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  • THE NEW DEAL IN ARIZONA: CONNECTIONS TO OUR · PDF file · 2012-10-24In 1935 little...
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Phoenix College and Art Location: 1202 W. Thomas Rd., Phoenix Directions: From I-17 turn east on W. Thomas Rd. In 1939 Phoenix College moved from its old location to a new site at Thomas and 15th. The architectural firm of Lescher and Mahoney was hired with Public Works Administration funds to design the first six buildings for the new campus. The Liberal Arts and Science buildings, a gym, a combination library, auditorium and administra- tion building, a cafeteria, and a central heating plant formed the core of the college for many years. Although some now support different activities, all six buildings are still standing. The lower level of the new library contains two paintings funded by the Federal Emergency Relief Administration. These Arizona desert landscapes were created by one of the most prolific of Arizona New Deal artists, David Carrick Swing, in 1935. Swing also taught painting at the college for many years. Fray Marcos de Niza Roadside Shrine Location: Department of Motor Vehicles, 3030 N. Grand Ave., Nogales Directions: From I-19 take exit 8, Grand Ave., to DMV. Shrine is locat- ed approximately 500’ south on the Santa Cruz River bank. One of the primary goals of the Federal Art Project was to bring different kinds of art to the American people. Sculptor Kathleen Wilson was funded by FAP to create 12 three-foot statues representing historic priests. Local teenagers were hired with National Youth Administration funds to build the shrine structures for the “Camino de los Padres.” With the support of local Chambers of Commerce, the statues were placed along Arizona roadways. The statue with its stone grotto outside of Nogales has attracted much devotion since its construction in 1939. Most statues have subsequently disappeared and many of those that are left have suffered from vandalism. PIMA COUNTY Tucson Mountain Park and Saguaro National Park - Tucson Mountain District Location: Tucson Mountain Park, Gates Pass, and Saguaro National Park - TMD, N. Kinney Rd., Tucson Directions: From I-10 take Speedway Blvd. west over Gates Pass, turn north on Kinney Rd. Civilian Conservation Corps enrollees arrived at Camp Pima, SP6A, in December 1933 at the northwest corner of what was then Tucson Mountain Park. Enrollees constructed facilities (Gates Pass and other roads, picnic areas, trails, restrooms, and early buildings at the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum) on lands in Tucson Mountain Park and what is now Saguaro National Park - TMD. They restored the natural resources by building check dams, water tanks, cattle guards and fences, obliterated mining scars, and reseeded areas with natural grasses. National Park Service rangers at the west visitor center can point out the locations of the numer- ous CCC-built structures as well as the ruins of the CCC camp site of SP6A. Colossal Cave Mountain Park and CCC Museum Location: 16721 E. Old Spanish Trail, Vail Directions: From I-10 take exit 279, turn north on Vail/Colossal Cave Rd. for 7 miles, turn east on Old Spanish Trail. A commemorative statue, “The CCC Worker,” greets visitors as they approach Colos- sal Cave. Civilian Conservation Corps enrollees constructed the massive hand-hewn limestone buildings and ramada at the cave entrance. The walkways, handrails, and lighting inside the cave were also completed by camp SP10A between 1934 and1937. Colossal Cave was the only cave development project undertaken by the CCC in the West. Enrollees also constructed two nearby picnic and campgrounds, La Sevilla and El Bosquicito. The former CCC camp office now houses the CCC Museum which features handcrafted furniture and other historic photographs and objects. Colossal Cave Mountain Park was a great example of community advocacy; cave operator Frank Schmidt, Tucson Chamber of Commerce, Pima County Board of Su- pervisors, and Arizona State Legislature and Land Department worked together to secure CCC labor and funds to develop the cave. Supporters believed that Colossal Cave would become an important tourism asset, and, 75 years later, it still brings visitors and jobs to the local community. Tucson Plant Material Center Location: 3241 N. Romero Rd., Tucson Directions: From I-10 take Prince Rd. east, turn south on Romero Rd. Public Works Administration funds financed construction of the Tucson Plant Material Center. Hispanic workers hired with Federal Emergency Relief Ad- ministration funds made the adobe blocks. The eight original buildings at the cen- ter were later assembled by Civilian Conservation Corps enrollees between 1935 and 1941. Designed according to the Pueblo Revival style which imitates early southwestern Native American and Spanish architecture, the buildings were con- structed with flat roofs, rounded corners, vigas (exposed wooden roof beams), and rough-carved, wooden porches. Today only two buildings, the administration and the general utility building, remain. The Tucson Plant Material Center was one of 48 nurseries established in the West by the Soil Conservation Service after 1935. The purpose of the nursery was to study and propagate plants for erosion control. Within two years this nursery and another in Safford had produced over 41,000 trees and schrubs for distribution. Today the Tucson Plant Materials Center is still involved in propagation of native plants beneficial to conservation efforts. University Of Arizona Campus Historic District Location: Between E. 2nd St., N. Park Ave., E. 4th St., and Cherry Ave., Tucson Directions: From I-10 turn east on Speedway Blvd., turn south on Park Ave. In 1934 University of Arizona President Homer Shantz persuaded Arizona’s gover- nor and legislature to request funding from the Public Works Administration for a major building program on the university campus. PWA funds supported the construction of numerous buildings, seven of which still stand: the Arizona State Museum, Chemistry, Humanities (CESL), Auditorium (Centennial Hall), Adminis- tration (Nugent Hall), and two women’s dormitories (Gila and Yuma Halls). The seven buildings were designed by Tucson architect Roy Place in the Spanish/Ital- ian Romanesque style. They display large, rounded arches over windows and en- tryways, the masonry façades contain multiple materials of contrasting colors in decorative patterns, and the deep porches are fronted with ornate columns. Place’s buildings are known as some of the most handsome on the UA campus. Sabino Canyon Recreation Area Location: Sabino Canyon Rd., Tucson Directions: From I-10 turn north on Kolb Rd., turn northeast on Tanque Verde Rd., turn north on Sabino Canyon Rd. The development of the Sabino Canyon recreational area was one of the highest priorities for the City of Tucson and Pima County; funds were assembled from a va- riety of federal New Deal agencies. In the fall of 1934 local workers were hired with funds from the Federal Emergency Relief Administration to build Sabino Canyon Road to bring tourists into the mountains and they also began the series of bridges that cross Sabino Creek. WPA funds were secured in 1935 to complete the nine bridges and build a dam and lake for swimming. In 1933 and 1934 Civilian Conser- vation Corps enrollees from the Madera Canyon camp, F30A, and the Tanque Verde camp, F42A, built Lowell Ranger Station, picnic shelters, stairways, picnic tables, and fireplaces. Despite repeated damage from flooding from Sabino Creek, many beautiful stone facilities are still in place today and are appreciated by more than one million visitors to the park each year. Box Canyon Road Location: Near Santa Rita Mountains Directions: Take Hwy. 83 approx. 30 miles south, turn west on FR 62 (Box Canyon Rd.) or from I-19 take exit 63 east. Continental Rd. continues as FR 62. The Civilian Conservation Corps in the Coronado National Forest built many roads including Redington Pass, Montezuma Pass, Pinery Canyon, Geronimo Trail, and Box Canyon Roads to link outlying forest and ranching communities to more popu- lated areas. Box Canyon Road provided an important east-west connection be- tween the Santa Cruz and Cienega Valleys. Enrollees from Box Canyon camp F11A began construction on the road in 1933. World War I veterans from Madera Canyon camp F30A completed the road in 1934. Evidence of CCC construction can still be found in the masonry retaining walls and concrete culverts along the roadway. To- day this scenic drive offers stunning views of the precipitous Santa Rita Mountains, fine grasslands, and the cool riparian vegetation of Box Canyon. NAVAJO COUNTY Painted Desert Inn, Interior Decoration, and Furniture Location: Petrified Forest Rd., Petrified Forest National Park Directions: From I-40 northeast of Holbrook take exit 311, turn north on Petrified Forest Rd. Originally built in the 1920s of stone with mud mortar, the Inn was purchased by the National Park Service in 1936 using funds from the Public Works Administra- tion and the Works Progress Administration. Lyle Bennett, a National Park Service architect, designed a greatly expanded version of the Inn. This building was, and still is today, widely recognized as a masterpiece in the Pueblo Revival style. The Pueblo Revival style draws upon influences from early Native American pueblos as well as Spanish colonial buildings using flat roofs, rounded edges, wooden lintels and protruding vigas, and a stepped-back roofline. The irregularly shaped building was constructed between 1937 and 1940 by Civilian Conservation Corps enrollees from the Rainbow Forest camp. The adobe walls of the building are more than two feet thick. The interior rooms are filled with Navajo-inspired designs scored in the concrete floor, punched-tin light fixtures, hand-painted skylights, rounded door and window openings, and CCC-crafted furniture. Winslow Headstart Building, Williamson Avenue Under- pass, and Vargas Stadium Locations: Underpass: AZ 87 milepost 342.1. Headstart: Airport Rd. Vargas Stadium: Colorado St. and Cherry St., Winslow Directions: Headstart: From I-40 take exit 99 south, 3rd St., turn south on Williamson Ave. to rail road underpass, milepost 342.1. Continue south on Williamson Ave., turn west on Airport Rd. Vargas Stadium: Take Williamson Ave. north, turn east on Maple St., north on Colorado Ave. The Winslow Clubhouse (now Headstart) is a good example of the Winslow com- munity’s desire for adaptive reuse. The building features many interesting details: hand carved doors, inset “steer-head” designs in the stone wall, and hand-painted tiles gracing the patio steps. Construction of the Williamson Avenue underpass was a fine example of cooperating agencies (Works Progress Administration, Atchison Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, the State of Arizona, and the City of Winslow) to fund and develop an important engineered structure to improve Winslow’s traffic flow. Fans still fill the wooden benches of Vargas Stadium to watch baseball games on the community athletic field. The clubhouse and the stadium were constructed in 1937 and funded by the WPA. Roosevelt’s Recipe for National Restoration In 1935 little Shirley Temple was singing Animal Crackers in My Soup trying to cheer up a country struck down by the greatest economic depression in history. More than 25% of all adult males were unemployed; our landscapes were devastated by drought and destruction; our financial systems were in disarray. Presi- dent Franklin Delano Roosevelt was creating a restorative recipe of New Deal programs. These programs spanned the years of 1933 to 1942 and were designed to rejuvenate economically stagnant communities across the country with infusions of cash and work. They were known as Roosevelt’s “Alphabet Soup” for their 3- and 4-letter acronyms such as PWA, CCC, WPA, FHA, and TVA. FDR created a new vision for America. His New Deal programs restarted the nation’s economic engine by bringing individu- als, communities, and the federal government together to work as a team. A determined generation of men and women under Roosevelt’s leadership set out to reclaim our farmlands and for- ests. They built roads, streets and sidewalks, parks and monuments, schools, post offices, community centers, and bridges and dams. The physical legacy of these programs continues to benefit us to- day in the foundation of our communities’ as well as our nation’s infrastructure. Hardly a town exists in this country where you will not find a structure or a building that they created. These programs and their emphasis on rebuilding the country created a generation who refused to give up. That generation then went on to mobilize for and win World War II. Their legacy for us today can be summed up in a simple, but profoundly powerful state- ment; it was the motto of the Civilian Conservation Corps: “We Can Take It.” The New Deal in Arizona: Connections to Our Historic Landscape is not a summary of all of Arizona’s New Deal projects. Rather, it offers a representative survey of public structures and buildings, federal agencies, and geographical distribution throughout the state. We hope that this map will serve as an invitation to take a closer look at and to protect the historic legacy in your com- munity and throughout the state. Plan a New Deal journey today, pack a picnic, take a camera, and don’t forget the map! APACHE COUNTY Springerville Post Office and Art Location: 5 W. Main St., Springerville Directions: Hwy. 60 in Springerville becomes Main St. The Springerville Post Office is simple in its appearance. Yet it also displays an eclectic collection of architectural design styles. The flat roof with para- pets and six water spouts are characteristic of Pueblo Revival. The arched windows suggest Mission Revival influence and the twisted columns and lantern at the entryway arise from Spanish Baroque architecture. Funded by the Public Works Administration and constructed in 1937, the building was designed to house mul- tiple government agencies including the U.S. Forest Service. The well-preserved lobby features a bas-relief sculpture by Robert Kittredge illustrating the Apache Chiefs Geronimo and Vittorio on horseback in battle. The sculpture was funded by the Section of Fine Arts, the U.S. Treasury Department’s New Deal art program. Navajo Nation Council Chamber and Art Location: Rte. 12, Window Rock Directions: From I-40 turn north on Navajo Rte. 12, east on Rte. 264, and north again on Rte. 12 into Window Rock. The Navajo Nation Council Chamber, the seat of Navajo government, was funded by the Public Works Administration and built in 1935 by Navajo laborers under the Civilian Conservation Corps – Indian Division. The rustic design of the octagonal building was based on the hogan, the traditional Navajo building form with an east-facing entrance. The chamber was constructed with local materials, native sandstone block and Ponderosa pine vigas, in order to blend with the natu- ral surroundings of the canyon. The walls of the council chamber were decorated in 1942 with 12 murals entitled “The History and Progress of the Navajo Nation” by Navajo painter Gerald Nailor. COCHISE COUNTY “Copper Miner” Sculpture by R. Phillips Sanderson Location: Cochise County Courthouse, 100 Quality Hill, Bisbee Directions: Take Hwy. 80 to Bisbee, turn north on Quality Hill. To portray “beauty, toil, and simplicity” was the goal of artist R. Phillips Sanderson when he designed the “Copper Miner.” Sanderson had moved to Bisbee during the Depression and worked as a commercial artist. He was paid $30.00 per month by the Federal Emergency Relief Administration during the six months it took to complete the statue. Bisbee native Lee Petrovitch posed for the artist. The statue was cast in concrete and covered (metalized) with a thin layer of copper. The statue was dedicated to all of the miners who had worked in Bisbee’s mines. “A Cavalcade of Cochise County History” Sculptures by R. Phillips Sanderson Location: 100 Quality Hill, Bisbee Directions: Take Hwy. 80 to Bisbee, turn north on Quality Hill. The Cochise County Courthouse contains several pieces of New Deal art. “A Cavalcade of Cochise County History” is depicted in six bas-reliefs that line the entryway. R. Phillips Sanderson was funded by the Federal Art Project under the Works Progress Administration to produce these plaster sculptures. On the second floor landing hangs another WPA commission, an impressive relief map of Cochise County created by artist George Sellers. Forty-four pounds of screws, nails, tacks, and over 2,000 cups of plaster were used to create the map. Bisbee Public Stairs Location: 41 Main, 69 Main, 79 Main, and 102 Main St., Bisbee Directions: Take Hwy. 80 south to Bisbee, turn north on West Blvd., turn west on Tomb- stone Canyon Rd. (Main St.). In the hilly city of Bisbee the first public stairs were made of wood. They linked parallel streets and provided access to upper and lower neighborhoods. Using funds from the Works Progress Adminis- tration, the city replaced a significant number of its public stairs in 1938. The new concrete stairs were designed to a high standard and constructed with uniform treads and risers and well-finished surfaces. Most of the stairs are signed with the USA/WPA logo in the top and bottom landings. Portal Ranger Station Location: FR 42, Portal Directions: From Hwy. 80, turn west on Rte. 533 (Portal Rd.), turn south on FR 42. The Portal Ranger Station contains three Depression-era buildings: a residence constructed sometime before 1930, an office, and a pump house. The latter two were built by Civilian Conservation Corps enrollees from the nearby Cave Creek camp, F10A, between 1934 and 1935. CCC crews also constructed the landscape, masonry walls and posts, and stone paths. The Bungalow/Craftsman style office was designed with a veneer of river rock to blend with the surrounding rock walls of the canyon. The gabled ends of the office and porch are decorated with half timbers. The porch roof is supported by cement columns on river rock pedestals. Chiricahua National Monument and Exhibit Location: 13063 E. Bonita Canyon Rd. Directions: From I-10 at Willcox take Hwy. 186 south, turn east on Hwy. 181. Chiricahua National Monument was constructed by a single Civilian Conservation Corps camp, NM2A, between 1934 and 1940. These young men reconstructed the Massai Point Road and built the trails, campground structures and visitor center, the lookout on Sugarloaf Peak, and the exhibit building on Massai Point. The buildings were assembled from boulders or blocks quarried from native welded tuff (hardened ash) found in the surrounding mountains. Designed in the National Park Service Rustic style, the buildings sit low and close to the landscape mimicking the surrounding rock en- vironment and have been screened with native vegetation. A CCC exhibit in the visitor center offers information about the enrollees of camp NM2A. Remains of their campsite are found in Silver Spur Meadows. U.S. Custom House at Naco Location: 106 D St., Naco Directions: From Hwy. 92 turn south on Naco Hwy., turn west on Newell St., turn south on D St. The Custom House at Naco was constructed in 1936 with funds from the Public Works Administration. Louis Si- mon, architect for the Public Buildings Branch of the Treasury Department, de- signed the Custom House in the Pueblo Revival style. The two-story building is an outstanding example of this style and includes southwestern features of battered (sloped) and rounded walls, parapets, rough-hewn rafters and vigas, waterspouts, window lintels, and a decorative ladder. In addition to its fine artistry and historic integrity, the building is the only Custom House on the Arizona border designed in the Pueblo Revival style. Turquoise Valley Golf Course and Clubhouse Location: 1794 W. Newell St., Naco Directions: From Hwy. 92 turn south on Naco Hwy., turn west onto Newell St. The first nine holes at the Turquoise Valley Golf Course were constructed with funds from the Works Progress Adminis- tration. They remain largely unchanged – still challenging – since their comple- tion in 1936. The Turquoise Valley Golf Course is the oldest continuously operated course in Arizona. The Clubhouse, constructed from adobe block, was originally located in Bisbee. Dismantled by WPA labor, it was relocated to Naco in 1936 and the original building was enlarged with a brick wing on the west end. Plaques on the exterior commemorate the work of the WPA. COCONINO COUNTY South Beaver School Location: 506 S. Beaver St., Flagstaff Directions: From Bus. 40 take Butler Rd. east, turn south on Beaver St. The Public Works Administration specialized in the construction of community schools. In 1934 the Flagstaff school board requested and received funds from the PWA to build a new elementary school for its black and His- panic children. Additional funds came from the Federal Emergency Relief Adminis- tration. South Beaver was constructed with volcanic malpais, a stone common to the Flagstaff region. The building was completed in less than 90 days, reflecting a commitment to the pressing educational needs of its minority populations. South Beaver is the oldest, continually-operated school building in Flagstaff. “Arizona Logging” Sculpture by Robert Kittredge Location: Coconino County Courthouse, 2nd floor of annex, 200 N. San Francisco St., Flagstaff Directions: From Bus. 40 take San Francisco St. north. Robert Kittredge was commissioned in 1939 by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Section of Fine Arts to create artwork for the new Flagstaff post office. His striking bas-relief entitled “Arizona Logging” was installed in 1940. The post office was sold in 1983 and the bas-relief removed to the second floor of the Coconino County Courthouse. The sculpture reflects the his- toric logging industry in the Flagstaff community. Three loggers load logs onto a wagon using a “cant dog,” a poll to lift and turn timber. Kittredge was born in Cairo, Egypt and, at the age of nine, became a sculptor’s apprentice. Grand Canyon National Park Location: Grand Canyon Village Directions: From I-40 take Hwy. 64 north. Grand Canyon National Park received more development funds and labor from the Civilian Conservation Corps than any other location in Arizona. Six camps operated throughout the park (South Rim, North Rim, and Canyon). The longest running camp, NP2A, functioned from May 1933 through June 1942, al- most the entire existence of the CCC program. The enrollees built much of the pres- ent-day recreation facilities (paths, trails, roads, shelters, and campgrounds) and infrastructure (telephone and electrical lines, water and sewer systems). Phantom Ranch and the Bright Angel Trail require hiking to appreciate the elegant construc- tion work of the CCC. However, the Rim Trail follows the edge of the canyon and is part of numerous, easily accessible CCC developments which include the Kolb Studio stairs and the Rim Trail rock wall. The handsome two-story, wooden Com- munity Building was funded by the Public Works Administration and built by the CCC between 1934 and 1935. The building has been the cultural center of Grand Canyon Village since its creation and housed a public library and cultural and edu- cational event spaces, as well as offices. The visitor center offers a useful pamphlet that describes the history of the CCC and a walking tour through the Grand Canyon Village highlighting these and other features. Grandview Lookout Tower Location: FR 310, Kaibab National Forest Directions: From Hwy. 64, 2 miles east of Grandview Point, turn south on FR 310 to junction with FR 301. Tower is next to the Arizona Trailhead. Grandview Lookout Tower stands over 80 feet in height. The tower was constructed by the Civilian Conserva- tion Corps in 1936 in order to locate forest fires in their early stages of development. The tower is part of a series of fire watch structures including Kendrick Mountain and Bill Williams Mountain lookouts that survey the northern portion of the Kaibab National Forest. The tower is still staffed today during fire months in the summer and is open to visitors during that time. The view from the top includes a large portion of the Grand Canyon and nearby San Francisco Peaks and is, quite literally, breathtaking. Tusayan Ranger Station Location: Hwy. 180 north of Tusayan, Kaibab National Forest Directions: Hwy. 180 north of Tusayan. The Tusayan Ranger Station is one of the most historically-intact Forest Service administration complexes in Arizona. Six buildings were construct- ed by Civilian Conservation Corps enrollees from the Grand Canyon camp, NP2A, between 1939 and 1942. They include a residence and associated shed, office, barn and corral, garage, and seed shed. Designed in the National Park Service Rustic architecture style, the buildings are sheathed in a masonry veneer of red sand- stone cut from a nearby quarry. The site represents the expanded role of the U.S. Forest Service and the need for more active management of the timbered forests in Arizona. Wupatki National Monument Location: Northeast of Flagstaff Directions: From Hwy. 89 north of Flag- staff, turn east on FR 545. In 1064 Sunset Crater erupted with tremendous force and changed the landscape of the northern San Fran- cisco Mountain slopes for centuries. The Sinagua people returned to the area in the early 1100s and remained in the re- gion for 100 years or so. They built an extensive multi-storied settlement to house their population. Today the ruins contain one of the most northern examples of a prehistoric ball court. In 1933 under the guidance of Harold Colton, founder and director of the Museum of Northern Arizona, archaeological excavation and res- toration of the prehistoric settlement began. Civil Works Administration funds in 1934 provided the necessary local labor to continue excavation and restoration. In 1939 a small group of Civilian Conservation Corps enrollees from the nearby Mt. Elden camp also stabilized the ruins and began development of the monument. For the next three years the enrollees constructed trails, a ranger residence, a util- ity building, and a water supply system. Walnut Canyon National Monument and Exhibit Location: Walnut Canyon Rd. Directions: From I-40 east of Flagstaff take exit 204 to Walnut Canyon Rd. A small group of enrollees from the Mt. Elden Civilian Conservation Corps camp near Flagstaff worked at Walnut Canyon from 1938 to 1942. They construct- ed the original visitor center at Observation Point from wood and sandstone block cut from a nearby quarry. The enrollees built the Island Trail with 240 steps and lookout points that lead visitors to the archaeological ruins at the canyon bottom. Enrollees constructed restrooms, parking lot, and housing for park employees. The visitor center was expanded during the 1960s but the original CCC work is still vis- ible within the enlarged building – look for chisel marks on the sandstone blocks downstairs. An exhibit about the CCC enrollees and their projects is located in the foyer of the visitor center. GILA COUNTY Besh-Ba-Gowah Archaeological Park Location: 1100 Jesse Hayes Rd., Globe Directions: From Hwy. 60 (Ash St.) turn south onto S. East St. (later Carico St.), turn south on S. Broad St., turn south onto Jesse Hayes Rd. The park contains remains from a prehistoric communal dwelling constructed by the Salado people. The site was inhabited from 1225 to 1400 A.D. Irene Vickery conducted the first formal archaeo- logical investigation starting in 1935. Funding for her salary and her laborers came from the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and later the Works Progress Administration. She and her workmen excavated over 200 rooms and 350 burial sites. Vickery worked on the excavation until 1940 when she died of pneumonia. Her death left the excavations incomplete and her results unpublished. The site was neglected for 40 years until the City of Globe hired an archaeological team to reevaluate Vickery’s results and finish the reconstruction of the settlement. Kinishba Ruins National Historic Landmark Location: Rte. 73, west of Fort Apache Directions: From Hwy. 60 turn east at Carrizo on Hwy. 73, in 22 miles turn south on Fort Apache Rd. to Fort Apache Historic Park for permit and information. Kinishba Ruins was constructed by the Pueblo people and occupied as early as 800 until as late as 1400 A.D. Byron Cummings, director of the Arizona State Museum, and his students began excavation and reconstruction of Kinishba in 1931. In 1934 Cummings requested funds from the Civilian Conservation Corps – Indian Division to hire 25 local Apache laborers. Between 1934 and 1937 Kinishba also served as an archaeological field school where Cummings trained more than 70 students. In 1938 and 1939 Cummings and Apache enrollees continued to excavate and restore the ruins; they also constructed a small museum and residence. Cummings hoped to establish the site as a unit of the National Park Service, but in the absence of further federal funding, the reconstructed buildings and the new museum began to fall into ruin a second time. Today the site is cared for by the White Mountain Apache Tribe. Salt River Canyon Bridge Location: Hwy. 60, milepost 293 Directions: Hwy. 60 north of Globe or southwest of Show Low. The Salt River Canyon Bridge spans one of the most dramatic canyons in Arizona. It was funded by the Public Works Administration, designed in 1933 by architect Lee Moor, and completed in June 1934. The bridge is a single span steel arch. The design of the bridge approach was highly complex because of the multiple curvatures. Its Art Deco superstructure shines in the sunlight and is still one of Arizona’s most visibly striking, engineered structures. Today the bridge carries only pedestrian traffic; a newer, wider version that sits adjacent handles automobile and truck traffic on Highway 60. GRAHAM COUNTY Safford Post Office and Art Location: 504 5th St., Safford Directions: Hwy. 70 in Safford becomes 5th St. The Safford Post Office and Federal Building was designed in the severely simple and unadorned International style. The building was funded by the Pub- lic Works Administration and constructed in 1941. Safford’s new post office was selected as a recipient for the Treasury Department’s “48 States Competition” in which one post office in each state was awarded a piece of public art. The U.S. Treasury’s Section of Fine Arts awarded the commission to nationally-known artist Seymour Fogel. Fogel’s first submission illustrating Apache Crown Dancers was not well received by the largely Anglo-American community. Fogel subsequently pro- duced a series of six murals on the “History of the Gila Valley” whose topics reflect European arrival, exploration, and settlement of the region. Noon Creek Picnic Area and Wet Canyon Bridge Location: Hwy. 366, southwest of Safford Directions: From Hwy. 191 turn west on Hwy. 366. The Civilian Conservation Corps camp F41A was established at Noon Creek in the Pinaleño Mountains in 1933. The camp operated during the winter. The en- rollees built the Noon Creek picnic area located at mile post 7.2 on the Swift Trail Road. Tables and grills have been replaced since then, but the paths, steps, and retaining walls remain unaltered. The Wet Canyon stone bridge and picnic area at mile post 9.8 were constructed in 1937. Enrollees also completed roads, fences, and erosion control dams in the area. During the summer time the camp was re- located to Treasure Park for high-elevation work. A pamphlet available from the Safford Ranger District office offers valuable information about various stops along the Swift Trail Road. Sanchez Civilian Conservation Corps Campsite Location: East of Safford Airport Directions: From Hwy. 70 turn north on 8th Ave., west on Airport Rd., north on Solomon Pass Rd., east on first dirt (unimproved) road for 4 miles. Campsite is visible about 3 miles down the dirt road. The Sanchez CCC campsite was established in 1935 to protect and preserve the natural resources of the Upper Gila River Valley. The area had been chosen as a national demonstration site by the Soil Conservation Service to stop the dramatic loss of soils and grasslands. During its two-year existence the camp housed 150 young men who built earthen check dams, lines of rock spreaders, and contour fur- rows on federal and state land. Of the original buildings on the site, portions of five still stand. The SCS administration building and the garage/blacksmith shop were constructed with poured concrete forms and faced with basalt cobbles. Remnants of concrete foundations, a few walls, and the pathways marked by stone rows can also be found in the landscape. GREENLEE COUNTY Upper Gila River Valley Erosion Control Project Location: Black Hills Back Country Byway (Old Safford Rd.) Directions: From Hwy. 191 turn left on byway at milepost 139. Byway rejoins Hwy. 191 at milepost 160. The Black Hills Back Country Byway offers both outstanding scenery in the Peloncillo Mountains and some great ex- amples of erosion control devices constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps. The Gila River area was identified in 1934 as a Soil Conservation Service demon- stration site. The Public Works Administration provided funding for 6,000 young laborers supervised by Soil Conservation Service and Department of Grazing advis- ers. Cemented rock dams, like the one found on the east side of the byway at mile post 13.4, stop waters from flowing across the land and destroying the roadway. Rock spreader dikes, loose lines of stone laid on the ground, slow the flow of water over the land and retain any moving topsoil. Extensive rows of dikes are visible in the hills around mile post 15.9 LA PAZ COUNTY Parker Dam Location: Parker Dam Rd., 12 miles northeast of Parker Directions: From Hwy. 95, 12 miles north of Parker, turn west on Parker Dam Rd. Parker Dam on the Colorado River was funded by the California Metropolitan Water District and the Public Works Administration. The dam created a water storage reservoir, Lake Havasu, from which billions of gallons of water each day could be diverted to the Colorado Aq- ueduct and southern California. A lack of congressional approval for construction or a final settlement of state water rights for the Colorado River drove Governor Moeur to send out the Arizona National Guard and threaten military action if the dam reached Arizona shores. Construction was delayed for six months until Con- gress gave its approval. Today the dam also provides water to the Central Arizona Project aquaduct to the communities of Phoenix and Tucson. The dam’s foundation was constructed 235 feet below the level of the Colorado River. The dam is topped by an impressive 62-foot superstructure that towers over the road that crosses the top of the dam. MARICOPA COUNTY Phoenix Homesteads Location: Between Flower St., 28th St., Pinchot Ave., and 26th St., Phoenix Directions: From Hwy. 51 turn east on E. Thomas Rd., and north on 26th St. In 1934 the Division of Subsistence Homesteads purchased a tract of land on what was then the outskirts of Phoenix in order to build a public housing community for low-income residents. Construction of the first half of the Phoenix Homesteads be- gan in 1934 and was completed in 1935. These Pueblo Revival style adobe homes were built on 0.75-acre parcels to accommodate subsistence gardens and small farm animals. Fruit, nut, and olive trees added to the self-sufficiency of the com- munity. Trees and shrubs were planted for shade and privacy. A second small-scale farming cooperative was planned in 1935 by the Resettlement Administration north of the first community and included 35 stick-and-frame homes, a commu- nity center, dairy and poultry buildings, and 40 acres of farm land. The Phoenix Homestead Association operated as a cooperative among the residents until 1944. The community center and 45 homes are still present today and much of the ex- tensive landscaping is still intact. Phoenix Federal Building and Post Office and Art Location: 522 N. Central Ave., Phoenix Directions: From Van Buren St. turn north on Central Ave. The Phoenix Federal Building and Post Office was designed by Phoenix archi- tectural firm Lescher and Mahoney in the Spanish Colonial Revival style and constructed in 1936. In 1937 the U.S. Treasury’s Section of Fine Arts commissioned artist La Verne Nelson Black to create two murals for the east wing of the post office entitled “Historical Background” and “Progress of the Pioneer.” The murals present images of Anglo- American settlement and industrialization. Black moved with his family to Phoe- nix for health reasons and focused his painting and sculpture on the historic West and Native Americans. Another pair of murals funded by the Section was painted by Oscar Berninghaus. They hang in the post office in the west wing of the build- ing. These paintings are entitled “Communication during the Period of Exploration” and “Pioneer Communication.” “The Pageant of Arizona Progress” Murals by Jay Datus Location: Arizona State Capitol, 1938 Addition, 1700 W. Washington St., Suite 300, Phoenix Directions: From I-17, exit 197, turn north on 19th Ave., to north east corner at Jefferson St. Public Works Administration funds were used to construct the State Capitol Annex Building in 1938 and to hire Jay Datus to paint a series of murals entitled “The Pag- eant of Arizona Progress.” Datus came to Arizona in 1937 at the age of 23, already an accomplished and well-known artist. He spent two years in research for these works in order to accurately depict the dress and actions of his subjects. His figures include Native Americans, miners, explorers, missionaries, and pioneers. South Mountain Park and Exhibit Location: 10919 S. Central Ave., Phoenix Directions: From I-10 turn west on Baseline Rd., turn south on Central Ave. South Mountain Park was the focus of two Civilian Conservation Corps camps and 4,000 enrollees from 1933 to 1940. They built erosion control structures, roads and trails, and picnic and other recreational facilities including ramadas and lookout shelters. CCC enrollees also constructed the museum building in 1934 and the caretaker’s house and entrance station be- tween 1937 and 1938. The early buildings were designed by Park Service architects to reflect a romanticized version of Hopi Pueblo construction. Those constructed after 1937 imitate early Papago-Pima adobe construction style. The design and choice of building materials for all of these buildings were intended to harmonize with the local surroundings. Remnants of the long-ago living quarters of the CCC enrollees can still be seen at the CCC Campsite. An exhibit about the CCC enrollees and their accomplishments is presented in the environmental education center. Arizona State Fairgrounds Stadium and Art Location: 1826 W. McDowell Rd., Phoenix Directions: From I-10, exit 143 A-B, turn north on 19th Ave., east on W. McDowell Rd. As the Great Depression deepened and thousands were uprooted and looking for work, numerous fairgrounds were turned into camps for these transients. The Arizona State Fairgrounds provided a temporary place to stay and an opportunity to earn money through labor. Funded by the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and later the Works Progress Ad- ministration, transients helped to construct the stadium. A fifty-foot grandstand, an adobe wall on three sides of the grounds, and an auto racing track inside the horse track were created in 1936. Exhibit buildings were also built; the principal surviving one faces McDowell Rd. On the exterior of the grandstand 23 bas-relief panels by David Carrick Swing and Florence Blakeslee are featured. The works were funded by the Federal Art Project. The panels depict local history, industry, and sport. Binoculars might be useful to better view these detailed panels. Papago Park National Guard Arsenal, Arizona Military Museum, and Amphitheater Location: 5636 E. McDowell Rd., Phoenix Directions: From Hwy. 143, turn east on McDowell Rd. The old National Guard Arsenal is the second largest adobe building in continuous use in the United States. Funded by the Works Progress Administration in 1936, it was part of the recreation develop- ment of Papago Park, an expansive, designed landscape. During WWII the Arsenal was utilized as a maintenance shop for the Papago Park prisoner of war camp. The north wing now houses the Arizona Military Museum. In the arched entryway hangs a handcrafted, tin light featuring a traditional southwestern design. Civil- ian Conservation Corps camp SP5A constructed an amphitheater built into Papago Buttes southeast of the Arsenal between December 1933 and April 1934. The open-air amphitheater accommodates 3,500 people; it has been used for many functions, but most memorable were the Easter Sunrise Services. Encanto Park Location: 2605 N. 15th Ave., Phoenix Directions: From I-17 turn east on W. Thomas Rd., south on N. 15th Ave. Encanto Park was developed for recreation for Phoenix residents with funds from the Public Works Admini- stration. A two-story club house, a boat house and lagoon, a locker and shower house for the golf course, and tennis courts were built in 1937. The clubhouse was designed in the Spanish Eclectic style with Spanish tiles, multiple roof levels, and covered walkway faced with arches and columns. The park was part of a $915,000 allotment to construct pools, bleachers, ball fields, and other facilities in ten other Phoenix parks. MOHAVE COUNTY Hoover Dam Location: Hwy. 93 Directions: Hwy. 93, 70 miles northeast of Kingman. The Hoover Dam was proposed in 1918 in order to manage flooding in the lower Colorado River basin, provide water to irrigate farm fields in California, and generate hydroelectric power. The Bureau of Reclamation’s plan was approved by President Herbert Hoover shortly before the stock market crash of 1929. As the depression deepened, people flocked to the dam site looking for jobs. Upwards of 1,500 lived in Ragtown, a shanty village of cardboard and tin huts. Construction began in 1931 and was scheduled to take four years to com- plete. Department of Interior Secretary Harold Ickes allocated an additional $38 million of Public Works Administration funds to hasten completion of the dam and to inject more federal dollars faster into the local economy. The dam was complet- ed two years ahead of schedule in 1936. The arched concrete structure is designed to hold back the enormous weight of the water. Today the dam produces sufficient electricity to power western Arizona, southern Nevada, and southern California. The impounded water created Lake Mead, the first national recreational area. Hualapai Mountain Park and Cabins Location: 6250 Hualapai Mountain Rd., Kingman Directions: From I-40 take exit 51, Stockton Hill Rd. (Hualapai Mountain Rd.). Hualapai Mountain Park contains both modern and historic recreational facilities. A CCC camp, SP8A, arrived at Hualapai Mountain Park in 1935. Enrollees began to reconstruct Hualapai Mountain Road, widening it, straightening curves, and improving drainage. In 1937 the enrollees began to develop the park itself. They built retaining walls, trails, roadways, and stone bridges. They also built 17 rustic cabins; some are constructed with large-sized, rubble stone, others with wooden slab siding. Each has a stone fireplace and chimney and is set off in its own portion of the park, complete with picnic table and grill. These beautiful cabins are still in fine shape and available for rental today. Kingman Boys and Girls Club Gymnasium and City Annex Location: Gymnasium: 201 N. 1st St. City Annex: 220 N. 4th St., Kingman Directions: Gymnasium: From I-40 take exit 48, turn east on W. Beale St., turn north on 1st St. City Annex: From I-40 take exit 48, turn east on W. Beale St., turn north on 4th St. The Kingman Gymnasium was funded by the Public Works Administration for $58,000. The building was constructed in 1936 in the Art Moderne style with its elegant yet simple lines and Art Deco geometric decorative details around the roofline. The arched roof is supported by a lamellar ceiling. This design allowed for the construction of a large open space supported only by the intersecting wooden arches set against the ceiling. The building contains original wooden bleachers, theatrical stage, and oak flooring. The gym has been a focal point of the Kingman community for generations. In addition to its athletic and theatrical activities, the gymnasium hosted dances for General Patton’s troops during World War II when they trained in the area. During the 1960s it became a roller-skating rink. Its recent rebirth as the Boys and Girls Club is a testament to the Kingman community’s desire for preservation and adaptive reuse. Likewise, the city preserved the 1935 PWA-funded post office first as a community center and later as an annex for city offices. PINAL COUNTY Boyce Thompson Arboretum Location: 37615 E. Hwy. 60, Superior Directions: Hwy. 60 milepost 223 between Superior and Florence Junction. The Boyce Thompson Arboretum was established in 1923. Franklin Crider, a University of Arizona botanist, managed the research unit to study soil retention by plant roots. In 1933 a small group of Civilian Conservation Corps enrollees from camp F16A at Pinal Mountain was brought in to develop a plant nursery. The young men built raised beds and grew thousands of grasses and plants for range revegetation and forestry projects. Su- pervised by the Forest Service rangers and arboretum staff, the enrollees supplied the labor to continue the important work of soil conservation in central Arizona. SANTA CRUZ COUNTY Tumacacori National Historical Park, Dioramas, and Furniture Location: 1891 E. Frontage Rd., Tumacacori Directions: From I-19 take exit 29, turn north on Frontage Rd. The National Park Service chose the Spanish Colonial Revival style in their design and construction of the Tumacacori visitor center, museum, offices, and enclosed garden in 1936. Park de- signers wished to recreate the early Spanish mission environment found in Sonora, Mexico. Arches, columns, recessed wooden doors, and covered walkways around open courtyards with a central fountain were typical of this style. Public Works Ad- ministration funds were appropriated in 1932 and 1933 to build the restroom and outside walls and again in 1936 to develop the museum and landscape designs. A private contractor was hired to build the museum. The grounds were later devel- oped by the Civilian Conservation Corps enrollees. The visitor center doors were built by CCC enrollees at Bandelier National Monument. Dioramas were created at a Works Progress Administration artist workshop in California. Furniture was con- structed by CCC enrollees at Chiracahua and Chaco Canyon National Monuments. U.S. Custom House at Nogales Location: N. Terrace Ave., Nogales Directions: From I-19 exit west onto W. Crawford St., turn south to the end of N. Terrace Ave. Funded by the Public Works Administration in 1934 and construct- ed in 1935 in the Spanish Eclectic style, the imposing U.S. Custom House is a reminder of the importance of Nogales as a primary port of entry from Mexico along the Arizona border. Louis A. Simon, a prominent federal architect, was its designer. YAVAPAI COUNTY Tuzigoot National Monument, Exhibits, and Furniture Location: Tuzigoot Rd., Clarkdale Directions: From I-17 take exit 287 to Rte. 260 west past Cotton- wood toward Clarkdale, turn east on Tuzigoot Rd. The archaeological site contains an outstanding example of a reconstructed prehistoric community inhabited by the Sinagua people between 1000 and 1400 A.D. Two archaeologists and 50 laborers were hired with Federal Emergency Relief Administration funds in October 1933. In November the Civil Works Administration replaced FERA and continued funding until June 1934. Eighty-six rooms and 415 burial sites were excavated; six rooms were partially restored and a trail built around the dwellings. In 1936 the museum and visitor center were built by local laborers with Works Progress Administration and FERA funds. WPA funds were used to hire women to clean the artifacts and reconstruct pottery remains; these are now displayed in the museum. As a result of the fine archaeological restoration, development of facilities, and the enthusiastic support of the local community, Tuzigoot was granted National Monument status in 1939. Smoki Museum and Diorama Location: 147 N. Arizona Ave., Prescott Directions: From I-17 take Rte. 69 northwest to E. Gurley St., turn north on Arizona Ave. The Smoki Museum was designed to store prehistoric artifacts from Yavapai County excavations and equipment used by the Smoki People, a famous group of Prescott businessmen who dressed as Hopi Indians and performed Indian dances. Grace Sparkes, secretary of the Yavapai County Chamber of Commerce, obtained Civil Works Administration and Federal Emergency Relief Administration funds to construct the museum in 1935 using local fieldstone and flagstone. A diorama within the museum depicting prehistoric scenes at Montezuma Castle was constructed by CWA artisans. Prescott Armory Historic District Location: Between E. Gurley, N. Washington, E. Sheldon, and Rush Sts., Prescott Directions: From I-17 take Rte. 69 south- west to E. Gurley St., turn north on Washington St. The Prescott Armory Historic District is an example of a community working to- gether to provide public buildings, recreational spaces, and jobs for skilled and unskilled laborers. The Prescott Chamber of Commerce and the Rotary and Kiwanis Clubs were instrumental in obtaining funding from the Civil Works Administration, the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, and the Works Progress Adminis- tration and coordinating supplies and labor during construction. The district is a showcase for the architectural styles and construction materials common during the Depression era. Native materials such as sandstone and volcanic rock were utilized in many of the New Deal projects, including Ken Lindley Sports Park, the Citizens Cemetery wall, the Smoki Museum, and the fortress-like, historic National Guard Armory. Sycamore Cabin and Furniture Location: FR 68F, Dugas Directions: From I-17 take exit 268, turn east, pass Dugas (FR 68) 0.5 miles, turn south at “Sycamore AS” (FR 68F) sign. The site contains two historic buildings: a forest ranger residence and a small barn with corral. Both buildings sit adjacent to the perennially flowing Sycamore Creek in an open forest of piñon pine and juniper and shaded by large sycamore trees along the creek. The buildings were constructed by Civilian Conservation Corps enrollees between 1940 and 1941. The cabin contains original CCC-constructed furniture. Recently restored, the cabin is now part of the Forest Service rental program, “Rooms with a View,” and is avail- able to the public for daily rental. Crown King Forest Service Ranger Station and Horse- thief Basin Recreation Area Location: Crown King Directions: From I-17 take exit 259 west. FR 259 is a maintained, dirt road. Horsethief Basin is 6 miles beyond Crown King on an unimproved road. From Crown King General Store turn south at first stop sign. At fork go left on FR 52 . Named for the historic mining district, the Crown King Ranger Station includes nu- merous structures and buildings built by the Civilian Conservation Corps between 1934 and 1938. The office and residence were designed in the Bungalow/Crafts- man style with timbered gables and wide front porches fronted by square columns on pedestals. The buildings were designed according to standard Forest Service plans. Each complex is unique, however – modified to make use of local materi- als and to adapt to the landscape itself. Horsethief Basin facilities were funded by the Public Works Administration as part of a large recreation project for Phoenix residents. CCC enrollees built a large dam and man-made lake, hiking trails, and picnic areas. Cottonwood Civic Center Location: 805 N. Main, Cottonwood Directions: From I-17 take exit 287 to Rte. 260 ( Main St. in Cottonwood.). The Cottonwood Civic Center was partially funded by the Works Progress Administration and completed in 1939. Local citizens raised the matching funds through bake sales and other grassroots fundraising efforts. The building was designed by Lescher and Mahoney, an architectural firm from Phoenix. The building is sheathed in river cobble and red sandstone. Wrought-iron hinges on the armory-style doors contribute to its sturdy, fortress-like appearance. During WWII the building was rented to the Defense Department to house members of the Navy. YUMA COUNTY Ferguson Lateral and Headgate Location: W. Main Canal Rd. and Magnolia Ave., Yuma Directions: From I-8 at exit 1 turn west onto Giss Parkway, turn north onto S. Gila St., turn west on 1st St., turn south on Magnolia Ave. (18th Ave.). After crossing a small concrete bridge over W. Main Canal turn west on dirt Main Canal Rd. The first lateral is Woods Lateral (also CCC); the second is Ferguson Lateral. The Bureau of Reclamation utilized the manpower of two Civilian Conservation Corps camps, BR13A and BR74A, to create a system of irrigation canals for the farming community of Yuma. Between 1939 and 1941 enrollees cleared 59 miles of right-of-way, constructed canals, laterals, and headgates, and performed ro- dent control and landscaping. Today Ferguson Lateral is a tangible example of CCC work that still enables water managers to direct water. Although the farms have moved to the outskirts of Yuma, the canals, laterals, and headgates remain. Ho- meowners may still access the laterals to water their yards. The canals are stocked with fish to control algae. With a fishing permit you may join locals catching fish in Yuma’s New Deal irrigation system. Geronimo Surrender Monument Location: Hwy. 80 Directions: 45 miles northeast of Douglas on Hwy. 80. The Geronimo Surrender Monument commemorates the final surrender of the famous Chiricahua Apache Chief Geronimo and the last of his band to General Nelson A. Miles on September 4, 1886. That surrender marked the end of more than 20 years of warfare between the Chiricahua Apache and American settlers and the U.S. Army. Geronimo and his fighters, along with those Chiricahua already settled on the San Carlos Reservation, were forcibly removed to a prison camp in Florida. The monument was constructed by the City of Douglas on Highway 80, then the main east-west route, as a point of interest for automobile tourists. The actual surrender site is located eight miles southeast on Skeleton Can- yon Rd. Materials and construction were funded by the Civil Works Administration, a relief program that provided employment for local unemployed laborers. Williams Ranger Station Location: 724 S. Clover Rd., Williams Directions: From I-40 to Bus. 40 turn west on Rte. 66 to S. Clover Rd. Williams Ranger Station contains five historic buildings: two residences, horse barn/garage and corral, shed, and small garage that were constructed by Civilian Conservation Corps enrollees in the Bungalow/Craftsman style in 1934. The well-preserved buildings and their setting offer an excellent example of depression-era architecture and Forest Ser- vice design. Bungalows in the Craftsman style were usually single-story structures with a low-pitched, gabled roof and a wide front porch with square columns sup- porting the porch roof. The site, with two residences and functional structures, illustrates the expanded land management role of the Forest Service when the Kaibab National Forest was increased in area by more than one million acres. THE NEW DEAL IN ARIZONA CONNECTIONS TO OUR HISTORIC LANDSCAPE HERITAGE TOURISM MAP The New Deal in Arizona: Connections to Our Historic Landscape is a “We the People” project funded by The Arizona Humanities Council www.azhumanities.org and The Vance Foundation and is an Arizona Centennial Project PROJECT TEAM J.J. Lamb • Project Manager, Researcher, Site Visits, Writer Robin Pinto • Researcher, Site Visits, Lead Writer Robert Leighninger, Jr. • Researcher, Writer Peter Booth • Project Support, Writer Michael Smith • Project Support Joy Mehulka • Cartography, Graphic Design PHOTOGRAPHY J.J. Lamb, Robin Pinto, H. Anderson Photography, Robert Leighninger, Jr., Michael Smith, GRCA photo by Michael Quinn, Chuck Park, Gerald Lamb, Megan Lamb. RECOGNITION Our sincere graditude for the support of colleagues, family, and friends who have contributed to the completion of The New Deal in Arizona: Connections to Our Historic Landscape: Paula Wolf, University of Arizona, William Collins, Arizona State Historic Preservation Office, Betsy Fahlman, Arizona State University, Marlene Bachmann, and The Vance Foundation. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 24 THE NEW DEAL IN ARIZONA: CONNECTIONS TO OUR HISTORIC LANDSCAPE HERITAGE TOURISM MAP LOCATIONS Cover artwork from the mural “Historical Background” by La Verne Nelson Black located in the Phoenix Federal Building and Post Office. The New Deal in Arizona Chapter of the National New Deal Preservation Association [email protected]

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    Phoenix College and Art Location: 1202W.ThomasRd., PhoenixDirections: FromI-17turneaston W.ThomasRd.In 1939 Phoenix College moved fromits old location to a new site atThomas and 15th. The architecturalfirm of Lescher and Mahoney washired with Public Works Administrationfunds to design the first six buildingsfor the new campus. The Liberal Artsand Science buildings, a gym, a combination library, auditorium and administra-tion building, a cafeteria, and a central heating plant formed the core of the college for many years. Although some now support different activities, all six buildings are still standing. The lower level of the new library contains two paintings funded by the Federal Emergency Relief Administration. These Arizona desert landscapes were created by one of the most prolific of Arizona New Deal artists, David Carrick Swing, in 1935. Swing also taught painting at the college for many years.

    Fray Marcos de Niza     Roadside ShrineLocation: DepartmentofMotor Vehicles,3030N.GrandAve., NogalesDirections: FromI-19takeexit8,Grand Ave.,toDMV.Shrineislocat- edapproximately500’south ontheSantaCruzRiverbank.One of the primary goals of the Federal Art Project was to bring different kinds of art to the American people. Sculptor Kathleen Wilson was funded by FAP to create 12 three-foot statues representing historic priests. Local teenagers were hired with National Youth Administration funds to build the shrine structures for the “Camino de los Padres.” With the support of local Chambers of Commerce, the statues were placed along Arizona roadways. The statue with its stone grotto outside of Nogales has attracted much devotion since its construction in 1939. Most statues have subsequently disappeared and many of those that are left have suffered from vandalism.

PIMA COUNTY    Tucson Mountain Park and    Saguaro National Park -    Tucson Mountain DistrictLocation: TucsonMountainPark, GatesPass,andSaguaro NationalPark-TMD, N.KinneyRd.,TucsonDirections: FromI-10takeSpeedway Blvd.westoverGatesPass,turnnorthonKinneyRd.Civilian Conservation Corps enrollees arrived at Camp Pima, SP6A, in December 1933 at the northwest corner of what was then Tucson Mountain Park. Enrollees constructed facilities (Gates Pass and other roads, picnic areas, trails, restrooms, and early buildings at the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum) on lands in Tucson Mountain Park and what is now Saguaro National Park - TMD. They restored the natural resources by building check dams, water tanks, cattle guards and fences, obliterated mining scars, and reseeded areas with natural grasses. National Park Service rangers at the west visitor center can point out the locations of the numer-ous CCC-built structures as well as the ruins of the CCC camp site of SP6A.

    Colossal Cave Mountain    Park and CCC MuseumLocation: 16721E.OldSpanishTrail, VailDirections: FromI-10takeexit279, turnnorthonVail/Colossal CaveRd.for7miles,turn eastonOldSpanishTrail.A commemorative statue, “The CCC Worker,” greets visitors as they approach Colos-sal Cave. Civilian Conservation Corps enrollees constructed the massive hand-hewn limestone buildings and ramada at the cave entrance. The walkways, handrails, and lighting inside the cave were also completed by camp SP10A between 1934 and1937. Colossal Cave was the only cave development project undertaken by the CCC in the West. Enrollees also constructed two nearby picnic and campgrounds, La Sevilla and El Bosquicito. The former CCC camp office now houses the CCC Museum which features handcrafted furniture and other historic photographs and objects. Colossal Cave Mountain Park was a great example of community advocacy; cave operator Frank Schmidt, Tucson Chamber of Commerce, Pima County Board of Su-pervisors, and Arizona State Legislature and Land Department worked together to secure CCC labor and funds to develop the cave. Supporters believed that Colossal Cave would become an important tourism asset, and, 75 years later, it still brings visitors and jobs to the local community.

    Tucson Plant Material CenterLocation: 3241N.RomeroRd.,TucsonDirections: FromI-10takePrinceRd. east,turnsouthon RomeroRd.Public Works Administration fundsfinanced construction of the TucsonPlant Material Center. Hispanic workers hired with Federal Emergency Relief Ad-ministration funds made the adobe blocks. The eight original buildings at the cen-ter were later assembled by Civilian Conservation Corps enrollees between 1935 and 1941. Designed according to the Pueblo Revival style which imitates early southwestern Native American and Spanish architecture, the buildings were con-structed with flat roofs, rounded corners, vigas (exposed wooden roof beams), and rough-carved, wooden porches. Today only two buildings, the administration and the general utility building, remain. The Tucson Plant Material Center was one of 48 nurseries established in the West by the Soil Conservation Service after 1935. The purpose of the nursery was to study and propagate plants for erosion control. Within two years this nursery and another in Safford had produced over 41,000 trees and schrubs for distribution. Today the Tucson Plant Materials Center is still involved in propagation of native plants beneficial to conservation efforts.

    University Of Arizona    Campus Historic DistrictLocation: BetweenE.2ndSt.,N.Park Ave.,E.4thSt.,andCherry Ave.,TucsonDirections: FromI-10turneaston SpeedwayBlvd.,turnsouth onParkAve.In 1934 University of Arizona President Homer Shantz persuaded Arizona’s gover-nor and legislature to request funding from the Public Works Administration for a major building program on the university campus. PWA funds supported the construction of numerous buildings, seven of which still stand: the Arizona State Museum, Chemistry, Humanities (CESL), Auditorium (Centennial Hall), Adminis-tration (Nugent Hall), and two women’s dormitories (Gila and Yuma Halls). The seven buildings were designed by Tucson architect Roy Place in the Spanish/Ital-ian Romanesque style. They display large, rounded arches over windows and en-tryways, the masonry façades contain multiple materials of contrasting colors in decorative patterns, and the deep porches are fronted with ornate columns. Place’s buildings are known as some of the most handsome on the UA campus.

    Sabino Canyon Recreation    AreaLocation: SabinoCanyonRd.,TucsonDirections: FromI-10turnnorthon KolbRd.,turnnortheaston TanqueVerdeRd.,turn northonSabinoCanyonRd.The development of the Sabino Canyon recreational area was one of the highest priorities for the City of Tucson and Pima County; funds were assembled from a va-riety of federal New Deal agencies. In the fall of 1934 local workers were hired with funds from the Federal Emergency Relief Administration to build Sabino Canyon Road to bring tourists into the mountains and they also began the series of bridges that cross Sabino Creek. WPA funds were secured in 1935 to complete the nine bridges and build a dam and lake for swimming. In 1933 and 1934 Civilian Conser-vation Corps enrollees from the Madera Canyon camp, F30A, and the Tanque Verde camp, F42A, built Lowell Ranger Station, picnic shelters, stairways, picnic tables, and fireplaces. Despite repeated damage from flooding from Sabino Creek, many beautiful stone facilities are still in place today and are appreciated by more than one million visitors to the park each year.

    Box Canyon RoadLocation: NearSantaRitaMountainsDirections: TakeHwy.83approx.30 milessouth,turnweston FR62(BoxCanyonRd.)or fromI-19takeexit63east. ContinentalRd.continues asFR62.The Civilian Conservation Corps in the Coronado National Forest built many roads including Redington Pass, Montezuma Pass, Pinery Canyon, Geronimo Trail, and Box Canyon Roads to link outlying forest and ranching communities to more popu-lated areas. Box Canyon Road provided an important east-west connection be-tween the Santa Cruz and Cienega Valleys. Enrollees from Box Canyon camp F11A began construction on the road in 1933. World War I veterans from Madera Canyon camp F30A completed the road in 1934. Evidence of CCC construction can still be found in the masonry retaining walls and concrete culverts along the roadway. To-day this scenic drive offers stunning views of the precipitous Santa Rita Mountains, fine grasslands, and the cool riparian vegetation of Box Canyon.

NAVAJO COUNTY    Painted Desert Inn, Interior    Decoration, and FurnitureLocation: PetrifiedForestRd.,Petrified ForestNationalParkDirections: FromI-40northeastof Holbrooktakeexit311,turn northonPetrifiedForestRd.Originally built in the 1920s of stone with mud mortar, the Inn was purchased by the National Park Service in 1936 using funds from the Public Works Administra-tion and the Works Progress Administration. Lyle Bennett, a National Park Service architect, designed a greatly expanded version of the Inn. This building was, and still is today, widely recognized as a masterpiece in the Pueblo Revival style. The Pueblo Revival style draws upon influences from early Native American pueblos as well as Spanish colonial buildings using flat roofs, rounded edges, wooden lintels and protruding vigas, and a stepped-back roofline. The irregularly shaped building was constructed between 1937 and 1940 by Civilian Conservation Corps enrollees from the Rainbow Forest camp. The adobe walls of the building are more than two feet thick. The interior rooms are filled with Navajo-inspired designs scored in the concrete floor, punched-tin light fixtures, hand-painted skylights, rounded door and window openings, and CCC-crafted furniture.

    Winslow Headstart Building,    Williamson Avenue Under-    pass, and Vargas StadiumLocations: Underpass:AZ87milepost 342.1.Headstart:Airport Rd.VargasStadium:ColoradoSt.andCherrySt.,WinslowDirections: Headstart:FromI-40takeexit99south,3rdSt.,turnsouthon WilliamsonAve.torail roadunderpass,milepost342.1.Continuesouth onWilliamsonAve.,turnwestonAirportRd.VargasStadium:Take WilliamsonAve.north,turneastonMapleSt.,northonColoradoAve.The Winslow Clubhouse (now Headstart) is a good example of the Winslow com-munity’s desire for adaptive reuse. The building features many interesting details: hand carved doors, inset “steer-head” designs in the stone wall, and hand-painted tiles gracing the patio steps. Construction of the Williamson Avenue underpass was a fine example of cooperating agencies (Works Progress Administration, Atchison Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, the State of Arizona, and the City of Winslow) to fund and develop an important engineered structure to improve Winslow’s traffic flow. Fans still fill the wooden benches of Vargas Stadium to watch baseball games on the community athletic field. The clubhouse and the stadium were constructed in 1937 and funded by the WPA.

Roosevelt’s Recipe for National Restoration

In 1935 little Shirley Temple was singing Animal Crackers in My Soup trying to cheer up a country struck down by the greatest economic depression in history. More than 25% of all adult males were unemployed; our landscapes were devastated by drought and destruction; our financial systems were in disarray. Presi-dent Franklin Delano Roosevelt was creating a restorative recipe of New Deal programs. These programs spanned the years of 1933 to 1942 and were designed to rejuvenate economically stagnant communities across the country with infusions of cash and work. They were known as Roosevelt’s “Alphabet Soup” for their 3- and 4-letter acronyms such as PWA, CCC, WPA, FHA, and TVA.

FDR created a new vision for America. His New Deal programs restarted the nation’s economic engine by bringing individu-als, communities, and the federal government together to work as a team. A determined generation of men and women under Roosevelt’s leadership set out to reclaim our farmlands and for-ests. They built roads, streets and sidewalks, parks and monuments, schools, post offices, community centers, and bridges and dams.

The physical legacy of these programs continues to benefit us to-day in the foundation of our communities’ as well as our nation’s infrastructure. Hardly a town exists in this country where you will not find a structure or a building that they created. These programs and their emphasis on rebuilding the country created a generation who refused to give up. That generation then went on to mobilize for and win World War II. Their legacy for us today can be summed up in a simple, but profoundly powerful state-ment; it was the motto of the Civilian Conservation Corps: “We Can Take It.”

The New Deal in Arizona: Connections to Our Historic Landscape is not a summary of all of Arizona’s New Deal projects. Rather, it offers a representative survey of public structures and buildings, federal agencies, and geographical distribution throughout the state. We hope that this map will serve as an invitation to take a closer look at and to protect the historic legacy in your com-munity and throughout the state. Plan a New Deal journey today, pack a picnic, take a camera, and don’t forget the map!

APACHE COUNTY    Springerville Post Office    and ArtLocation: 5W.MainSt.,SpringervilleDirections: Hwy.60inSpringerville becomesMainSt.The Springerville Post Office is simplein its appearance. Yet it also displaysan eclectic collection of architecturaldesign styles. The flat roof with para-pets and six water spouts are characteristic of Pueblo Revival. The arched windows suggest Mission Revival influence and the twisted columns and lantern at the entryway arise from Spanish Baroque architecture. Funded by the Public Works Administration and constructed in 1937, the building was designed to house mul-tiple government agencies including the U.S. Forest Service. The well-preserved lobby features a bas-relief sculpture by Robert Kittredge illustrating the Apache Chiefs Geronimo and Vittorio on horseback in battle. The sculpture was funded by the Section of Fine Arts, the U.S. Treasury Department’s New Deal art program.

    Navajo Nation Council    Chamber and ArtLocation: Rte.12,WindowRockDirections: FromI-40turnnorthon NavajoRte.12,eastonRte. 264,andnorthagainonRte. 12intoWindowRock.The Navajo Nation Council Chamber,the seat of Navajo government, wasfunded by the Public Works Administration and built in 1935 by Navajo laborers under the Civilian Conservation Corps – Indian Division. The rustic design of the octagonal building was based on the hogan, the traditional Navajo building form with an east-facing entrance. The chamber was constructed with local materials, native sandstone block and Ponderosa pine vigas, in order to blend with the natu-ral surroundings of the canyon. The walls of the council chamber were decorated in 1942 with 12 murals entitled “The History and Progress of the Navajo Nation” by Navajo painter Gerald Nailor.

COCHISE COUNTY    “Copper Miner” Sculpture    by R. Phillips SandersonLocation: CochiseCountyCourthouse, 100QualityHill,BisbeeDirections: TakeHwy.80toBisbee,turn northonQualityHill.To portray “beauty, toil, and simplicity”was the goal of artist R. PhillipsSanderson when he designed the“Copper Miner.” Sanderson had movedto Bisbee during the Depression andworked as a commercial artist. He waspaid $30.00 per month by the FederalEmergency Relief Administrationduring the six months it took tocomplete the statue. Bisbee native Lee Petrovitch posed for the artist. The statue was cast in concrete and covered (metalized) with a thin layer of copper. The statue was dedicated to all of the miners who had worked in Bisbee’s mines.

    “A Cavalcade of Cochise    County History” Sculptures    by R. Phillips SandersonLocation: 100QualityHill,BisbeeDirections: TakeHwy.80toBisbee,turn northonQualityHill. The Cochise County Courthouse containsseveral pieces of New Deal art. “ACavalcade of Cochise County History” is depicted in six bas-reliefs that line the entryway. R. Phillips Sanderson was funded by the Federal Art Project under the Works Progress Administration to produce these plaster sculptures. On the second floor landing hangs another WPA commission, an impressive relief map of Cochise County created by artist George Sellers. Forty-four pounds of screws, nails, tacks, and over 2,000 cups of plaster were used to create the map.

    Bisbee Public StairsLocation: 41Main,69Main,79Main, and102MainSt.,BisbeeDirections: TakeHwy.80southto Bisbee,turnnorthonWest Blvd.,turnwestonTomb- stoneCanyonRd.(MainSt.).In the hilly city of Bisbee the firstpublic stairs were made of wood. They linked parallel streets and provided access to upper and lower neighborhoods. Using funds from the Works Progress Adminis-tration, the city replaced a significant number of its public stairs in 1938. The new concrete stairs were designed to a high standard and constructed with uniform treads and risers and well-finished surfaces. Most of the stairs are signed with the USA/WPA logo in the top and bottom landings.

    Portal Ranger StationLocation: FR42,PortalDirections: FromHwy.80,turnweston Rte.533(PortalRd.),turn southonFR42.The Portal Ranger Station containsthree Depression-era buildings: aresidence constructed sometimebefore 1930, an office, and a pump house. The latter two were built by Civilian Conservation Corps enrollees from the nearby Cave Creek camp, F10A, between 1934 and 1935. CCC crews also constructed the landscape, masonry walls and posts, and stone paths. The Bungalow/Craftsman style office was designed with a veneer of river rock to blend with the surrounding rock walls of the canyon. The gabled ends of the office and porch are decorated with half timbers. The porch roof is supported by cement columns on river rock pedestals.

    Chiricahua National    Monument and ExhibitLocation: 13063E.BonitaCanyonRd.Directions: FromI-10atWillcoxtake Hwy.186south,turneast onHwy.181.Chiricahua National Monument wasconstructed by a single Civilian Conservation Corps camp, NM2A, between 1934 and 1940. These young men reconstructed the Massai Point Road and built the trails, campground structures and visitor center, the lookout on Sugarloaf Peak, and the exhibit building on Massai Point. The buildings were assembled from boulders or blocks quarried from native welded tuff (hardened ash) found in the surrounding mountains. Designed in the National Park Service Rustic style, the buildings sit low and close to the landscape mimicking the surrounding rock en-vironment and have been screened with native vegetation. A CCC exhibit in the visitor center offers information about the enrollees of camp NM2A. Remains of their campsite are found in Silver Spur Meadows.

    U.S. Custom House at Naco Location: 106DSt.,NacoDirections: FromHwy.92turnsouthon NacoHwy.,turnweston NewellSt.,turnsouthon DSt.The Custom House at Naco wasconstructed in 1936 with funds from the Public Works Administration. Louis Si-mon, architect for the Public Buildings Branch of the Treasury Department, de-signed the Custom House in the Pueblo Revival style. The two-story building is an outstanding example of this style and includes southwestern features of battered (sloped) and rounded walls, parapets, rough-hewn rafters and vigas, waterspouts, window lintels, and a decorative ladder. In addition to its fine artistry and historic integrity, the building is the only Custom House on the Arizona border designed in the Pueblo Revival style.

    Turquoise Valley Golf    Course and Clubhouse Location: 1794W.NewellSt.,NacoDirections: FromHwy.92turnsouthon NacoHwy.,turnwestonto NewellSt.The first nine holes at the TurquoiseValley Golf Course were constructed with funds from the Works Progress Adminis-tration. They remain largely unchanged – still challenging – since their comple-tion in 1936. The Turquoise Valley Golf Course is the oldest continuously operated course in Arizona. The Clubhouse, constructed from adobe block, was originally located in Bisbee. Dismantled by WPA labor, it was relocated to Naco in 1936 and the original building was enlarged with a brick wing on the west end. Plaques on the exterior commemorate the work of the WPA.

COCONINO COUNTY    South Beaver School Location: 506S.BeaverSt.,FlagstaffDirections: FromBus.40takeButlerRd. east,turnsouthonBeaverSt.The Public Works Administrationspecialized in the construction ofcommunity schools. In 1934 theFlagstaff school board requested andreceived funds from the PWA to build a new elementary school for its black and His-panic children. Additional funds came from the Federal Emergency Relief Adminis-tration. South Beaver was constructed with volcanic malpais, a stone common to the Flagstaff region. The building was completed in less than 90 days, reflecting a commitment to the pressing educational needs of its minority populations. South Beaver is the oldest, continually-operated school building in Flagstaff.

    “Arizona Logging” Sculpture    by Robert Kittredge Location: CoconinoCounty Courthouse,2ndfloorof annex,200N.SanFrancisco St.,FlagstaffDirections: FromBus.40takeSan FranciscoSt.north.Robert Kittredge was commissioned in1939 by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Section of Fine Arts to create artwork for the new Flagstaff post office. His striking bas-relief entitled “Arizona Logging” was installed in 1940. The post office was sold in 1983 and the bas-relief removed to the second floor of the Coconino County Courthouse. The sculpture reflects the his-toric logging industry in the Flagstaff community. Three loggers load logs onto a wagon using a “cant dog,” a poll to lift and turn timber. Kittredge was born in Cairo, Egypt and, at the age of nine, became a sculptor’s apprentice.

    Grand Canyon National ParkLocation: GrandCanyonVillageDirections: FromI-40takeHwy.64 north.Grand Canyon National Park receivedmore development funds and laborfrom the Civilian Conservation Corpsthan any other location in Arizona. Sixcamps operated throughout the park (South Rim, North Rim, and Canyon). The longest running camp, NP2A, functioned from May 1933 through June 1942, al-most the entire existence of the CCC program. The enrollees built much of the pres-ent-day recreation facilities (paths, trails, roads, shelters, and campgrounds) and infrastructure (telephone and electrical lines, water and sewer systems). Phantom Ranch and the Bright Angel Trail require hiking to appreciate the elegant construc-tion work of the CCC. However, the Rim Trail follows the edge of the canyon and is part of numerous, easily accessible CCC developments which include the Kolb Studio stairs and the Rim Trail rock wall. The handsome two-story, wooden Com-munity Building was funded by the Public Works Administration and built by the CCC between 1934 and 1935. The building has been the cultural center of Grand Canyon Village since its creation and housed a public library and cultural and edu-cational event spaces, as well as offices. The visitor center offers a useful pamphlet that describes the history of the CCC and a walking tour through the Grand Canyon Village highlighting these and other features.

    Grandview Lookout TowerLocation: FR310,KaibabNational ForestDirections: FromHwy.64,2mileseastof GrandviewPoint,turnsouth onFR310tojunctionwith FR301.Towerisnexttothe ArizonaTrailhead.Grandview Lookout Tower stands over80 feet in height. The tower wasconstructed by the Civilian Conserva-tion Corps in 1936 in order to locateforest fires in their early stages ofdevelopment. The tower is part of aseries of fire watch structures includingKendrick Mountain and Bill WilliamsMountain lookouts that survey the northern portion of the Kaibab National Forest. The tower is still staffed today during fire months in the summer and is open to visitors during that time. The view from the top includes a large portion of the Grand Canyon and nearby San Francisco Peaks and is, quite literally, breathtaking.

    Tusayan Ranger StationLocation: Hwy.180northof Tusayan,KaibabNational ForestDirections: Hwy.180northofTusayan.The Tusayan Ranger Station is one ofthe most historically-intact ForestService administration complexes inArizona. Six buildings were construct-ed by Civilian Conservation Corps enrollees from the Grand Canyon camp, NP2A, between 1939 and 1942. They include a residence and associated shed, office, barn and corral, garage, and seed shed. Designed in the National Park Service Rustic architecture style, the buildings are sheathed in a masonry veneer of red sand-stone cut from a nearby quarry. The site represents the expanded role of the U.S. Forest Service and the need for more active management of the timbered forests in Arizona.

    Wupatki National    MonumentLocation: NortheastofFlagstaffDirections: FromHwy.89northofFlag- staff,turneastonFR545.In 1064 Sunset Crater erupted withtremendous force and changed thelandscape of the northern San Fran-cisco Mountain slopes for centuries.The Sinagua people returned to the area in the early 1100s and remained in the re-gion for 100 years or so. They built an extensive multi-storied settlement to house their population. Today the ruins contain one of the most northern examples of a prehistoric ball court. In 1933 under the guidance of Harold Colton, founder and director of the Museum of Northern Arizona, archaeological excavation and res-toration of the prehistoric settlement began. Civil Works Administration funds in 1934 provided the necessary local labor to continue excavation and restoration. In 1939 a small group of Civilian Conservation Corps enrollees from the nearby Mt. Elden camp also stabilized the ruins and began development of the monument. For the next three years the enrollees constructed trails, a ranger residence, a util-ity building, and a water supply system.

    Walnut Canyon National    Monument and Exhibit Location: WalnutCanyonRd.Directions: FromI-40eastofFlagstaff takeexit204toWalnut CanyonRd.A small group of enrollees from theMt. Elden Civilian Conservation Corpscamp near Flagstaff worked at Walnut Canyon from 1938 to 1942. They construct-ed the original visitor center at Observation Point from wood and sandstone block cut from a nearby quarry. The enrollees built the Island Trail with 240 steps and lookout points that lead visitors to the archaeological ruins at the canyon bottom. Enrollees constructed restrooms, parking lot, and housing for park employees. The visitor center was expanded during the 1960s but the original CCC work is still vis-ible within the enlarged building – look for chisel marks on the sandstone blocks downstairs. An exhibit about the CCC enrollees and their projects is located in the foyer of the visitor center.

GILA COUNTY    Besh-Ba-Gowah    Archaeological ParkLocation: 1100JesseHayesRd.,GlobeDirections: FromHwy.60(AshSt.)turn southontoS.EastSt.(later CaricoSt.),turnsouthon S.BroadSt.,turnsouth ontoJesseHayesRd.The park contains remains from aprehistoric communal dwelling constructed by the Salado people. The site was inhabited from 1225 to 1400 A.D. Irene Vickery conducted the first formal archaeo-logical investigation starting in 1935. Funding for her salary and her laborers came from the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and later the Works Progress Administration. She and her workmen excavated over 200 rooms and 350 burial sites. Vickery worked on the excavation until 1940 when she died of pneumonia. Her death left the excavations incomplete and her results unpublished. The site was neglected for 40 years until the City of Globe hired an archaeological team to reevaluate Vickery’s results and finish the reconstruction of the settlement.

    Kinishba Ruins National    Historic LandmarkLocation: Rte.73,westofFortApacheDirections: FromHwy.60turneastat CarrizoonHwy.73,in22 milesturnsouthonFort ApacheRd.toFortApache HistoricParkforpermitand information.Kinishba Ruins was constructed by the Pueblo people and occupied as early as 800 until as late as 1400 A.D. Byron Cummings, director of the Arizona State Museum, and his students began excavation and reconstruction of Kinishba in 1931. In 1934 Cummings requested funds from the Civilian Conservation Corps – Indian Division to hire 25 local Apache laborers. Between 1934 and 1937 Kinishba also served as an archaeological field school where Cummings trained more than 70 students. In 1938 and 1939 Cummings and Apache enrollees continued to excavate and restore the ruins; they also constructed a small museum and residence. Cummings hoped to establish the site as a unit of the National Park Service, but in the absence of further federal funding, the reconstructed buildings and the new museum began to fall into ruin a second time. Today the site is cared for by the White Mountain Apache Tribe.

    Salt River Canyon BridgeLocation: Hwy.60,milepost293Directions: Hwy.60northofGlobeor southwestofShowLow.The Salt River Canyon Bridge spansone of the most dramatic canyons inArizona. It was funded by the PublicWorks Administration, designed in1933 by architect Lee Moor, andcompleted in June 1934. The bridge is a single span steel arch. The design of the bridge approach was highly complex because of the multiple curvatures. Its Art Deco superstructure shines in the sunlight and is still one of Arizona’s most visibly striking, engineered structures. Today the bridge carries only pedestrian traffic; a newer, wider version that sits adjacent handles automobile and truck traffic on Highway 60.

GRAHAM COUNTY    Safford Post Office and ArtLocation: 5045thSt.,SaffordDirections: Hwy.70inSaffordbecomes 5thSt.The Safford Post Office and FederalBuilding was designed in the severelysimple and unadorned International style. The building was funded by the Pub-lic Works Administration and constructed in 1941. Safford’s new post office was selected as a recipient for the Treasury Department’s “48 States Competition” in which one post office in each state was awarded a piece of public art. The U.S. Treasury’s Section of Fine Arts awarded the commission to nationally-known artist Seymour Fogel. Fogel’s first submission illustrating Apache Crown Dancers was not well received by the largely Anglo-American community. Fogel subsequently pro-duced a series of six murals on the “History of the Gila Valley” whose topics reflect European arrival, exploration, and settlement of the region.

    Noon Creek Picnic Area    and Wet Canyon BridgeLocation: Hwy.366,southwestof SaffordDirections: FromHwy.191turnwest onHwy.366.The Civilian Conservation Corps campF41A was established at Noon Creekin the Pinaleño Mountains in 1933. The camp operated during the winter. The en-rollees built the Noon Creek picnic area located at mile post 7.2 on the Swift Trail Road. Tables and grills have been replaced since then, but the paths, steps, and retaining walls remain unaltered. The Wet Canyon stone bridge and picnic area at mile post 9.8 were constructed in 1937. Enrollees also completed roads, fences, and erosion control dams in the area. During the summer time the camp was re-located to Treasure Park for high-elevation work. A pamphlet available from the Safford Ranger District office offers valuable information about various stops along the Swift Trail Road.

    Sanchez Civilian    Conservation Corps    Campsite Location: EastofSaffordAirportDirections: FromHwy.70turnnorthon 8thAve.,westonAirportRd., northonSolomonPassRd., eastonfirstdirt(unimproved) roadfor4miles.Campsiteisvisibleabout3milesdownthedirtroad.The Sanchez CCC campsite was established in 1935 to protect and preserve the natural resources of the Upper Gila River Valley. The area had been chosen as a national demonstration site by the Soil Conservation Service to stop the dramatic loss of soils and grasslands. During its two-year existence the camp housed 150 young men who built earthen check dams, lines of rock spreaders, and contour fur-rows on federal and state land. Of the original buildings on the site, portions of five still stand. The SCS administration building and the garage/blacksmith shop were constructed with poured concrete forms and faced with basalt cobbles. Remnants of concrete foundations, a few walls, and the pathways marked by stone rows can also be found in the landscape.

GREENLEE COUNTY    Upper Gila River Valley     Erosion Control ProjectLocation: BlackHillsBackCountry Byway(OldSaffordRd.)Directions: FromHwy.191turnleft onbywayatmilepost139. BywayrejoinsHwy.191 atmilepost160.The Black Hills Back Country Bywayoffers both outstanding scenery in the Peloncillo Mountains and some great ex-amples of erosion control devices constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps. The Gila River area was identified in 1934 as a Soil Conservation Service demon-stration site. The Public Works Administration provided funding for 6,000 young laborers supervised by Soil Conservation Service and Department of Grazing advis-ers. Cemented rock dams, like the one found on the east side of the byway at mile post 13.4, stop waters from flowing across the land and destroying the roadway. Rock spreader dikes, loose lines of stone laid on the ground, slow the flow of water over the land and retain any moving topsoil. Extensive rows of dikes are visible in the hills around mile post 15.9

LA PAZ COUNTY    Parker DamLocation: ParkerDamRd.,12miles northeastofParkerDirections: FromHwy.95,12miles northofParker,turnwest onParkerDamRd.Parker Dam on the Colorado River wasfunded by the California MetropolitanWater District and the Public WorksAdministration. The dam created a water storage reservoir, Lake Havasu, from which billions of gallons of water each day could be diverted to the Colorado Aq-ueduct and southern California. A lack of congressional approval for construction or a final settlement of state water rights for the Colorado River drove Governor Moeur to send out the Arizona National Guard and threaten military action if the dam reached Arizona shores. Construction was delayed for six months until Con-gress gave its approval. Today the dam also provides water to the Central Arizona Project aquaduct to the communities of Phoenix and Tucson. The dam’s foundation was constructed 235 feet below the level of the Colorado River. The dam is topped by an impressive 62-foot superstructure that towers over the road that crosses the top of the dam.

MARICOPA COUNTY    Phoenix HomesteadsLocation: BetweenFlowerSt.,28thSt., PinchotAve.,and26thSt., PhoenixDirections: FromHwy.51turneaston E.ThomasRd.,andnorthon 26thSt.In 1934 the Division of Subsistence Homesteads purchased a tract of land on what was then the outskirts of Phoenix in order to build a public housing community for low-income residents. Construction of the first half of the Phoenix Homesteads be-gan in 1934 and was completed in 1935. These Pueblo Revival style adobe homes were built on 0.75-acre parcels to accommodate subsistence gardens and small farm animals. Fruit, nut, and olive trees added to the self-sufficiency of the com-munity. Trees and shrubs were planted for shade and privacy. A second small-scale farming cooperative was planned in 1935 by the Resettlement Administration north of the first community and included 35 stick-and-frame homes, a commu-nity center, dairy and poultry buildings, and 40 acres of farm land. The Phoenix Homestead Association operated as a cooperative among the residents until 1944. The community center and 45 homes are still present today and much of the ex-tensive landscaping is still intact.

    Phoenix Federal Building    and Post Office and ArtLocation: 522N.CentralAve.,PhoenixDirections: FromVanBurenSt.turn northonCentralAve.The Phoenix Federal Building and PostOffice was designed by Phoenix archi-tectural firm Lescher and Mahoney inthe Spanish Colonial Revival style andconstructed in 1936. In 1937 the U.S.Treasury’s Section of Fine Artscommissioned artist La Verne NelsonBlack to create two murals for the east wing of the post office entitled “Historical Background” and “Progress of the Pioneer.” The murals present images of Anglo-American settlement and industrialization. Black moved with his family to Phoe-nix for health reasons and focused his painting and sculpture on the historic West and Native Americans. Another pair of murals funded by the Section was painted by Oscar Berninghaus. They hang in the post office in the west wing of the build-ing. These paintings are entitled “Communication during the Period of Exploration” and “Pioneer Communication.”

    “The Pageant of Arizona    Progress” Murals by Jay DatusLocation: ArizonaStateCapitol, 1938Addition,1700W. WashingtonSt.,Suite300, PhoenixDirections: FromI-17,exit197,turn northon19thAve.,tonortheastcorneratJeffersonSt.Public Works Administration funds were used to construct the State Capitol Annex Building in 1938 and to hire Jay Datus to paint a series of murals entitled “The Pag-eant of Arizona Progress.” Datus came to Arizona in 1937 at the age of 23, already an accomplished and well-known artist. He spent two years in research for these works in order to accurately depict the dress and actions of his subjects. His figures include Native Americans, miners, explorers, missionaries, and pioneers.

    South Mountain Park    and ExhibitLocation: 10919S.CentralAve., PhoenixDirections: FromI-10turnweston BaselineRd.,turnsouthon CentralAve.South Mountain Park was the focus oftwo Civilian Conservation Corps camps and 4,000 enrollees from 1933 to 1940. They built erosion control structures, roads and trails, and picnic and other recreational facilities including ramadas and lookout shelters. CCC enrollees also constructed the museum building in 1934 and the caretaker’s house and entrance station be-tween 1937 and 1938. The early buildings were designed by Park Service architects to reflect a romanticized version of Hopi Pueblo construction. Those constructed after 1937 imitate early Papago-Pima adobe construction style. The design and choice of building materials for all of these buildings were intended to harmonize with the local surroundings. Remnants of the long-ago living quarters of the CCC enrollees can still be seen at the CCC Campsite. An exhibit about the CCC enrollees and their accomplishments is presented in the environmental education center.

    Arizona State Fairgrounds    Stadium and ArtLocation: 1826W.McDowellRd., PhoenixDirections: FromI-10,exit143A-B, turnnorthon19thAve., eastonW.McDowellRd.As the Great Depression deepened andthousands were uprooted and looking for work, numerous fairgrounds were turned into camps for these transients. The Arizona State Fairgrounds provided a temporary place to stay and an opportunity to earn money through labor. Funded by the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and later the Works Progress Ad-ministration, transients helped to construct the stadium. A fifty-foot grandstand, an adobe wall on three sides of the grounds, and an auto racing track inside the horse track were created in 1936. Exhibit buildings were also built; the principal surviving one faces McDowell Rd. On the exterior of the grandstand 23 bas-relief panels by David Carrick Swing and Florence Blakeslee are featured. The works were funded by the Federal Art Project. The panels depict local history, industry, and sport. Binoculars might be useful to better view these detailed panels.

    Papago Park National Guard    Arsenal, Arizona Military    Museum, and AmphitheaterLocation: 5636E.McDowellRd., PhoenixDirections: FromHwy.143,turneaston McDowellRd.The old National Guard Arsenal is thesecond largest adobe building in continuous use in the United States. Funded by the Works Progress Administration in 1936, it was part of the recreation develop-ment of Papago Park, an expansive, designed landscape. During WWII the Arsenal was utilized as a maintenance shop for the Papago Park prisoner of war camp. The north wing now houses the Arizona Military Museum. In the arched entryway hangs a handcrafted, tin light featuring a traditional southwestern design. Civil-ian Conservation Corps camp SP5A constructed an amphitheater built into Papago Buttes southeast of the Arsenal between December 1933 and April 1934. The open-air amphitheater accommodates 3,500 people; it has been used for many functions, but most memorable were the Easter Sunrise Services.

    Encanto ParkLocation: 2605N.15thAve.,PhoenixDirections: FromI-17turneaston W.ThomasRd.,southon N.15thAve.Encanto Park was developed forrecreation for Phoenix residents withfunds from the Public Works Admini-stration. A two-story club house, a boat house and lagoon, a locker and shower house for the golf course, and tennis courts were built in 1937. The clubhouse was designed in the Spanish Eclectic style with Spanish tiles, multiple roof levels, and covered walkway faced with arches and columns. The park was part of a $915,000 allotment to construct pools, bleachers, ball fields, and other facilities in ten other Phoenix parks.

MOHAVE COUNTY    Hoover DamLocation: Hwy.93Directions: Hwy.93,70milesnortheast ofKingman.The Hoover Dam was proposed in 1918in order to manage flooding in thelower Colorado River basin, providewater to irrigate farm fields in California,and generate hydroelectric power.The Bureau of Reclamation’s plan wasapproved by President Herbert Hoovershortly before the stock market crashof 1929. As the depression deepened,people flocked to the dam site lookingfor jobs. Upwards of 1,500 lived in Ragtown, a shanty village of cardboard and tin huts. Construction began in 1931 and was scheduled to take four years to com-plete. Department of Interior Secretary Harold Ickes allocated an additional $38 million of Public Works Administration funds to hasten completion of the dam and to inject more federal dollars faster into the local economy. The dam was complet-ed two years ahead of schedule in 1936. The arched concrete structure is designed to hold back the enormous weight of the water. Today the dam produces sufficient electricity to power western Arizona, southern Nevada, and southern California. The impounded water created Lake Mead, the first national recreational area.

    Hualapai Mountain Park    and CabinsLocation: 6250HualapaiMountainRd., KingmanDirections: FromI-40takeexit51, StocktonHillRd.(Hualapai MountainRd.).Hualapai Mountain Park contains bothmodern and historic recreationalfacilities. A CCC camp, SP8A, arrived at Hualapai Mountain Park in 1935. Enrollees began to reconstruct Hualapai Mountain Road, widening it, straightening curves, and improving drainage. In 1937 the enrollees began to develop the park itself. They built retaining walls, trails, roadways, and stone bridges. They also built 17 rustic cabins; some are constructed with large-sized, rubble stone, others with wooden slab siding. Each has a stone fireplace and chimney and is set off in its own portion of the park, complete with picnic table and grill. These beautiful cabins are still in fine shape and available for rental today.

    Kingman Boys and Girls Club    Gymnasium and City AnnexLocation: Gymnasium:201N.1stSt. CityAnnex:220N.4thSt., KingmanDirections: Gymnasium:FromI-40 takeexit48,turneast onW.BealeSt.,turn northon1stSt. CityAnnex:FromI-40take exit48,turneastonW.BealeSt.,turnnorthon4thSt.The Kingman Gymnasium was funded by the Public Works Administration for $58,000. The building was constructed in 1936 in the Art Moderne style with its elegant yet simple lines and Art Deco geometric decorative details around the roofline. The arched roof is supported by a lamellar ceiling. This design allowed for the construction of a large open space supported only by the intersecting wooden arches set against the ceiling. The building contains original wooden bleachers, theatrical stage, and oak flooring. The gym has been a focal point of the Kingman community for generations. In addition to its athletic and theatrical activities, the gymnasium hosted dances for General Patton’s troops during World War II when they trained in the area. During the 1960s it became a roller-skating rink. Its recent rebirth as the Boys and Girls Club is a testament to the Kingman community’s desire for preservation and adaptive reuse. Likewise, the city preserved the 1935 PWA-funded post office first as a community center and later as an annex for city offices.

PINAL COUNTY    Boyce Thompson ArboretumLocation: 37615E.Hwy.60,SuperiorDirections: Hwy.60milepost223 betweenSuperiorand FlorenceJunction.The Boyce Thompson Arboretum wasestablished in 1923. Franklin Crider, aUniversity of Arizona botanist, managedthe research unit to study soil retention by plant roots. In 1933 a small group of Civilian Conservation Corps enrollees from camp F16A at Pinal Mountain was brought in to develop a plant nursery. The young men built raised beds and grew thousands of grasses and plants for range revegetation and forestry projects. Su-pervised by the Forest Service rangers and arboretum staff, the enrollees supplied the labor to continue the important work of soil conservation in central Arizona.

SANTA CRUZ COUNTY    Tumacacori National Historical    Park, Dioramas, and FurnitureLocation: 1891E.FrontageRd., TumacacoriDirections: FromI-19takeexit29, turnnorthonFrontageRd.

The National Park Service chose theSpanish Colonial Revival style in theirdesign and construction of theTumacacori visitor center, museum, offices, and enclosed garden in 1936. Park de-signers wished to recreate the early Spanish mission environment found in Sonora, Mexico. Arches, columns, recessed wooden doors, and covered walkways around open courtyards with a central fountain were typical of this style. Public Works Ad-ministration funds were appropriated in 1932 and 1933 to build the restroom and outside walls and again in 1936 to develop the museum and landscape designs. A private contractor was hired to build the museum. The grounds were later devel-oped by the Civilian Conservation Corps enrollees. The visitor center doors were built by CCC enrollees at Bandelier National Monument. Dioramas were created at a Works Progress Administration artist workshop in California. Furniture was con-structed by CCC enrollees at Chiracahua and Chaco Canyon National Monuments.

    U.S. Custom House at NogalesLocation: N.TerraceAve.,NogalesDirections: FromI-19exitwestonto W.CrawfordSt.,turnsouth totheendofN.TerraceAve.Funded by the Public WorksAdministration in 1934 and construct-ed in 1935 in the Spanish Eclectic style,the imposing U.S. Custom House is a reminder of the importance of Nogales as a primary port of entry from Mexico along the Arizona border. Louis A. Simon, a prominent federal architect, was its designer.

YAVAPAI COUNTY    Tuzigoot National Monument,    Exhibits, and FurnitureLocation: TuzigootRd.,ClarkdaleDirections: FromI-17takeexit287to Rte.260westpastCotton- woodtowardClarkdale, turneastonTuzigootRd.The archaeological site contains anoutstanding example of a reconstructed prehistoric community inhabited by the Sinagua people between 1000 and 1400 A.D. Two archaeologists and 50 laborers were hired with Federal Emergency Relief Administration funds in October 1933. In November the Civil Works Administration replaced FERA and continued funding until June 1934. Eighty-six rooms and 415 burial sites were excavated; six rooms were partially restored and a trail built around the dwellings. In 1936 the museum and visitor center were built by local laborers with Works Progress Administration and FERA funds. WPA funds were used to hire women to clean the artifacts and reconstruct pottery remains; these are now displayed in the museum. As a result of the fine archaeological restoration, development of facilities, and the enthusiastic support of the local community, Tuzigoot was granted National Monument status in 1939.

    Smoki Museum and DioramaLocation: 147N.ArizonaAve.,PrescottDirections: FromI-17takeRte.69 northwesttoE.GurleySt., turnnorthonArizonaAve.The Smoki Museum was designed tostore prehistoric artifacts from YavapaiCounty excavations and equipmentused by the Smoki People, a famous group of Prescott businessmen who dressed as Hopi Indians and performed Indian dances. Grace Sparkes, secretary of the Yavapai County Chamber of Commerce, obtained Civil Works Administration and Federal Emergency Relief Administration funds to construct the museum in 1935 using local fieldstone and flagstone. A diorama within the museum depicting prehistoric scenes at Montezuma Castle was constructed by CWA artisans.

    Prescott Armory Historic    DistrictLocation: BetweenE.Gurley, N.Washington,E.Sheldon, andRushSts.,PrescottDirections: FromI-17takeRte.69south- westtoE.GurleySt.,turn northonWashingtonSt.The Prescott Armory Historic District is an example of a community working to-gether to provide public buildings, recreational spaces, and jobs for skilled and unskilled laborers. The Prescott Chamber of Commerce and the Rotary and Kiwanis Clubs were instrumental in obtaining funding from the Civil Works Administration, the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, and the Works Progress Adminis-tration and coordinating supplies and labor during construction. The district is a showcase for the architectural styles and construction materials common during the Depression era. Native materials such as sandstone and volcanic rock were utilized in many of the New Deal projects, including Ken Lindley Sports Park, the Citizens Cemetery wall, the Smoki Museum, and the fortress-like, historic National Guard Armory.

    Sycamore Cabin and FurnitureLocation: FR68F,DugasDirections: FromI-17takeexit268, turneast,passDugas(FR 68)0.5miles,turnsouthat “SycamoreAS”(FR68F)sign.The site contains two historic buildings:a forest ranger residence and a small barn with corral. Both buildings sit adjacent to the perennially flowing Sycamore Creek in an open forest of piñon pine and juniper and shaded by large sycamore trees along the creek. The buildings were constructed by Civilian Conservation Corps enrollees between 1940 and 1941. The cabin contains original CCC-constructed furniture. Recently restored, the cabin is now part of the Forest Service rental program, “Rooms with a View,” and is avail-able to the public for daily rental.

    Crown King Forest Service    Ranger Station and Horse-    thief Basin Recreation AreaLocation: Crown KingDirections: FromI-17takeexit259 west.FR259isamaintained, dirtroad.HorsethiefBasin is6milesbeyondCrown Kingonanunimprovedroad.FromCrownKingGeneralStoreturnsouth atfirststopsign.AtforkgoleftonFR52.Named for the historic mining district, the Crown King Ranger Station includes nu-merous structures and buildings built by the Civilian Conservation Corps between 1934 and 1938. The office and residence were designed in the Bungalow/Crafts-man style with timbered gables and wide front porches fronted by square columns on pedestals. The buildings were designed according to standard Forest Service plans. Each complex is unique, however – modified to make use of local materi-als and to adapt to the landscape itself. Horsethief Basin facilities were funded by the Public Works Administration as part of a large recreation project for Phoenix residents. CCC enrollees built a large dam and man-made lake, hiking trails, and picnic areas.

    Cottonwood Civic Center Location: 805N.Main,CottonwoodDirections: FromI-17takeexit287to Rte.260(MainSt.in Cottonwood.).The Cottonwood Civic Center waspartially funded by the Works ProgressAdministration and completed in 1939.Local citizens raised the matchingfunds through bake sales and other grassroots fundraising efforts. The building was designed by Lescher and Mahoney, an architectural firm from Phoenix. The building is sheathed in river cobble and red sandstone. Wrought-iron hinges on the armory-style doors contribute to its sturdy, fortress-like appearance. During WWII the building was rented to the Defense Department to house members of the Navy.

YUMA COUNTY    Ferguson Lateral and    HeadgateLocation: W.MainCanalRd.and MagnoliaAve.,YumaDirections: FromI-8atexit1turn westontoGissParkway, turnnorthontoS.GilaSt., turnweston1stSt.,turn southonMagnoliaAve. (18thAve.).Aftercrossing asmallconcretebridgeover W.MainCanalturnwestondirtMainCanalRd.ThefirstlateralisWoods Lateral(alsoCCC);thesecondisFergusonLateral.The Bureau of Reclamation utilized the manpower of two Civilian Conservation Corps camps, BR13A and BR74A, to create a system of irrigation canals for the farming community of Yuma. Between 1939 and 1941 enrollees cleared 59 miles of right-of-way, constructed canals, laterals, and headgates, and performed ro-dent control and landscaping. Today Ferguson Lateral is a tangible example of CCC work that still enables water managers to direct water. Although the farms have moved to the outskirts of Yuma, the canals, laterals, and headgates remain. Ho-meowners may still access the laterals to water their yards. The canals are stocked with fish to control algae. With a fishing permit you may join locals catching fish in Yuma’s New Deal irrigation system.

    Geronimo Surrender    MonumentLocation: Hwy.80Directions: 45milesnortheastof DouglasonHwy.80.The Geronimo Surrender Monumentcommemorates the final surrender ofthe famous Chiricahua Apache ChiefGeronimo and the last of his band toGeneral Nelson A. Miles on September4, 1886. That surrender marked theend of more than 20 years of warfarebetween the Chiricahua Apache andAmerican settlers and the U.S. Army. Geronimo and his fighters, along with those Chiricahua already settled on the San Carlos Reservation, were forcibly removed to a prison camp in Florida. The monument was constructed by the City of Douglas on Highway 80, then the main east-west route, as a point of interest for automobile tourists. The actual surrender site is located eight miles southeast on Skeleton Can-yon Rd. Materials and construction were funded by the Civil Works Administration, a relief program that provided employment for local unemployed laborers.

    Williams Ranger Station Location: 724S.CloverRd.,WilliamsDirections: FromI-40toBus.40turn westonRte.66to S.CloverRd.Williams Ranger Station contains fivehistoric buildings: two residences,horse barn/garage and corral, shed,and small garage that were constructed by Civilian Conservation Corps enrollees in the Bungalow/Craftsman style in 1934. The well-preserved buildings and their setting offer an excellent example of depression-era architecture and Forest Ser-vice design. Bungalows in the Craftsman style were usually single-story structures with a low-pitched, gabled roof and a wide front porch with square columns sup-porting the porch roof. The site, with two residences and functional structures, illustrates the expanded land management role of the Forest Service when the Kaibab National Forest was increased in area by more than one million acres.

THE NEW DEALIN ARIZONA

CONNECTIONS TOOUR HISTORIC

LANDSCAPE

HERITAGE TOURISM MAP

The New Deal in Arizona:Connections to Our Historic Landscape

is a “We the People” projectfunded by The Arizona Humanities Council

www.azhumanities.organd

The Vance Foundationand is an

Arizona Centennial Project

PROJECT TEAMJ.J. Lamb • Project Manager, Researcher, Site Visits, WriterRobin Pinto • Researcher, Site Visits, Lead WriterRobert Leighninger, Jr. • Researcher, WriterPeter Booth • Project Support, WriterMichael Smith • Project SupportJoy Mehulka • Cartography, Graphic Design

PHOTOGRAPHYJ.J. Lamb, Robin Pinto, H. Anderson Photography, Robert Leighninger, Jr., Michael Smith, GRCA photo by Michael Quinn, Chuck Park, Gerald Lamb, Megan Lamb.

RECOGNITION Our sincere graditude for the support of colleagues, family, and friends whohave contributed to the completion of TheNewDealinArizona:ConnectionstoOurHistoricLandscape: Paula Wolf, University of Arizona, William Collins, Arizona State Historic Preservation Office, Betsy Fahlman, Arizona State University, Marlene Bachmann, and The Vance Foundation.

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THE NEW DEAL IN ARIZONA: CONNECTIONS TO OUR HISTORIC LANDSCAPE HERITAGE TOURISM MAP LOCATIONS

Coverartworkfromthemural“HistoricalBackground”byLaVerneNelsonBlacklocatedinthePhoenixFederalBuildingandPostOffice.

The New Deal in ArizonaChapter of the National New Deal Preservation Association

[email protected]

Page 2: THE NEW DEAL IN ARIZONA: CONNECTIONS TO OUR · PDF file · 2012-10-24In 1935 little Shirley Temple was singing Animal Crackers in My Soup trying to cheer up a ... Alphabet Soup”

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Lake Havasu

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CANYONDE CHELLYNATIONALMONUMENT

PETRIFIEDFORESTNATIONALPARK

SAGUARONATIONALPARK

CORONADONATIONALMEMORIAL

ORGAN PIPENATIONALMONUMENT

SUNSET CRATERNATIONALMONUMENT

TONTONATIONALMONUMENT

NAVAJONATIONALMONUMENT

MONTEZUMA CASTLE NATIONAL MONUMENT

CASAGRANDERUINSNATIONALMONUMENT

GRAND CANYONNATIONAL PARK

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Superior

Winkelman

StarValley

Miami

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FortApache

Fredonia

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Grand Canyon Village

Kayenta

Holbrook

Snow�ake

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Pinetop

LakesideSpringerville

St. Johns

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Window Rock

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CliftonMorenci

Duncan

Bylas

Willcox

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TombstoneHuachuca City

Naco

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Sunizona

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Patagonia

Vail

SouthTucson

Catalina

Oracle

Mammoth

Robles Junction

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FlorenceJunction

Gila Bend

Tonopah

Wickenburg

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Tuba City

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Bitter Spring

Colorado City

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Wellton

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Sahuarita

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PaysonShowlow

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Bullhead City

OroValley

Fountain Hills

Sierra Vista

Marana

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Prescott

Prescott Valley

Apache Junction

Casa Grande

Surprise

Yuma

Lake Havasu City

Flagstaff

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SpringervillePost Office

Winslow Headstart Building, Williamson Avenue Underpass, and Vargas Stadium

Navajo NationCouncil Chamber

“Copper Miner”

BisbeeStairs

“A Cavalcade of Cochise County History”

Geronimo SurrenderMonument

ChiricahuaNationalMonument

PortalRangerStation

Turquoise Valley GolfCourse

SaguaroNational Parkand Tucson Mountain Park

TumacacoriNational Historical Park

Tucson PlantMaterial Center

SabinoCanyonRecreationArea

BoyceThompsonArboretum

Phoenix CollegeArizona State Fairgrounds Stadium

Encanto Park

PhoenixHomesteads

PapagoPark

“The Pageant of Arizona Progress”

Phoenix FederalBuilding and Post Office

SouthMountainPark

University of Arizona CampusHistoric District

BoxCanyonRoad

UHouseU.S. Custom

House at Nogales

Fray Marcos de Niza Roadside Shrine

WupatkiNationalMonument

TuzigootNationalMonument

CottonwoodCivicCenter

Sycamore Cabin

SouthBeaverSchool

SmokiMuseum

Prescott ArmoryHistoric District

ParkerDam

Ferguson Lateraland Headgate

Hoover Dam

Kingman Boys and Girls Club Gymnasium and City Annex

HualapaiMountain Parkand Cabins

“ArizonaLogging”

WilliamsRangerStation

Crown KingForest ServiceRanger Stationand HorsethiefRecreation Area

TusayanRangerStation

GrandviewLookout Tower

Grand CanyonNational Park

Walnut CanyonNational Monument

Besh-Ba-GowahArchaeologicalPark

Noon CreekPicnic Area andWet CanyonBridge

SaffordPost Office

Upper GilaRiver ValleyErosion Control

SanchezCivilianConservationCorps Campsite

SaltRiverCanyonBridge

Kinishba RuinsNational HistoricLandmark

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Colossal CaveMountain Parkand CCC Museum

U.S. CustomHouse atNaco

CIV IL IAN CONSERVATION CORPS (CCC) • C IV IL IAN CONSERVATION CORPS – INDIAN DIV IS ION (CCC- ID) • C IV IL WORKS ADMINISTRATION (CWA) • D IV IS ION OF SUBSISTENCE HOMESTEADS (DSH)

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Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) • 1933–1942The Civilian Conservation Corps was the largest peacetime mobilization of young men in the history of the United States. The CCC brought work, training, educational opportunities, discipline, and much needed wages to unem-ployed young men, aged 17 to 23. They earned $30.00 a month, $25.00 of which was sent home to their families. Enrollees lived in camps managed by the Army. The work projects were supervised by federal land agencies, coun-ties, or cities. The camp designation (e.g. NM2A) identified the supervising agency (NM for National Monument, NP for National Park, F for Forest Service, BR for Bureau of Reclamation, SP for State Park, and SCS for Soil Conservation Service). The number indicated the order in which the camp had been established and “A” located the camp in Arizona. CCC enrollees planted trees, stopped soil erosion, and built local, state, and national parks. Many projects built by the CCC received funding from other New Deal agencies such as the PWA and WPA.

Civilian Conservation Corps – Indian Division (CCC-ID) • 1933–1942The CCC operated a separate Indian Division for Native Americans. Projects were specifically designed to improve Indian reservations and were manned by enrollees, aged 18 to 35, from local areas. Indian Division enrollees as-sisted at archaeological sites and built schools, hospitals, government buildings, roads, and infrastructure. They also worked with the Soil Conservation Service to restore their overused ranges and develop stock water tanks and soil control devices.

Civil Works Administration (CWA) 1933–1934The Civil Works Administration was one of the earliest of the New Deal programs. It was designed to put four mil-lion unemployed people back to work within a few weeks. CWA funded small jobs that took less than three months to complete and employed both skilled and unskilled labor. The program lasted only four-and-a-half months but engaged in 300,000 work projects across the nation. CWA was one of the few programs to employ women. Women were paid as visiting nurses, for sewing clothes and blankets for children and the homeless, and for canning food for the destitute. At the Tuzigoot Ruins women were hired to reconstruct broken prehistoric pottery.

Division of Subsistence Homesteads (DSH) • 1933–1935The Division of Subsistence Homesteads was established as a public housing program. It was funded by the short-lived National Recovery Administration. The DSH program held great interest for President Franklin Delano Roos-evelt because of his early efforts to restore farmlands and farming communities in New York State. The home-steads program offered to relocate rural families into government-created communities with adequate housing and small-scale farming opportunities. Within Arizona the Phoenix Homesteads is the most intact of these com-munal subsistence landscapes.

Federal Art Project (FAP) • 1935–1943The Federal Art Project was established in 1935 and funded by the Works Progress Administration. FAP funded the creation of visual works of art for non-federal government buildings including schools and universities, hospitals, and libraries. Artists were paid to create posters, murals, and paintings. The Federal Art Program also supported the construction of community art centers and art education programs for both children and adults. The project funded an estimated 370,000 individual works of art before its demise in 1943.

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) • 1933–1935In 1933 one in every five families in Arizona was on relief. The purpose of the Federal Emergency Relief Adminis-tration was to rapidly transmit millions of dollars to states for distribution as public assistance and later for work projects. A significant portion of the relief was used to support transient or homeless populations. Transients drove or walked or rode the rails westward toward California in hopes of working in the agricultural fields. FERA monies fed, clothed, and housed transients in temporary camps at state fairgrounds and on national forests. Later in 1934, transients were employed to do light construction work. FERA supported 1,000 laborers in Graham and Greenlee counties to stop soil erosion. Some built water and sewer improvements; others ran daycare centers.

National Youth Administration (NYA) • 1935–1943Roosevelt created the National Youth Administration to deal with the unemployment problems of students, aged 16 to 25 years. During the Depression many young adults had left school to assist in supporting their families. The NYA provided students with financial assistance as well as part-time and full-time jobs in order to keep them in school. They constructed recreation sites, made landscaping improvements, chopped firewood for heating, repaired toys, and provided social and clerical services. The NYA was the first federal program to provide financial support for black and Hispanic students.

Public Works Administration (PWA) • 1933–1941 The Public Works Administration funded large state and federal building projects that required planning, skilled labor, and machines. The goal of the PWA was to stimulate the economy through the purchase of building materi-als and the employment of large numbers of construction workers. Because of the complexity of organizing and completing large projects, the program was slow to provide relief nor did it enlist sufficient numbers of workers to significantly reduce unemployment. In Arizona the largest amount of PWA funds was spent on the construction of Hoover Dam. Significant PWA funding also went to Indian reservations for schools, hospitals, and infrastructure.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) • 1932–1953Late in the Hoover administration a modest attempt was made to stimulate the economy with federal monies. Most funds went to large businesses such as banks, railroads, and mining corporations. Later Congress expanded the power of the RFC to include loans to states for direct relief as well as work relief. Never before had the federal government provided funds to aid the unemployed. By 1933, $1.4 million in RFC funds had been loaned to Arizona to build highways and develop irrigation projects.

Resettlement Administration (RA) • 1935–1937The Resettlement Administration supplanted the Division of Subsistence Homesteads. RA was designed to create model communities into which thousands of transient and displaced families would be relocated. Some commu-nities were built as large collective farms in which smaller (20-acre) plots were allotted to each family. Smaller-scale projects resettled families closer to urban centers. These communities provided low-cost housing and one-acre gardens where residents could grow subsistence produce to supplement their part-time employment. These smaller homesteads were designed to function communally with additional shared farmland.

Works Progress Administration (WPA) • 1935–1943The Works Progress Administration employed artists, writers, architects, singers, and construction workers. Like the Civil Works Administration (CWA), WPA concentrated on smaller, labor-intensive projects, but also built many lasting structures. Recipients of WPA funding excavated archaeological sites, painted murals for civic buildings, mounted theatre productions, built bridges, waterworks, schools, parks, and community buildings, collected oral histories, and wrote travel descriptions for each state. The success of these projects was dependent upon initia-tive and cooperation among local, state, and federal agencies. When funding from the short-lived CWA and FERA programs was terminated, WPA funds completed many earlier projects.

U.S. Treasury’s Section of Fine Arts (Section) • 1934–1944Funded by the Treasury Department, the Section was designed to generate suitable art to embellish federal build-ings. Commissions were awarded competitively to painters and sculptors according to their artistic talent. The subject of the artwork was meant to reflect not only the community but also the building in which it was housed. In 1939 the Treasury Department created the “48 States Competition” to encourage submissions of artwork for display in one post office in each state. By the end of the program, the Section had commissioned more than 1,000 murals and 300 sculptures, most of which were placed in newly built post offices across the country.

FEDERAL NEW DEAL PROGRAMS AND THEIR HISTORIES

President Franklin Delano Rooseveltwith dignitaries and CCCenrollees at CampRoosevelt.

Guiding touristsat Chiricahua National Monument.

Planting seedlings as part ofreforestation efforts.

CCC enrolleespose for a group shot todisplay newly-created trail signs.

A Works Progress Administration (WPA)instructor teaches typing in a worktraining class.

Road construction projects were one ofthe many WPA efforts to improve theinfrastructure of the United States.

One of manyresettlementsites.

Hard physical labor built the SugarloafMountain lookout point

with the help of amule team.

Jackhammering out a new trail.

Laying rebar in a roadconstruction project.

Discipline andorder were skills learned byCCC enrollees, shown here in front of acamp building.

Moving mountains was often the orderof the day.

Every effort has been made to make this map informative and accurate based on the informationavailable. Check local conditions and directions when traveling. The New Deal in Arizona: Connections toOur Historic Landscape makes no guarantees as to the accuracy of this map and is not liable for any damages thatmay arise from its use.

2010 The New Deal in Arizona: Connections to Our Historic Landscape. No reproduction of this document, the map,or descriptions may take place by any means without permission. Please contact [email protected] for additional information.

Artwork from the mural "The Pageant of Arizona Progress" by Jay Datus located in the Arizona State Capitol, 1938 Addition, Suite 300.

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Christmas Crackers

Christmas Crackers

Entertainment & Humor
Breakfast MenuSOP BUNTUT 218 Indonesian oxtail soup, potato, celery, carrot, fried shallots, melinjo crackers, green chilli sambal RENDANG SAPI 168 Sumatran caramelised spicy beef

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Fire crackers

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