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The Nature of Work Groups and Teams
The Differences between group and Team
Group is the basic building block of orgEx: Just as the effective university is
depending on the performance of the various groups in the university (departments).
“A group is more than its parts” Sometimes accomplish thing that no
one individual could accomplish working alone
What is a Team
A set of two or more people who interact with each other to achieve certain goals or to meet certain needs.
Formal WG:Formal WG: A group established by A group established by management to help the org achieve its management to help the org achieve its goals. goals.
One way to classify work group (WG) is by whether: Formal or Informal
Informal WG:Informal WG: A group that emerges naturally A group that emerges naturally when individual perceives that membership in when individual perceives that membership in a group will help them achieve their goals or a group will help them achieve their goals or needs.needs.
Types of WGs O.R.G
Formal Informal
Commandgroup
Task force
Team
Self-managedTeam
Friendshipgroup
Interestgroup
•A command group is a formal work group consisting of subordinates who report to the same supervisor/leaders. (Reporting-based relationship: presented on org chart)
•A task force is a formal work group consisting of people who come together to accomplish a specific goal. (then disband sometimes not)
•A team is a formal group consisting of people who work intensely together to achieve a common group goal. (intense interaction and strong commitment to goals)
Formal WG
A self-managed team: A formal work group consisting of people who are jointly responsible for ensuring that the team accomplished its goals and who lead themselves. (members assigned to lead)
Friendship group: IWG consisting of people who enjoy each other’s company and socialize with each other on and off the job.
Interest Group: IWG consisting of people who come together because they have common goal or objective related to their membership.
Informal WG
1.Forming
2.Storming
3.Norming
4.Performing
5.Adjourning
Tuckman’s Five Stage:Model of Group Development
Tuckman’s Five Stage:Model of Group Development
1.Forming 2.Storming
Group members try to get to know each
other and establish a common understanding.
1.Forming 2.Storming 3.Norming
Group is in conflict, members resist being controlled by the group, and disagreements arise concerning leadership in the group.
Tuckman’s Five Stage:Model of Group Development
1.Forming 2.Storming 3.Norming 4.Performing
Group members develop close ties, feelings of friendship and camaraderie abound, and group members share a common purpose.
Tuckman’s Five Stage:Model of Group Development
1.Forming 2.Storming 3.Norming 4.Performing
5.Adjourning
Group members work toward achieving their goals.
Tuckman’s Five Stage:Model of Group Development
1.Forming 2.Storming 3.Norming 4.Performing
5.Adjourning
The group disbands once its goals have been achieved.
Tuckman’s Five Stage:Model of Group Development
Work Group Characteristics1. Group size
2. Group composition
3. Group status
4. Group function
5. Group efficacy
6. Social facilitation
1.How large should a group be?
Benefits of Small Groups Benefits of Large Groups
Regular interactionEase of sharing infoRecognition of individual
contributions to groupStrong identification with
groupHigher group satisfaction
More resources Division of labor
2. Group Composition
Benefits of Homogeneous G Benefits of Heterogeneous G
Collegiality amongst
group membersInformation sharingLow levels of conflictFew coordination
problems
Diversity of views represented
High performance Variety of resources
Homogeneous Group: A group in which member have many characteristics in common. ( Similarity )Heterogeneous Group: A group in which member have few characteristics in common. (Diversity)
3. Group StatusThe implicitly agreed upon, perceived importance for the organization as a whole of what a group does.
The more important task the group performs, the higher status group receives
4. Group FunctionThe work that a group performs as its contribution to the accomplishment of organizational goals.
• Role: A set of behaviors or tasks a person is expected to perform by virtue of holding a position in a group or organization.
• Rule: Written “Standard Operating Procedure” specifying behavior required and forbidden.
• Norm: Informal rules of conduct
How Groups Control Their Members: Roles and Rule, Norms (Mechanisms)
How Can Groups Respond to Deviants?
• Attempt to change deviant
• Expel deviant
• Change norm
How to Ensure the Group Norms are Functional for Organization
Remember:Sometime group norms are well functioning for only group
itself, but dysfunctional for the organization.
How can manager ensure that group norms are functional and aligned with those of organization?
Make sure that members are rewarded when the organization achieve its goals.
The outcomes that members receive should be based on the group’s levels of performance.
Make sure that the group goals has to be consistent with organizational goals.
Problems in Group Motivation and Performance
Social loafing? The tendency of individuals to exert less effort when they work in a group that when they work alone,
Causes of Social Loafing?
(1) Lack of connection between inputs and outcomes or rewards
(2) Perception that individual efforts are unnecessary or unimportant,
Problems in Group Motivation and Performance
Reducing Social Loafing? (1) Make individual contributions identifiable
(2) Make individuals feel that they are making valuable contributions to a group
(3) Keep the group as small as possible
work performed by one member of a group affects what other members do,
Group Cohesiveness? The attractiveness of a group to its members
Signs of Cohesiveness?
Low cohesivenessLow cohesiveness: Information flows slowly; group has little influence; group
tends not to achieve its goals
Moderate cohesivenessModerate cohesiveness: Group members work well together; there is good
communication and participation; group is able to influence its members’ behavior; group tends to
achieve its goals
Very high cohesivenessVery high cohesiveness: Group members socialize excessively; high level of
conformity; group achieves its goals at expense of other groups
Consequences of High Cohesiveness When Group Goals Are Aligned with Organizational Goals
Consequences
A high level ofparticipation and communicationwithin the group
A high level of conformity to group norms
Group goalaccomplishment
Advantages
Group members likely toperform behaviors necessary for group and organization toachieve goals, informationflows quickly in the group, andturnover may be relatively low
The group is able to control itsmembers’ behavior to achievegroup goals
The group achieves its goalsand is effective
Group members may wastetime socializing on the joband chatting about non-workmatters
Excessive conformity within the group may result in resistance tochange and failure to discard dysfunctional norms
Group members may notcooperate with other groupsas much as they should
PotentialDisadvantages
Disadvantages of High Cohesiveness When Group Goals are Not Aligned with Organizational Goals
Group members may wastetime socializing on the joband chatting about non-workmatters
Group members behave in ways that aredysfunctional for the organization
The group achieves its goals at the expense oforganizational goals
DisadvantagesConsequences
A high level of participationand communicationwithin the group
A high level of conformity to group norms
Group goalaccomplishment
Four types of groups that are especially important in many organization include:
– (1) Top Management Team– (2) Self-Managed Work Teams– (3) Research and Development Teams– (4) Virtual Teams
Important Organizational Groups
Top Management TeamTop Management TeamThe team of managers who report to the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and determine what an organization is trying to accomplish and develop plans for goal attainment,
Self-Managed Work TeamsSelf-Managed Work TeamsTeam members have the autonomy to lead and manage themselves and determine how the team will perform its tasks? Self-managed teams can be found at all levels of an organization,
Research and Development TeamsResearch and Development TeamsA team that is formed to develop new products, may be cross-functional and is often used in high-tech industries,
Virtual TeamsVirtual TeamsA team in which a significant amount of communication and interaction occurs electronically rather than face-to-face,
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