The Muslim World, 600–1250

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Chapter OverviewChapter Overview

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SECTION The Rise of Islam 1

SECTION The Spread of Islam 2

SECTION Muslim Achievement 3

10CHAPTER

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Chapter Overview

Islam arises in Arabia and, through conquest, Muslims spread their empire and Muhammad’s teachings to three continents. Despite a split in the empire, its trade increases and its people prosper. In cities a variety of cultures and traditions blend, and scholarship flourishes.

10CHAPTER The Muslim World,

600–1250

632 Muhammad returns to Mecca after making the Hijrah to Medina.

762 Muslim capital moves to Baghdad.

800s Al-Khwarizmi writes the first algebra textbook.

10CHAPTER

Time Line

600 1250

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The Muslim World, 600–1250

1000s Muslim scholars, who preserved Greek medical works, share them with Europeans.

1100s Muslim literature flourishes.

The Prophet Muhammad founds the religion of Islam and helps spread its ideas throughout the Arabian Peninsula, unifying the Arabs. Islam is a powerful influence on all aspects of its followers’ lives.

OverviewOverview AssessmentAssessment

Key Idea

The Rise of Islam1HOME

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

Muhammad unified the Arab people both politically and through the religion of Islam.

As the world’s fastest growing major religion, Islam has a strong impact on the lives of millions today.

Overview

The Rise of Islam 1

AssessmentAssessment

• Allah

• Muhammad

• Islam

• Muslim

• Hijrah

• Qur’an

• mosque

• hajj

• Sunna

• shari’a

TERMS & NAMES

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1. Write at least three details about each of the following categories: (1) events in the life of Muhammad; (2) beliefs of Islam; and (3) sources of authority.

The Rise of Islam 1

Section 1 Assessment

continued . . .

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Islam

Events in the Life of Muhammad

Beliefs of Islam Sources of Authority

divine revelations;Hijrah to Medina;Mecca captured

one God, Allah; Five Pillars;

rules for personal life;tolerance of Jews and Christians

Allah;Qur’an;Sunna

2. Explain how the beliefs and practices of Islam created unity and strength among Muslims in the 600s. THINK ABOUT

Section

The Rise of Islam 1

1 Assessment

• why individuals felt they were part of a community • what Muslims did to carry out the Five Pillars of Islam

• how Muslims viewed the relationship between religion and politics

ANSWERANSWER

• Fasting and making a pilgrimage to Mecca gave Muslims common experiences.

• Facing Mecca to pray and giving alms reminded individuals of their membership in a community.

Possible Responses:

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End of Section 1

Through conquest, Muslims create an empire that stretches from Spain to India. Although the empire later splits among different groups, its people continue to speak Arabic and to maintain a lucrative Muslim trade network.

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Key Idea

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The Spread of Islam 2

In spite of internal conflicts, the Muslims created a huge empire that included lands on three continents.

Muslims’ influence on three continents produced cultural blending that has continued into the modern world.

Overview

AssessmentAssessment

• caliph

• Umayyads

• Shi’a

• Sunni

• Sufi

• Abbasids

• al-Andalus

• Fatimid

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

TERMS & NAMES

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The Spread of Islam2

1. For each group of rulers, identify the period of their rule and at least two developments that affected the growth or strength of Islam during that period.

Section 2 Assessment

continued . . .

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Rightly Guided Caliphs

Umayyads

Abbasids

Rulers Developments in IslamPeriod of Rule

632-661

661-750

750-1258

Spread of Islam east and west, tolerance of Jews and Christians

Shift of capital to Baghdad, growth of Muslim trade network

Split between Sunni and Shi’a, development of Sufi movement

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The Spread of Islam 2

2. How do you think Shi’a Muslims felt about the Abbasids taking power in 750? THINK ABOUT

Section 2 Assessment

• how the Shi’a viewed the Umayyads • where the Shi’a lived • actions of Abbasids while in power

ANSWERANSWER

• The Shi’a may have supported the Abbasids’ takeover because they found the Umayyads too worldly and because both they and the Abbasids were based in Persia.

• The Shi’a may have opposed the Abbasids’ worldly focus on trade and empire. continued . . .

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Possible Responses:

The Spread of Islam 2

3. What evidence supports the conclusion that the Islamic empires were well-run? THINK ABOUT

Section 2 Assessment

• relationships between Muslims and non-Muslims • efforts to promote trade • the role of the military

ANSWERANSWER

• Muslims’ tolerance of non-Muslims won non-Muslims’ support.

• Well-trained, well-led Muslim armies suggest Muslim leaders ran military affairs well.

• Muslims’ banks and single currency helped trade.

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Muslim society, centered in cities, benefits from a mix of cultures and traditions. Learning flourishes in this environment, and Muslim scholars make important advances in the arts and sciences.

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Key Idea

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Muslims combined and preserved the traditions of many peoples and also advanced learning in a variety of areas.

Many of the ideas developed during this time became the basis of today’s scientific and academic disciplines.

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AssessmentAssessment

• House of Wisdom

• calligraphy

Muslim Achievement 3

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

TERMS & NAMES

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Muslim Achievement 3

1. The key elements of Muslim culture were science and math, urban life, arts and literature, and society. Write three aspects about each of these elements.

Section 3 Assessment

continued . . .

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Muslim Culture

Science and Math Urban Life

Arts and Literature Society

House of Wisdom; medical advances;growth of math and

astronomy

Cities like Baghdad and Córdoba; home to learning

centers; linked to other cities by trade

No pictures of the prophet; calligraphy as an art form;

poetry highly valued

Four classes; protection of women’s legal rights;

tolerance of other religions and customs

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Muslim Achievement 3

Section 3 Assessment

ANSWERANSWER

• Algebra

• House of Wisdom

• Calligraphy

• Astronomy

• Muslim architecture: Great Mosque of Damascus

2. List what you consider to be the five most significant developments in scholarship and the arts during the reign of the Abbasids. THINK ABOUT

• reasons for each development • immediate and practical impact • long-term significance

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Possible Responses: