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The National Park Service: The National Park Service: Creating ACreating A--16 Compliant Cultural 16 Compliant Cultural Resource Spatial Data StandardsResource Spatial Data Standards
Joint Services Environmental Management ConferenceJoint Services Environmental Management ConferenceCultural Resource GIS FacilityCultural Resource GIS Facility
National Park ServiceNational Park ServiceDeidre McCarthyDeidre McCarthy23 March 200623 March 2006
The Cultural Resource GIS FacilityThe Cultural Resource GIS FacilityNational Park ServiceNational Park Service
►► Geographic Information Systems (GIS)Geographic Information Systems (GIS)►► Global Positioning Systems (GPS) SurveyGlobal Positioning Systems (GPS) Survey►► GIS AnalysisGIS Analysis►► Cartography and OutputCartography and Output►► GIS ProgrammingGIS Programming►► GIS and GPS TrainingGIS and GPS Training
Our primary mission is to assist State Historic Preservation Offices and National Park Units in automating data, collecting data, and exploring the use of technology with cultural resource management.
CRGIS frequently works with the American Battlefield Protection Program, and other NPS programs or divisions.
Cultural Resource Spatial Data StandardsCultural Resource Spatial Data Standards
►► OMB Circular AOMB Circular A--16 defines a set of requirements for Federal agencies to follow 16 defines a set of requirements for Federal agencies to follow when they create, manage, or distribute spatial data when they create, manage, or distribute spatial data
►► AA--16 also identified the National Park Service as the lead agency 16 also identified the National Park Service as the lead agency for developing for developing the cultural resources national data framethe cultural resources national data frame
►► Within the National Park Service the Cultural Resources GeographWithin the National Park Service the Cultural Resources Geographic Information ic Information Services (CRGIS) office has assumed this responsibility Services (CRGIS) office has assumed this responsibility
►► The task of developing the cultural resources national data themThe task of developing the cultural resources national data theme includes:e includes:
►► CRGIS is working toward the development of standards that will bCRGIS is working toward the development of standards that will be both Ae both A--16 16 compliant and user friendly through meetings and workshopscompliant and user friendly through meetings and workshops
• setting data content standards and metadata standards• monitoring the progress towards converting paper historic inventories into digital files• coordinating the development of cultural resources databases that have spatial data• eliminating duplication of spatial information• identifying best practices and disseminating this information to other Federal, state, local agencies, historic preservationists, and universities.
Locating Cultural ResourcesLocating Cultural Resources►► Locational information is a key factor in understanding culturalLocational information is a key factor in understanding cultural resources, and resources, and
their treatmenttheir treatment►► Knowing the location of a resource on the ground provides more tKnowing the location of a resource on the ground provides more than an han an
understanding of “where” the resource isunderstanding of “where” the resource is►► Geographic clues provide information about the human and environGeographic clues provide information about the human and environmental mental
influences on cultural resources, helping to explain “why” the rinfluences on cultural resources, helping to explain “why” the resource exists esource exists and “how” it relates to othersand “how” it relates to others
►► A geographical context provides managers with a different perspeA geographical context provides managers with a different perspective on our ctive on our resources, allowing us to see the interaction of resources, and resources, allowing us to see the interaction of resources, and larger trendslarger trends
What Circular AWhat Circular A--16 Defines for the NPS16 Defines for the NPS
►► The NPS is a Federal Agency producing spatial data that describeThe NPS is a Federal Agency producing spatial data that describes cultural s cultural resources, and therefore must follow specific rules outlined by resources, and therefore must follow specific rules outlined by Circular ACircular A--1616
►► Data we produce is part of the National Spatial Data ClearinghouData we produce is part of the National Spatial Data Clearinghouse and must se and must follow the standards produced by the Federal Geographic Data Comfollow the standards produced by the Federal Geographic Data Committeemittee
►► Circular ACircular A--16 designates the NPS as the lead agency for cultural resources,16 designates the NPS as the lead agency for cultural resources,responsible for the stewardship of the dataresponsible for the stewardship of the data
• assess existing standards and identify needs
• develop and implement FGDC standards
• develop plan for the implementation of standards and population of the data set
• collect and analyze information regarding user needs
• publish data online
Circular ACircular A--16 Applies to Federal Agencies and 16 Applies to Federal Agencies and Federal ActivitiesFederal Activities
►► Circular ACircular A--16 applies to your agency 16 applies to your agency and program area if you: collect, and program area if you: collect, produce, acquire, maintain, produce, acquire, maintain, distribute, use or preserve paper distribute, use or preserve paper maps or spatial data related to maps or spatial data related to cultural resources to fulfill your cultural resources to fulfill your missionmission
►► Circular ACircular A--16 applies to all activities 16 applies to all activities involving this spatial data if they are involving this spatial data if they are financed by Federal fundsfinanced by Federal funds
►► This applies to your agency Section This applies to your agency Section 106/Section 110 activities, such as 106/Section 110 activities, such as nominating properties to the nominating properties to the National Register of Historic Places, National Register of Historic Places, conducting survey or maintaining conducting survey or maintaining an inventory of cultural resourcesan inventory of cultural resources
Accomplishing our GoalsAccomplishing our Goals
►► We need guidelines for collecting cultural resource spatial dataWe need guidelines for collecting cultural resource spatial data: : geometry, accuracy, datum, coordinate systems, subgeometry, accuracy, datum, coordinate systems, sub--entities etc.entities etc.
►► We need guidelines that relate cultural resource spatial data toWe need guidelines that relate cultural resource spatial data to cultural cultural resource attribute dataresource attribute data
►► We need guidelines that address how to safeguard sensitive spatiWe need guidelines that address how to safeguard sensitive spatial al datadata
►► We need guidelines to create metadata standards at the data set We need guidelines to create metadata standards at the data set and and feature levelsfeature levels
►► Guidelines for both legacy and future data are needed in a numbeGuidelines for both legacy and future data are needed in a number of key r of key areas:areas:
Beginning the ProcessBeginning the Process
►► Starting with the National Park Service firstStarting with the National Park Service first►► Get input from those who maintain cultural resource dataGet input from those who maintain cultural resource data►► Draft working guidelines that reflect the inputDraft working guidelines that reflect the input►► Branch out to other Federal agencies to gain their input and couBranch out to other Federal agencies to gain their input and counselnsel►► Revise the guidelinesRevise the guidelines►► Field test the guidelinesField test the guidelines►► Go through the FGDC standardGo through the FGDC standard--making processmaking process►► Provide technical assistance to those who need to implement stanProvide technical assistance to those who need to implement standardsdards
Cultural Resource GIS WorkshopCultural Resource GIS Workshop►► Began with a workshop in October 2003 that focused on open Began with a workshop in October 2003 that focused on open
discussion regarding our responsibilities and issues related to discussion regarding our responsibilities and issues related to AA--16 and 16 and NPS’ role NPS’ role
►► Participants included:Participants included:• NPS cultural resource database managers and users
• Regional NPS GIS coordinators
• The National NPS GIS coordinator
• Members of the Federal Geographic Data Committee
• National Trails System representatives
• NPS park unit GIS users
• Executive Director of the National Center for Preservation Technology and Training
• Executive Director of the National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers
• Assistant Director, National Center for Cultural Resources
Workshop QuestionsWorkshop Questions
►► What is the best way to link the What is the best way to link the cultural resource databases cultural resource databases together and still maintain the together and still maintain the autonomous database structures?autonomous database structures?
►► Should all resource types be Should all resource types be contained in the same theme and contained in the same theme and how should the resources be how should the resources be described?described?
►► What is an effective way to What is an effective way to generalize sensitive resource generalize sensitive resource data, yet provide enough data, yet provide enough information for preservation information for preservation planning?planning?
►► Through what means can accurate locational information be Through what means can accurate locational information be collected and incorporated into the existing cultural resource collected and incorporated into the existing cultural resource databases?databases?
►► How can accurate locational information be found for legacy How can accurate locational information be found for legacy resource data already entered into the existing databases?resource data already entered into the existing databases?
Guiding Principles Agreed UponGuiding Principles Agreed Upon
►► Spatial representation of cultural resources is important for thSpatial representation of cultural resources is important for their protection eir protection and managementand management
►► Each cultural resource database needs to remain autonomousEach cultural resource database needs to remain autonomous►► A unique ID needs to be created for each cultural resource entitA unique ID needs to be created for each cultural resource entity to enable y to enable
linking between databases and use in a GISlinking between databases and use in a GIS►► Each unique feature will have a unique spatial representationEach unique feature will have a unique spatial representation►► Discipline experts for the predominant characterization of a feaDiscipline experts for the predominant characterization of a feature should ture should
be responsible for the spatial boundary determinationbe responsible for the spatial boundary determination►► Standards should be defined for how each resource type will be Standards should be defined for how each resource type will be
represented, and at what level of accuracy, scale and resolutionrepresented, and at what level of accuracy, scale and resolution►► Standards may need to be different for legacy data and new dataStandards may need to be different for legacy data and new data►► Questions we are asking of these datasets should drive the resolQuestions we are asking of these datasets should drive the resolution and ution and
accuracy of spatial data layersaccuracy of spatial data layers
Potential Standards and Guidelines DiscussedPotential Standards and Guidelines Discussed►► Cultural resource program managers need to require the collectioCultural resource program managers need to require the collection of n of
locational data for each resource locational data for each resource ►► Guidelines should define how cultural resource spatial data can Guidelines should define how cultural resource spatial data can be usedbe used►► Standards should define how each type of resource should be Standards should define how each type of resource should be
representedrepresented►► Standards should define the accuracy required for each type of rStandards should define the accuracy required for each type of resourceesource►► Standards should define when to use various levels of resolutionStandards should define when to use various levels of resolution►► Standards should define a datum and coordinate system for nationStandards should define a datum and coordinate system for national al
scale datascale data►► Standards should define when sensitive data can be releasedStandards should define when sensitive data can be released►► Metadata standards should define the attribute fields in each daMetadata standards should define the attribute fields in each databasetabase►► Metadata standards should define how each boundary is definedMetadata standards should define how each boundary is defined►► Guidelines should define what spatial data to collect: survey bGuidelines should define what spatial data to collect: survey boundaries, oundaries,
transects, intrasite features, etc.transects, intrasite features, etc.►► Guidelines should define how and when updates occurGuidelines should define how and when updates occur
► A cultural resource must be represented by a point, line or polygon feature► A newly inventoried cultural resource must be defined by a polygon when
appropriate► Contributing cultural resources to a historic district or landscape must be
represented at a minimum by a point or line feature► The location of vertices defining the polygon boundary of a cultural resource must
meet USGS National Mapping Standard for 1:24,000 scale maps► The positional accuracy for vertices defining polygon
boundaries of newly inventoried resources must be within 1 meter of their true position for 90% of the vertices
► Address fields created for the purpose of geo-coding locations of newly inventoried resources must follow the FGDC Address Content Standard
► Legacy data may be used as a source for creating spatial data for cultural resources, if feature level metadata can be completed
► User defined coordinate systems, e.g. an archaeological site grid must be tied into a real world coordinate system
Draft StandardsDraft StandardsGuidelines for creating cultural resource spatial data:Guidelines for creating cultural resource spatial data:
Draft StandardsDraft StandardsGuidelines for linking spatial data to cultural resource databasGuidelines for linking spatial data to cultural resource databases:es:
► A point, line or polygon boundary for a cultural resource must be linked to attribute tables that describe the resource
► Cross-walk tables should be used and completely filled out when data on any single cultural resource appears in multiple databases
Draft StandardsDraft StandardsGuidelines for safeguarding sensitive cultural resource Guidelines for safeguarding sensitive cultural resource
spatial data:spatial data:
► Release of sensitive locational data must be done in compliance with the policy of the originating agency
► Originating agencies must have an official written and published policy on the release of sensitive locational data before cultural resource data is released to the public or other governmental agencies
► Policy should include security measures to prevent unauthorized release of sensitive locationalcultural resources
► Dataset level metadata for point, line or polygon data must be FGDC compliant for spatial metadata
► Feature level metadata for individual points, lines or polygons must be able to address the following questions:
► Feature level metadata should be entered as fields in the spatial attribute table
Draft StandardsDraft StandardsGuidelines for spatial metadata for cultural resources:Guidelines for spatial metadata for cultural resources:
• Does the boundary represent a single cultural resource or an aggDoes the boundary represent a single cultural resource or an aggregate cultural regate cultural resource? resource? •• Does the boundary circumscribe, buffer, or represent the actuaDoes the boundary circumscribe, buffer, or represent the actual boundary of the l boundary of the resource? resource? •• What method was used to locate and plot the resource? (e.g. adWhat method was used to locate and plot the resource? (e.g. address matching, GPS dress matching, GPS survey, triangulation w/ compass, triangulation with transit, survey, triangulation w/ compass, triangulation with transit, trilaterationtrilateration with tape, with tape, trilaterationtrilateration by pacing, unknown etc.? by pacing, unknown etc.? •• When was the boundary created? When was the boundary created? •• When was the boundary last updated? When was the boundary last updated? •• Who or what institution created the boundary? Who or what institution created the boundary? •• What map datum was used in plotting the location of the culturWhat map datum was used in plotting the location of the cultural resource? al resource? •• What coordinate system was used in plotting the location of thWhat coordinate system was used in plotting the location of the cultural resource? e cultural resource? •• If using GPS what was the level of accuracy? If using GPS what was the level of accuracy? •• What use constraints are there on the boundary? e.g. suitableWhat use constraints are there on the boundary? e.g. suitable for Section 106 for Section 106 compliance, National Register boundary , or limited to research compliance, National Register boundary , or limited to research etc.etc.
Implementing the Draft StandardsImplementing the Draft Standards
►► In 2005, CRGIS began presenting In 2005, CRGIS began presenting these draft standards to other Federal these draft standards to other Federal agencies, and began soliciting existing agencies, and began soliciting existing standards from those agenciesstandards from those agencies
►► In 2005, CRGIS created a draft data In 2005, CRGIS created a draft data model to describe how these draft model to describe how these draft standards could be implemented standards could be implemented within the NPS within the NPS
►► The model creates cultural resource The model creates cultural resource feature classes within specific feature feature classes within specific feature type data setstype data sets
►► Each cultural resource is assigned a Each cultural resource is assigned a globally unique IDglobally unique ID
►► Each unique representation of the Each unique representation of the location of that resource is assigned a location of that resource is assigned a globally unique IDglobally unique ID
►► A link table associates the cultural A link table associates the cultural resource ID with each of its resource ID with each of its locationallocationalIDs, and allows users to link each IDs, and allows users to link each resource to outside databasesresource to outside databases
Opportunity to Field Test the Draft StandardsOpportunity to Field Test the Draft Standards►► CRGIS was asked to help FEMA in its hurricane Katrina/Rita recovCRGIS was asked to help FEMA in its hurricane Katrina/Rita recovery effortsery efforts►► FEMA’sFEMA’s goal was to create a strategy to survey all of the historic resgoal was to create a strategy to survey all of the historic resources ources
affected by the hurricanes and develop a way to fulfill its Sectaffected by the hurricanes and develop a way to fulfill its Section 106 ion 106 requirements through the most efficient methodologyrequirements through the most efficient methodology
►► CRGIS developed a strategy to document the locations of structurCRGIS developed a strategy to document the locations of structures tagged for es tagged for demolition in New Orleans and the surrounding Parishes with GPS,demolition in New Orleans and the surrounding Parishes with GPS, and to and to incorporate that geographic data into our draft data model to acincorporate that geographic data into our draft data model to act as a field test t as a field test for the standardsfor the standards
Assessing the Field TestAssessing the Field Test►► The survey of structures scheduled for demolition, and thereforeThe survey of structures scheduled for demolition, and therefore requiring requiring
assessment by FEMA and the Louisiana SHPO for Section 106, is noassessment by FEMA and the Louisiana SHPO for Section 106, is now completew complete►► The successful survey strategy and The successful survey strategy and geodatabasegeodatabase implementation of the draft implementation of the draft
standards has allowed the Federal and state partners to quickly standards has allowed the Federal and state partners to quickly and digitally form and digitally form concurrence on National Register eligible properties, through GIconcurrence on National Register eligible properties, through GISS
►► The successful implementation of the data model based on the draThe successful implementation of the data model based on the draft standards has ft standards has been incorporated into the programmatic agreement formed betweenbeen incorporated into the programmatic agreement formed between FEMA and FEMA and the Louisiana SHPO and provides direct links between the FEMA dathe Louisiana SHPO and provides direct links between the FEMA data, the SHPO ta, the SHPO GIS and the City of New Orleans GIS.GIS and the City of New Orleans GIS.
The Next StepsThe Next Steps►► CRGIS would like to hold a Federal agencyCRGIS would like to hold a Federal agency--wide workshop, similar to the NPS wide workshop, similar to the NPS
workshop held in 2003, to review the draft standards and exploreworkshop held in 2003, to review the draft standards and explore various ways to various ways to implement those standardsimplement those standards
►► This workshop will include the State and Tribal Preservation OffThis workshop will include the State and Tribal Preservation Officersicers►► Our goal is to develop consensus and revise/update the draft staOur goal is to develop consensus and revise/update the draft standards accordinglyndards accordingly►► Following this, CRGIS proposes further field testing and furtherFollowing this, CRGIS proposes further field testing and further data model data model
development to accommodate these changesdevelopment to accommodate these changes
►► In order to make the draft standards official, the NPS must firsIn order to make the draft standards official, the NPS must first have the standards t have the standards approved by the NPS GIS standard committeeapproved by the NPS GIS standard committee
►► If approved there, the standards must then pass through the DepaIf approved there, the standards must then pass through the Department of rtment of Interior standardInterior standard--creation processcreation process
►► Finally, the standards would go through a complete Federal GeogrFinally, the standards would go through a complete Federal Geographic Data aphic Data Committee review and creation processCommittee review and creation process
Authors InformationAuthors Information
John J. KnoerlJohn J. Knoerl Deidre McCarthyDeidre McCarthyProgram ManagerProgram Manager ArchitecturalArchitectural--historianhistorianCRGISCRGIS CRGISCRGISHeritage Documentation Heritage Documentation Heritage DocumentationHeritage Documentation
ProgramsPrograms ProgramsProgramsNational Park ServiceNational Park Service National Park ServiceNational Park ServiceDepartment of the InteriorDepartment of the Interior Department of the InteriorDepartment of the Interior1849 C Street, N.W. (2270)1849 C Street, N.W. (2270) 1849 C Street, N.W. (2270)1849 C Street, N.W. (2270)Washington, D.C. 20240Washington, D.C. 20240--00010001 Washington, D.C. 20240Washington, D.C. 20240--00010001Voice: 202.354.2140Voice: 202.354.2140 Voice: 202.354.2141Voice: 202.354.2141Fax: 202.371.6473Fax: 202.371.6473 Fax: 202.371.6473Fax: [email protected][email protected] [email protected][email protected]
http://www.cr.nps.gov/hps/gis/index.htm
