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The Neanderthal EnigmaThe Neanderthal Enigma
Homo neanderthalensisHomo neanderthalensis
Who were they?Who were they?
Species restricted to Europe, eastern Middle Species restricted to Europe, eastern Middle East during height of Ice AgeEast during height of Ice Age
Evolved to be specifically cold-adapted:Evolved to be specifically cold-adapted: Short and stocky body typeShort and stocky body type Large nose (nasal passages for warming air)Large nose (nasal passages for warming air) Barrel chest (also for warming air)Barrel chest (also for warming air) Long, low, thick skull but with large cranial Long, low, thick skull but with large cranial
capacity (close to modern humans)capacity (close to modern humans) Heavy brow ridgeHeavy brow ridge
ReconstructionReconstruction
http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/savage.html
MaturationMaturation
Neanderthals' teeth developed faster than their Neanderthals' teeth developed faster than their human cousins, new research has revealed. human cousins, new research has revealed.
This may mean Neanderthals reached maturity This may mean Neanderthals reached maturity at 15 years old, around three years earlier than at 15 years old, around three years earlier than our early human ancestors.our early human ancestors.
http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn4937
Range of sitesRange of sites
http://www.ecotao.com/holism/hu_neand.htm
Homo neanderthalensisHomo neanderthalensisNeandertals (ca. 200-32 kya)Neandertals (ca. 200-32 kya)
Neanderthal Cranial FeaturesNeanderthal Cranial Features
Forbes Quarry Skull
~The second Neanderthal specimen found. ~Discovered at Gibraltar in 1848
Neanderthal 1 Cranium
~Discovered in 1856 in the Neander Valley, Germany ~Neanderthal 1 is the type specimen for Homo neanderthalensis
Amud, IsraelAmud, Israel
Amud Cranium ~Found at Amud, Israel in 1961 by a
Japanese excavation team
Amud 7 Infant Amud 7 Infant
~Found at Amud, Israel in 1961 by a Japanese excavation team
Dederiyeh Partial Skeleton Dederiyeh Partial Skeleton
~By Takashi Oguchi, from Dederiyeh, Syria, and contains the remains of a 2-year old child
Kebara 2 Partial Skeleton
~Found in 1982 at Kebara Cave, Israel~Dated to 60,000 years
Kebara 2 Skeleton (“Moshe”)Kebara 2 Skeleton (“Moshe”) The archaeological evidence seems to indicate that The archaeological evidence seems to indicate that
Moshe was indeed buried. Moshe was indeed buried. He had been placed on his back in a shallow pit with He had been placed on his back in a shallow pit with
his right arm placed across his chest and his left arm his right arm placed across his chest and his left arm across his abdomen. across his abdomen.
Study of the skeleton suggests that Moshe was Study of the skeleton suggests that Moshe was between the ages of 25 and 35 when he died. between the ages of 25 and 35 when he died.
His death was apparently a result of natural causes as His death was apparently a result of natural causes as there is no evidence of violence or disease in his there is no evidence of violence or disease in his bones. Moshe was about 1.7 meters tall - a height that bones. Moshe was about 1.7 meters tall - a height that is taller than the average European Neanderthal. is taller than the average European Neanderthal.
Neanderthal languageNeanderthal language
The most important part of The most important part of this find, however, may be this find, however, may be the fact that along with all of the fact that along with all of the other bones, a complete the other bones, a complete hyoid bone was found.hyoid bone was found.
Whether or not Neanderthals Whether or not Neanderthals possessed the ability to speak possessed the ability to speak is a question that incites more is a question that incites more furious debates than those on furious debates than those on Neanderthal burials. Neanderthal burials.
This hyoid bone is identical This hyoid bone is identical to ours, thus suggesting that to ours, thus suggesting that the Neanderthals shared our the Neanderthals shared our capacity for language. capacity for language.
Neanderthal soundNeanderthal sound
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/04/080421154426.htm
La Ferrassie 1 Skull
~Found in 1909 at La Ferrassie, France~Dated to 50,000 years
Le MoustierLe Moustier
A Juvenile Neanderthal excavated in 1909.
http://www.mnh.si.edu/anthro/humanorigins/ha/lemoust.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carte_Neandertaliens.jpg
Using teeth as toolsUsing teeth as tools
http://www.ecotao.com/holism/hu_neand.htm
Not the “Cave Men” they were Not the “Cave Men” they were made out to be!made out to be!
Elaborate Stone and Bone Tool technologyElaborate Stone and Bone Tool technology Mousterian toolsMousterian tools
First to bury deadFirst to bury dead Some degree of altruismSome degree of altruism
Old Man of La ChapelleOld Man of La Chapelle Individual from ShanidarIndividual from Shanidar
Mousterian Tools: Period of stone Mousterian Tools: Period of stone tools associated with Neandertalstools associated with Neandertals
Not the “Cave Men” they were Not the “Cave Men” they were made out to be!made out to be!
Elaborate Stone and Bone Tool technologyElaborate Stone and Bone Tool technology Mousterian toolsMousterian tools
First to bury deadFirst to bury dead Some degree of altruismSome degree of altruism
Old Man of La ChapelleOld Man of La Chapelle Individual from ShanidarIndividual from Shanidar
Burial at Tabun, Mt. Carmel, Burial at Tabun, Mt. Carmel, IsraelIsrael
Mt. Carmel SitesMt. Carmel Sites
Reconstruction of Neanderthal Reconstruction of Neanderthal BurialBurial
Not the “Cave Men” they were Not the “Cave Men” they were made out to be!made out to be!
Elaborate Stone and Bone Tool technologyElaborate Stone and Bone Tool technology Mousterian toolsMousterian tools
First to bury deadFirst to bury dead Some degree of altruismSome degree of altruism
Old Man of La ChapelleOld Man of La Chapelle Individual from ShanidarIndividual from Shanidar
Shanidar 1: Shanidar 1: Eye Socket crushed-blinded in that eyeEye Socket crushed-blinded in that eye(adult male, 40-50 years)(adult male, 40-50 years)
Shanidar 1:Shanidar 1:Left arm amputated above the elbowLeft arm amputated above the elbow
““Old Man” of La-ChapelleOld Man” of La-Chapelle
Molars missing and resorbed
““Old Man” of La-ChapelleOld Man” of La-Chapelle
Extreme osteo-arthritisExtreme osteo-arthritis
Old Man of La ChapelleOld Man of La Chapelle
The Old Man of La Chapelle, who dates to The Old Man of La Chapelle, who dates to about 50,000 years ago, suffered from severe about 50,000 years ago, suffered from severe arthritis in his neck, had a deformed left hip, a arthritis in his neck, had a deformed left hip, a crushed toe, a broken rib, and damaged crushed toe, a broken rib, and damaged patella.patella.
The fact that despite all of these ailments, this The fact that despite all of these ailments, this individual was able to survive indicates that he individual was able to survive indicates that he was cared for by other members of his clan. was cared for by other members of his clan.
HuntingHunting
Red-haired Cave Man?Red-haired Cave Man?
Where do Modern Humans fit in?Where do Modern Humans fit in?
mtDNAmtDNA Genetic evidence from a comparison of human and Genetic evidence from a comparison of human and
Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) shows Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) shows that while chimpanzee and human lineages diverged that while chimpanzee and human lineages diverged over five million years ago, the Neanderthals over five million years ago, the Neanderthals diverged from humans over 550,000 to 690,000 years diverged from humans over 550,000 to 690,000 years ago. ago.
Bones of Bones of Homo antecessor Homo antecessor , recovered from the Gran , recovered from the Gran Dolina site, in the Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos, Dolina site, in the Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain) have been dated at about 780,000 old and are Spain) have been dated at about 780,000 old and are said to represent the last common ancestor for said to represent the last common ancestor for H. H. sapiens sapiens (modern humans) and (modern humans) and H. neanderthalensis H. neanderthalensis (Neanderthals) (Neanderthals)
http://www.ecotao.com/holism/hu_neand.htm (Krings, 1999; Ovchinnikov, et al, 2000 Relethford, 2001)
Neanderthal vs. ModernNeanderthal vs. Modern
http://www.discover.com/issues/sep-06/rd/cavemanclone/
What happened to them?What happened to them?
A study in Nature magazine suggests the species may A study in Nature magazine suggests the species may have lived in Gorham's Cave on Gibraltar up to have lived in Gorham's Cave on Gibraltar up to 24,000 years ago. 24,000 years ago.
The Neanderthal people were believed to have died The Neanderthal people were believed to have died out about 35,000 years ago, at a time when modern out about 35,000 years ago, at a time when modern humans were advancing across the continent. humans were advancing across the continent.
The new evidence suggests they held on in Europe's The new evidence suggests they held on in Europe's deep south long after the arrival of deep south long after the arrival of Homo sapiensHomo sapiens. .
Cave in GibraltarCave in Gibraltar
Cave area in pre (bottom) and post Cave area in pre (bottom) and post (top) Neanderthal times.(top) Neanderthal times.
Clone a Cave man?Clone a Cave man?
Scientists reconstruct DNA.Scientists reconstruct DNA. Would it be possible to clone the specimen?Would it be possible to clone the specimen? Should we?Should we?