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The need for complementary approaches
Fred Steward
A broad & inclusive concept of transition
A systemic view of innovation in terms of a diversity of actors and the embrace of both social and technological change
A definition of technology in relation to some definition of societal use or ‘function’
A concept of significant change in the sense of a clearly defined shift from one state to a new state
Sustainability goals
Alternative theorisations of the dynamics of transition
Multilevel perspective regime & niche Technology innovation system new technology system
Share an evolutionary framework And others?
Explaining variation & selection
MLP Nested hierarchy Interaction between levels
TIS Emergent properties System attributes
Inviting wider participation Two strands in science, technology
& innovation studies that are underrepresented
Actor networks – Latour ‘flat network’ associational approach
Innovation management – interactional agency based strategies
Situating technology systems 1 The Freeman legacy - New technology
systems 1982 - unemployment & technical innovation
Alternative theory to socially induced clusters of innovation (Mensch)
Role of scientific discovery Technical & social constellations Natural technology trajectories –
mechanisation, electrification, automation
Situating technology systems 2
Freeman & Perez 1988
Incremental Radical Technology System – pervasive across
sectors, radical/incremental technology + organisational/managerial
Techno-economic paradigm
Applicability to sustainability transitions
1996 Greening of technology - Freeman
problems with…systemic model of innovation
world wide transition to a "green technoeconomic paradigm“
Learning from the linear model
Limits to a technology focus
The current policy context
Generic technologies
Tony Blair - November 2004
‘we need a green technological revolution’
George Bush – 20 April 2006
the technological revolution that we're pushing hard… so that we can be good stewards of the environment.
Wen Jiabao October 2005
A global revolution in science and technology…
Building an environment friendly society & sustainable development
The new revolutionary technological determinism
Emerging bio & nano technologies will deliver radical sustainability
Key policy issue is research investment in new emerging technologies
The knowledge economy/ sustainable society virtuous circle
Relies on technology push model
Ecological modernisation Emerging
technologies are more sustainable
Upstream support is main policy concern
Consumption downplayed
An alternative innovation focus
The sociotechnical Production and consumption
Reflexive action vs system design
Actor orientation
Reflexive action vs system design
Heterogeneous engineer, system builder, path creator
Innovative entrepreneur, innovation journey
Organisational actors in transitions
Niche actors (Kemp, Geels)
Path creators (Garud & Karnoe)
Disruptive innovators (Christensen)
Business research on organisation & strategy
Beyond the ‘iron cage’ or ‘rational actor’
Strategic choice (Child) Emergent strategy (Mintzberg) Sensemaking (Weick) Communities of practice (Wenger)
Innovation & the business organisation
Intersection of:
Organisation studies – Burns & Stalker, Lawrence & Lorsch - focus on firm, organic structure
Science & technology studies - Freeman, Marquis – focus on innovation, the interactive model
The new interactionism
Paradox & dilemma – Peters, Kanter
Networks – Allen, Granovetter
Construction & association – Pinch, Latour
The power of communicative action
Embracing cognitive diversity Combining different cognitive perspectives
Prefigured path (life cycle) Purposeful enactment (teleology) Conflict and synthesis (dialectics) Competitive selection (evolution)
Van de Ven
The ambidextrous organisation
Tushman, Leonard Barton, Christensen
The innovator’s dilemma Exploitation vs exploration Continuity vs change Capabilities vs rigidities
Networks – relational capabilities
Network as general process Strong & weak ties Homophily & heterophily Boundary spanners & gatekeepers Network builders
The power of discourse
Storylines, narratives, arguments
Explain strategic choice within firms and their capacity to shape futures
Emerging innovation networks
Techno vs eco focus
Incumbents & emergents Different consequences for variety
generation No natural trajectories of
dematerialisation, decarbonisation
An example Contrast between emerging networks
around sustainability of print on paper Forestry GM trees / community forestry Paper manufacture Nanoparticles / deinking fibre recovery Publishing E-book / paperless practices
A situated emergent network approach Focus on sustainability claims for
specific innovations within emerging generic technologies
Capture innovations emerging in the market and identify commercial performance claims
Map the emerging sociotechnical network and its dynamics
Use results for reflexive engagement
Nanoparticle network
Results It seems possible to capture early
emergent networks by following the actors
Focus is defined by actors and varies in emphasis on technology and ecology
Variety generation gives different emphasis to sustainability
Influence through key actors