((those same) we, by norman):(see norman ad thig.24,with a first person plural verb=amhaa):PENAME / ty {thig_0066}/

But it is done only 85%.

II.　 INPUT FORM(6)

III. The MEANINGS of SIGNS or SYMBOLS(1) The Thesaurus has many signs and symbols. I will illustrate the most important articles of them. If a word has many meanings, they are

distinguished by the sign ‘#’ and the one letter.

Ex. attha (They are based on the classification of “The Critical Pali Dic.”)

attha#a: ‘aim’.attha#b: ‘benefit’.

III. The MEANINGS of SIGNS or SYMBOLS(1)

attha#m: ‘meaning’ attha#n: ‘need’ attha#p: ‘place’ attha#r: ‘theory’ attha#s: ‘for the sake of’ attha#t: ‘thing’ attha#w: ‘welfare’ attha#d: ‘disappearance.

This is marked by myself. attha#v: ‘various meanings’

About the others, see my HOME-PAGE----http://www2s.biglobe.ne.jp/~pali-bud

III. The MEANINGS of SIGNS or SYMBOLS(2)

If two or more words belong to the same class, they have the same index.Every index is written with capital letters.(In the “Thesaurus” every line is written with small letters exept these indices.)

Ex. LL=all creatures including humanPL=plantAN=animalTO=human

III. The MEANINGS of SIGNS or SYMBOLS(2)

HI=ordinary man JA=excellent man BUTU=Gotama Buddha------------------------------ above are creatures ------------- NAME=proper noun PE=personal GE=geographic NATU=natural phenomena YOKU=desire, lust, to cling KAN=seeing, to see, to understand, perception TIME=time, temporal SELF=self OSIE=teaching, doctrine ALL=all creatures except human….and so on.

The subsumptional relation of indices to creatures

About more information, see http://www2s.biglobe.ne.jp/~pali-bud

LL: All creatures including human

PL: Plants

AN: Animals

TO: Human beings

HI: Ordinary man

JA: Excellent man

BUTU: Buddha

‘PL’ (plant) is applied to these word------------- atztzhi(the stone of a fruit,ptsd.), amba(mango), ambusevaala(water plant), assattha(fig tree,noman), aamalaka(name of tree), indagopaka(indagopaka=insects,noman.a name of grass,nak

amura), udumbara(fig), uppala(blue lotus) [exept uppalavanznza=THERI], ummaa(flax), usiira(name of a grass), elambuja(lotus), katztzha#c(chips,noman):ALLPLPRT, katztzhaka(name of plant), ………………….and so on <see complete file>

What can we do with this file?

1. We can make the permutated index.

2.We can easily find the synonyms or the parallel words.

３ . We can find out all the gāthās which have the target word.

1.We can make the permutated indexwith all the gāthās by using the some programs made by me.Ex.-----

>> PROGRAM

The permutated index of 'dhamma‘

Its Japanese translation and English translation.

2. We can easily find out the synonyms or the parallel words for any word by using all the gāthās and some programs made by me.The way to find parallel word is based on this thought ---

When we have two sentences, and one is consist of the elements A-B-C, and the other A-B-C’, we may tell C is the parallel word for C’. ( also C’ is for C).I say the two sentences have the same constitution.

Next, I will show you an example

We find “kammanā vattati loko” in Sn.654-a.

When we search the sentence which have ‘kamma’ and ‘vattati’, we find “kamm

anā vattati pajā” in Sn.654-b.

‘Pajā’ is a parallel word for ‘loka’

Dr. M.G.DHADPHALE made several important statements on this point.

“ kammunā vattati loko, kammunā vattati pajā” is a synonimic pāda.

“The Structual or Formal Classification of Synonyms: … 4) Pāda-synonymy: This is not essentially different from se

ntence-synonymy. The difference is merely formal. Sentences occur in prose and pādas occur in verses. The following are the instances of synonimic pādas: asāta sātarūpṃena, piyarūpena appiya (Ud. p. 82); ṃ kammunā vattati loko, kammunā vattati pajā (Sn. p. 368); udabindu yathā pi pokkhare, padume vāri yathā na limpati (Sn. p. 395).”

Dr. M.G.Dhadphale, SYNONYMIC COLLECTIONS IN THE TIPIṬAKA: A STUDY BHANDARKAR ORIENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE, POONA, INDIA 1980,pp.31-32.

Making “The parallel words for Making “The parallel words for Taṇhā”Taṇhā”

1. Extracting all sentences which have the word ‘Ta hāṇ ’from all the gāthās.

( The permutated index is useful. )2. Finding the available constitutions for our

purpose.

Ex. taṇhaṃ pajaheyya muni {thag_0596}taṇhaa

munipajaheyya

3. Searching other sentences which has the same constitution in all gāthās.

We can find them by putting ‘pajaheyya’ and ‘muni’(exellent man) on the program made by my

self. the programWe find one gāthā exept {thag_0596} :

{sng_1058} te ca^api nuuna pajaheyyu7 dukkhamz , ye tvamz muni8 atztzhitamz9 ovadeyya , tamz10 tamz namassaami samecca11 naaga , app=eva mamz bhagavaa12 atztzhitam13 ovadeyya . " _10 . | (:7=pajaheyya)

‘Dukkha’ is the parallel word for ‘ta hāṇ ’

4. But ‘pajaheyya’ is an optative form of ‘pa-　　 jahati’, and ‘muni’ belongs to class ‘JA’. So we could put ‘jahati’ and ‘JA’ on the progr

am now. 5. We get the new file made by the program. 6. Then we sellect the sentences which have

the same constitution of thag.596 from it.

7. And we get the list （ Excel ） of the parallel words for ‘ta hā’ through the constitution oṇ

f “ta ha pajaheyya muniṇ ṃ ” {thag_0596}.

8.And we do the process 2~7 again and again.

Then we get all the parallel words through all the available constitution.

This is the list of all the parallel words for ‘ta hā’ṇ.N.B. The most frequent word is ‘kāma’.

‘Saddhā’ is the parallel word for ‘taṇhā’in the list.>>>> the illustration at the next slide

‘Saddhā’ is the parallel word for ‘tahā’.ṇ

SN.I,p.25: “saddhā dutiyā purisassa hoti…”Sn.740: “ta hādutiyo puriso dīgham addhāna sa sara …”ṇ ṃ ṃ

Is it true that ‘saddhā’ is the parallel word for ‘taṇhā’?

Then we start to research the parellel words for ‘saddhā’

We find the two sentences which have the same constitution including ‘anicca’ and ‘cala’ .

Same constitution!• 1. {thag_0247} aniccā hi calā saddhā eva

di hā hi sā mayā ; rajjanti pi virajjanti , ṃ ṭṭtattha ki jiyyate muni . ṃ

• 2. {thag_1121} ropetvā rukkhāni yathā phalesī mūle taru chettu tam eva icchasi , taṃth-ūpama citta ida karosi ya ma ṃ ṃ ṃ ṃ aniccamhi cale niyuñjasi . (ya = ‘ṃ kāma’ from thag.1122.)

Let’s see the illustration in the next slide.

Same constitution!

‘Saddhā’ is the parallel word for ‘kāma’, i.e. ‘ta hā’.ṇ

‘Saddhā’ is the parallel word for ‘kāma’, i.e. ‘taṇhā’ again.

Any more? Let’s go back to thag.247----- aniccā hi calā saddhā eva di hā hi sā mayā ; ṃ ṭṭ

rajjanti pi virajjanti , tattha ki jiyyate muni.ṃ ‘rajjati’ ‘virajjati’ is seen in other cases. rajjati=to be excited, attached to (loc.), to find pl

easure in (PTSD.)

‘rajjati’ ‘virajjati’

• {sng_0813} dhono na hi tena maññati, yad ida di hasuta mutesu vā na aññenaṃ ṭṭ ṃ visuddhim icchati : na hi so rajjati no virajjatii ti.

‘ Dhona’ belongs to the index ‘JA’.

So, the three word ‘JA’ , ‘rajjati’ and ‘virajjati’ make a constitution.

rajjati=to be excited, attached to (loc.), to find pleasure in (PTSD.)

A constitution by ‘JA’ , ‘rajjati’ and ‘virajjati’ in Sn.813.

The same constitution is found in Sn.853.

A constitution by ‘JA’ , ‘saddha’ and ‘virajjati’ in Sn.853.

{sng_0853} sātiyesu anassāvī atimāne ca no yuto, sa ho ca pṇa ibhānavā , na ṭ saddho na virajjati , (subj.=muni=‘JA’)

‘Saddha’ is the parallel word for ‘rajjati’ .

Dr.K.R.Norman made several important statements on this point.

‘Saddha’ means “desire” in a sense.

• Norman’s 　 statement(1)---- “saddha must be based upon the meaning

“desire”” (K.R.Norman, COLLECTED PAPERS , Vol.II, PTS. Oxford 1991,pp.191-2.) <more details>

• Norman’s 　 statement(2)---- “ It is likely, then, that saddha here reflects t

he alternative sense of śraddhā “desire””.(K.R.Norman, THE GROUP OF DISCOURSES, Second edi

tion, PTS. Oxford 2001, p.355) <more details>

It is true that ‘saddhā’ is the parallel word for ‘taṇhā’

• Though PTSD. doesn’t list ‘desire’as the meaning of ‘saddhā’----

• ‘Saddhā’ in “saddhā dutiyā purisassa hoti” means ‘desire’. (SN.I,p.25)

• ‘Saddha’ in “sātiyesu anassāvī atimāne ca no yuto, sa ho ca pa ibhānavā , na sṇ ṭ addho na virajjati” hoti” means ‘having desire’. (Sn.853)

It is clear that parallel words It is clear that parallel words is useful to define a word.is useful to define a word.

Another constitution including ‘saddhā’

• {s_138_b06_c01_$01_n13_g_} apārutaa tesam amatassa dvārā // ye sotavanto pamuccantu saddhaṃ // vihi sasaññī pagu am na bhāsi // ṃ ṇ ṃdhamma pa itam manujesu ṃ ṇ brahme ti .

• {sng_1146} " yathā ahuu vakkali muttasaddho bhadrāvudho ā avi=gotamo ca , evam eva ḷ tvam pi pamuñcassu saddhaṃ : gamissasi tva pi giya ṃ ṅmaccudheyyapāra . (ṃ tvam=Pi giyaṅ )

• ‘brahmā’ and ‘pi giya’ ṅ belong to ‘TO’.

A constitution by ‘TO’ , ‘saddhā(acc.)’ and ‘pamuñcati’

=accusative

The same constitution ‘TO’ , ‘accusative noun’ and ‘muñcati’

Muñcati includes pa-muñcati, vi-muñcati, vi-pa-muñcati,

• rāga, dosa (lust,anger,dhp.377)• bandha (bond,thag.415)• vāca (word,sn.973)• canda (moon,SN.I,p.50)• suriya (sun,SN.I,p.51)• nāva (ship, SN.I,p.143)• sākha (branch,sn.791)• kathaṃkathin (a man who is dou

btful,sn.1064)• ukkā (fire-brand,thig.507)

It is said ‘ukkā’ is like ‘kāma’ there. and so on.

=kāma

‘Saddhā’ in this constitution

• ‘Saddhā’ in this constitution can be considerd as a kind of desire.

• Then ‘saddhā’ in “pamuccantu saddha ”ṃ (Sn.I,p.138) and “pamuñcassu saddha ” ṃ(sn.1146) can be translated “desire”.

• {sng_0496} yesan tu ta hāṇ n’atthi kuhiñci loke bhavābhavāya idha vā hura vṃā , kālena < tesu havya pavecche , yo ṃbrāhma o puññapekho yajetha . >ṇ

Another constitution including ‘tahāṇ ’

ta hāṇ

n’atthibhavābhavāya idha vā hura vāṃ

The same constitution including ‘pa idhiṇ ’

• {sng_0801} yassūbhayante pa idhīṇ dha n’atthi bhavābhavāya idha vā hura vāṃ , nivesanā tassa na santi keci dhammesu niccheyya samuggahītā.

pa idhiṇ

n’atthibhavābhavāya idha vā hura vāṃ

‘Pa idhiṇ ’ is a parallel word of ‘taṇhā’.

ta hāṇ

pa idhiṇ

n’atthi bhavābhavāya idha vā hura vāṃ

‘Pa idhiṇ ’ is ‘ta hāṇ ’. in the commentary, too.

• “pa idhī ti ta hā”ṇ ṇ (Paramatthajotikā II, vol.2,p.530, ad v.801)

It is clear that parallel words is It is clear that parallel words is useful to define a word.useful to define a word.

END