The Need for Reformation in Modern Science

Charles W. Lucas, JrCommon Sense Science29045 Livingston Drive

Mechanicsville, MD 20659-3271bill.lucas001@gmail.com

HOFSTADTER ELECTRON SCATTERING DATA

Proton

NeutronRadius r (10-13cm)

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

4pr2

x ch

arge

den

sity

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

-0.5

Modern Science is in Trouble

Euclid’s Axiomatic Method for Science

• Logical procedure by which theories are deduced using logic from basic propositions (axioms)

• Propositions are constructed from a few primitive terms

• Terms may be defined arbitrarily or empirically• Science consists of a collection of arbitrary

and empirical propositions and all the logically derived theories from those axioms

Problems with Axiomatic Method

• Identification of primitive terms• Determination of fundamental

axioms

Newton’s Assumption

FORCE LAWSTHE AXIOMS OF SCIENCE

Newton’s Empirical Method of Axiom Discovery

• Systematic observation of forces• Experiments with forces• Measurement of forces• Mathematical formulation of force laws• Determine additional phenomena implied by force

law• Experimental testing of force laws and additional

phenomena• Modification of force laws as required by

experiment• Identification of minimum set of force laws

MathematicsThe Primary Tool of Science

• Enables an analysis of forces• Helps identify the primitives• Helps identify the causes of forces• Adds credibility to scientific

theories

Newton’s Conditions for Physical Force

• The force law must hold for some forces that are indisputably real

• If the forces acts on a macroscopic body, then it must be composed of forces acting on the microphysical parts of that body.

• All forces must have a known cause• All forces must be local contact forces

Newton’s Rules of Natural Philosophy

• No more causes of phenomena are allowed than are true and sufficient to explain them

• The same natural effects should always be assigned the same causes

• The qualities of bodies within reach of our experiments are assumed to be universal qualities of all bodies

• Propositions inferred by induction from experiment are to be considered as accurate or true until disproven or modified by other phenomena

Limitations of Newton’s Empirical Forces

amFInertiaofForce II

RR

mmGFGravityofForce GG

G

2

12

21

ExistentialismReaction to the Empirical Method

• World is not “real”• “Observer” is real and gives meaning• Science is not logical• Science is based on idealizations• Science does not agree with Common

Sense

Empirical Equations of Electrodynamics for v=constant

• Ampere’s Law

• Faraday’s Law

• Gauss Electrostatic Law

• Gauss Magnetostatic Law

• Lenz’s Law

• Lorentz’s Law

'3'

)','('1),(4),( rdrrtrJ

ctrJ

ctrB

p

dantrBdtdcdltrE ˆ,//1'','

qdantrE p4ˆ,

trBcvtrEqF i ,/,

trEtrEtrEwheretrEtrE ii ,,,,, 00

0),( trB

Maxwell’s Electrodynamics

• Ampere’s Law with point particle idealization

• Faraday’s Law

• Gauss Electrostatic Law

• Gauss Magnetostatic Law

• Linear Superposition Principle idealization

• Invention of Displacement Current in capacitors

),(4'3'

)','('1),(4),( trJc

rdrrtrJ

ctrJ

ctrB

pp

0),( trB qdantrE p4ˆ,

dantrBdtdcdltrE ˆ,//1'','

Maxwell’s Electrodynamics Supplemented By

• Special Relativity Theory for v/c Corrections

• Quantum Mechanics for Energy Quantization

Poincare’s Logical Criterion for Scientific Theories

• No two fundamental theories may use the same fundamental constant such as c

• Electrodynamics uses c in λf=c• Special Relativity uses c in E=mc2 & x’=(x-vt)/(1-v2/c2)1/2

• Quantum Mechanics uses c in E=hv=h(2π/λ)c • General Relativity uses c in Rab–½ Rgab=8πG/c4 Tab

• Poincare suggests that electrodynamics derived properly should explain relativity, gravity, and quantum mechanics

HOFSTADTER ELECTRON SCATTERING DATA

Proton

NeutronRadius r (10-13cm)

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

4pr2

x ch

arge

den

sity

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

-0.5

Quantum Mechanics and Relativity Theory

Based on Key Experiments• Michelson-Morley Experiment of 1886• Einstein Photoelectric Experiment of 1905• Planck Blackbody Radiation Experiments• Eddington Gravitational Bending of

Starlight 1919

Michelson-Morley Experiment 1886

Discovery of Extinction Effect

C W Oseen

Photoelectric Effect

Heinrich HertzEinstein

Modern Photoelectric Effect

Blackbody Radiation

Balfour Stewart

Modern Interpretation of Blackbody Radiation

1

12)(

5

2

Tk

hc

Be

hcTI

Gravitational Bending of Starlight

Modern NASA Experiments onGravitational Bending of Starlight

Electrodynamic and Gravity Force Laws Have Similar Form

FCoulom b

q q

r

FG ravity

Gm m

r

1

4 0

1 22

1 2

1 22

1 2

p

Poincare says that force laws of the same mathematical form are due to the same fundamental force

StructuralismReaction to Existentialism

• Every system has a structure• There are laws responsible for the

structure of systems• There are unique elements that make

up system structures• Meaning is derived from the structure

of systems which act as signs

Sciences Which RejectedStructuralism

• Physics• Chemistry• Biology• Geology• Astronomy

PostmodernismAttempt to Maintain Existentialism• Each field of study has its own truth or

reality defined by experts• Each field of study is supervised by a

group of experts to police the borders of that field with criteria for inclusion or exclusion

• Falsifiability is the criterion in each field for distinguishing the truly scientific from the pseudoscientific

PostmodernNeed for Reformation

• Postmodernism is a backward direction for science

• Major scientific theories introduced under existentialism have major problems

• New version of electrodynamics based on structuralism appears to be forward progress

New Version of theElectrodynamic Force

• Uses complete set of empirical laws• No point particle idealization• No supplemental theory of relativity• No supplemental theory of quantum

mechanics• No fictitious displacement current• Conserves energy and momentum always• Fields can be non-linear

New Electrodynamic Theory of Elementary Particles

• Consists of closed charge loops structures• No 25 adjustable constants as in Standard

Model• Based on combinatorial geometry• Predicts mass, internal structure, excited

states, decay modes and reactions of all observed elementary particles

• Fundamental forces are not “action-at-a-distance” forces due to boson exchange

Electrodynamic Force of Gravity – Average Force Between

Vibrating Neutral Electric Dipoles

F F F F F

2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1, , , ,

r r r A f v

r r r A t

f

A A

q q q q

1 2 2 1 1 1 1

1 2 2 1 1 1 1

1 1 2

1 2

1 1 2 2

2

co s

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

p

Electrodynamic Force of Gravity – Average Force Between

Vibrating Neutral Electric Dipoles

F F F F F

2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1, , , ,

Revised Law of Gravity

F G

m m

r rr G

m m

r rr r rG

1 2

2 1

2 1 21 2

2 1

2 1 2 1 2 1 2

4 5

8

FG

e

r rr

N Z A

c

N Z A

c

e

r rr r r

N Z A

c

N Z A

c

2

5

2

2 12 1 2

2 2 22

22

21 1 1

21

2

29

4

2

2 12 1 2 1 2 1 2

2 2 22

22

21 1 1

21

2

2p

p

Linear Motion Corkscrew Spiral Motion

Evidence for New Theory of Gravity

1. Vibrating dipoles radiate continuously the 2.7 0K cosmic background radiation

2. Cosmic background radiation is emitted and absorbed with some escaping causing force of gravity to decline

Earth expands due to declining force of gravity

Earth angular rate of rotation slows

Earth’s magnetic field decays

Moon recedes from earth

Hubble’s Red shift Law due to gravitational red shift

3. Non-radial term causes corkscrew spiraling motion of planets about the sun causing

Tilt of orbits with respect to equatorial plane of sun

Quantization of Planetary Orbits - Bode’s Law for Solar System

Quantization of Red shifts - Bode’s Law for Universe

Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Predicted

Quantization of Redshifts on Universal Scale

STRETCH MARKS OF EARTH’S EXPANSION

Electrodynamic Force of Inertia Average Force Between Unit Charge and Vibrating Neutral Electric Dipole

A fr r r

r r r A t

r

A

q q q

1 1 1

2 1 2 1

2 1 2 1 1 1 1

2 1

1

1 1 2

co s_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Full Inertial Force Law

F m A

A

cm R R AI i i 1

12

12

4 1

2 7

1 6

↑

Newton’s

2nd Law

↑

New Inertial Force Corkscrew Motion

me

Rc

A

ci1

2

21

21

2

2

4

3

p

Evidence for New Theory of Inertia

• Gyroscope experiments of Eric Laithwaite

Symmetry of New Electrodynamic Force Law

Fqq

R

V

cR

R A

c

V

c

V

cRV

cR R

V

cR Rx

cRxA

RV

c

'

s in

/

s in

3

12

22 2

2

12

22

1 2

12

22 1

2

3 12

22

3 2/

Uqq

R

V

c

V

c

'

s in

/2

12

2

12

22

1 2

R R V tt t

''

Galilean Transformation

Force

Scalar Potential

RadiationFI = mia

Evidence for Chiral Symmetry

• Structure of elementary particles• Structure of atoms• Structure of nuclei• Structure of molecules• Structure of crystals• Structure of plant leaves and flowers• Structure of solar system orbits• Structure of galaxies• Structure of the universe as a whole

The Trouble with Physics

• Point particle and other idealizations• Unphysical action-at-a-distance forces• Neglected physical structures in

elementary particles, atoms, nuclei, molecules

• Nonstructural notions of origin of quantum effects

Direction for Reformation

1.Science needs to be developed based on the physical internal structure of elementary particles, atoms, nuclei, and molecules.

2.Science needs to have all idealizations removed.

3.Science needs to be based on a more perfect union of the axiomatic and empirical scientific methods.