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The Nervous System. Protection of the Central Nervous System. Scalp and skin. Protection of the Central Nervous System. Figure 7.17a. Meninges. Dura mater Double-layered external covering Periosteum — Meningeal Layer- Folds inward in several areas. Meninges. Arachnoid layer - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PART C7
The Nervous System
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Protection of the Central Nervous System
Scalp and skin
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Protection of the Central Nervous System
Figure 7.17a
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Meninges
Dura mater
Double-layered external covering
Periosteum—
Meningeal Layer-
Folds inward in several areas
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Meninges
Arachnoid layer
Pia mater
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Meninges
Figure 7.17b
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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Similar to blood plasma composition
Formed by the choroid plexus
Forms a watery cushion to protect the brain
Circulated in arachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of the spinal cord
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Figure 7.18a–b
Ventricles and Location of the Cerebrospinal Fluid
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Ventricles and Location of the Cerebrospinal Fluid
Figure 7.18c
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Hydrocephalus in a Newborn
Hydrocephalus
Figure 7.19
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Blood-Brain Barrier
Includes the least permeable capillaries of the body
Excludes many potentially harmful substances
Useless as a barrier against some substances
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Traumatic Brain Injuries
Concussion
Contusion
Cerebral edema
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Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
Commonly called a stroke
The result of a ruptured blood vessel supplying a region of the brain
Brain tissue supplied with oxygen from that blood source dies
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Alzheimer’s Disease
Progressive degenerative brain disease
Mostly seen in the elderly, but may begin in middle age
Structural changes in the brain include abnormal protein deposits and twisted fibers within neurons
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Spinal Cord
Extends from the foramen magnum of the skull to the first or second lumbar vertebra
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Spinal Cord Anatomy
Figure 7.20 (1 of 2)
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Spinal Cord Anatomy
Figure 7.20 (2 of 2)
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Spinal Cord Anatomy
Internal gray matter is mostly cell bodies
Dorsal (posterior) horns
Anterior (ventral) horns
Gray matter surrounds the central canal
Exterior white mater—conduction tracts
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Spinal Cord Anatomy
Figure 7.21
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Spinal Cord Anatomy
Meninges cover the spinal cord
Spinal nerves leave at the level of each vertebrae
Dorsal root
Ventral root
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Pathways Between Brain and Spinal Cord
Figure 7.22
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Nerves and ganglia outside the central nervous system
Nerve
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PNS: Structure of a Nerve
Endoneurium surrounds each fiber
Groups of fibers are bound into fascicles by perineurium
Fascicles
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PNS: Structure of a Nerve
Figure 7.23
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PNS: Classification of Nerves
Mixed nerves
Sensory (afferent) nerves
Motor (efferent) nerves
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PNS: Cranial Nerves
12 pairs of nerves that mostly serve the head and neck
Only the pair of vagus nerves extend to thoracic and abdominal cavities
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PNS: Cranial Nerves
I Olfactory
II Optic
III Oculomotor nerve
IV Trochlear
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PNS: Cranial Nerves
V Trigeminal
VI Abducens
VII Facial
VIII Vestibulocochlear
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PNS: Cranial Nerves
IX Glossopharyngeal nerve—
X Vagus nerves—
XI Accessory nerve—
XII Hypoglossal
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PNS: The Cranial Nerves
Table 7.1 (1 of 4)
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PNS: The Cranial Nerves
Table 7.1 (2 of 4)
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PNS: The Cranial Nerves
Table 7.1 (3 of 4)
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PNS: The Cranial Nerves
Table 7.1 (4 of 4)
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PNS: Distribution of Cranial Nerves
Figure 7.24
![The Nervous System. Divisions of the Nervous System Central Nervous System [CNS] = Spinal Cord Brain Peripheral Nervous System [PNS]= Spinal Nerves](https://img.dokumen.tips/doc/110x75/56649d6c5503460f94a4c71d/the-nervous-system-divisions-of-the-nervous-system-central-nervous-system.jpg)
