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©JAMA. All rights reserved. Printed with vegetable oil ink.
THE MOTOR INDUSTRY OF JAPAN 2019 Published July 2019
Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc.Jidosha Kaikan, 1-30 Shiba Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 JapanFor inquiries about this booklet, write or telephone: Public Relations Office, JAMA Tel: +81 (3) 5405-6119http://www.jama.or.jp/
2
4
5
Page
Automobile Manufacturing: A Core Industry
Motor Vehicles
Automotive Shipments in Value Terms
Automotive Trade
Automobile-Related Industries and Total Employment
6
8
10
11
12
14
16
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Production
New Registrations
Imported Vehicle Sales
Used Vehicle Sales
Motor Vehicles in Use and Motor Vehicle Density
Exports
Exports by Destination
Motorcycles
18
19
20
21
22
Production
Sales
Motorcycles in Use
Exports
Exports by Destination
Assisted-Mobility Vehicles
24........................................................................................................Assisted-Mobility Vehicles
Road Safety
25
26
27
28
29
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Road Safety
ITS and ASVs
Vehicle Safety
Automated Driving
A Mid-to-Long-Term Vision for Mobility
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30
31
32
33
34
36
37
Attention to the Environment
Climate Change
Vehicle Fuel Efficiency
Next-Generation Vehicles and CO2 Reductions at Manufacturers’ Facilities
Hazardous Substances
Recycling
Emissions
Measuring Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Emissions
38
40
42
44
Taxes
Taxes on Automobiles
Tax Incentive Measures for Eco-Friendly Vehicles
Auto Tax Reform Measures
The Burden on Motor Vehicle Users
45
The Tokyo Motor Show
The 46th Tokyo Motor Show 2019
46
47
Vehicle-Based Systems
Driver’s Licenses and the Driving Population
Motor Vehicle Classification
48
50
51
Global Operations
Overseas Production
Overseas Production Volumes
Global Industry Ties
54
56
58
59
60
Motor Vehicles Worldwide
Global Production (Including Motorcycles)
New Registrations
Motor Vehicles & Motorcycles in Use / Motor Vehicle & Motorcycle Density
Exports (Including Motorcycles)
Customs Tariffs, EPAs-FTAs
61
62
64
Locations of Auto Manufacturing Plants
JAMA Member Manufacturers
Related Automotive Associations
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Contents
THE MOTOR INDUSTRY OF JAPAN 2019
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2
4
5
Page
Automobile Manufacturing: A Core Industry
Motor Vehicles
Automotive Shipments in Value Terms
Automotive Trade
Automobile-Related Industries and Total Employment
6
8
10
11
12
14
16
.................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
.................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
Production
New Registrations
Imported Vehicle Sales
Used Vehicle Sales
Motor Vehicles in Use and Motor Vehicle Density
Exports
Exports by Destination
Motorcycles
18
19
20
21
22
Production
Sales
Motorcycles in Use
Exports
Exports by Destination
Assisted-Mobility Vehicles
24........................................................................................................Assisted-Mobility Vehicles
Road Safety
25
26
27
28
29
...............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
.................................................................................
Road Safety
ITS and ASVs
Vehicle Safety
Automated Driving
A Mid-to-Long-Term Vision for Mobility
...................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.........................................................
30
31
32
33
34
36
37
Attention to the Environment
Climate Change
Vehicle Fuel Efficiency
Next-Generation Vehicles and CO2 Reductions at Manufacturers’ Facilities
Hazardous Substances
Recycling
Emissions
Measuring Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Emissions
38
40
42
44
Taxes
Taxes on Automobiles
Tax Incentive Measures for Eco-Friendly Vehicles
Auto Tax Reform Measures
The Burden on Motor Vehicle Users
45
The Tokyo Motor Show
The 46th Tokyo Motor Show 2019
46
47
Vehicle-Based Systems
Driver’s Licenses and the Driving Population
Motor Vehicle Classification
48
50
51
Global Operations
Overseas Production
Overseas Production Volumes
Global Industry Ties
54
56
58
59
60
Motor Vehicles Worldwide
Global Production (Including Motorcycles)
New Registrations
Motor Vehicles & Motorcycles in Use / Motor Vehicle & Motorcycle Density
Exports (Including Motorcycles)
Customs Tariffs, EPAs-FTAs
61
62
64
Locations of Auto Manufacturing Plants
JAMA Member Manufacturers
Related Automotive Associations
........................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
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Contents
THE MOTOR INDUSTRY OF JAPAN 2019
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197019751980198519901995200020052008200920102011201220132014201520162017
Machinery Industries Automotive Shipments
Automotive55,402
104,381179,787205,524235,030233,625237,994250,271281,299242,757262,120263,512260,379274,092281,230286,222272,496287,242
65,648113,063178,956177,543182,687140,727119,630168,964243,322159,884181,463186,656180,121179,053192,022178,420156,693176,867
30,54739,08781,18663,83678,21764,96462,18967,116
104,80569,40089,11490,22589,22888,05994,22096,79588,89297,620
37,27765,731
106,465130,944185,736176,465155,868140,159151,492124,267122,920121,277128,607130,606139,328143,057143,986151,989
68,028106,112175,998241,904332,249298,844304,132312,108402,477289,320306,186322,495330,816320,911337,273359,715363,611392,279
73,305108,213222,346408,422545,286548,309595,817495,083518,797400,593442,848403,789369,426368,283394,772408,060376,748398,955
72,758147,935249,536361,793468,582442,145444,474539,999637,666471,866542,136505,870564,858582,032600,633646,539649,912682,635
54,673105,241212,346276,927423,106395,613400,429489,548566,053404,915472,962439,592502,627519,710533,101570,524577,604606,999
24.527.731.126.230.329.728.935.336.334.936.635.739.740.940.040.341.541.2
7.98.39.9
10.413.112.913.216.516.915.316.415.417.417.817.518.219.119.0
Chemicals Iron &Steel
Non-FerrousMetals
MetalProducts
GeneralMachinery
ElectricalMachinery
&Equipment
223,008379,551682,457
1,055,9321,397,4391,330,3641,385,6121,385,0371,558,9401,161,7791,291,1701,232,1541,265,1001,271,2261,332,6781,414,3141,390,2711,473,869
Subtotal
287,383589,807952,724
1,063,2401,205,9391,155,2771,115,720
988,7171,015,930
894,503944,290955,863963,841977,885
1,011,9221,012,477
968,0181,004,080
Other
690,3481,274,3292,146,9982,653,2063,233,7263,060,3563,035,8242,962,4173,355,7882,652,5902,891,0772,849,6882,887,2762,920,9213,051,4003,131,2853,020,3563,191,667
Total As % of Value of
Machinery Shipments
As % of Total Value of Manufacturing
Shipments
Transport Equipment
Notes: 1. Shipments from all manufacturing operations with four or more employees are included in this data. 2. Compilation of data on production in value terms was discontinued in 1996 and replaced by data on shipments in value terms. 3. Figures in value terms include domestic consumption tax revenue from shipments. 4. “Electrical Machinery & Equipment” includes IT-related electronic parts and equipment as of 2002. 5. 2017 data includes preliminary figures. Source for statistical data on this page: Census of Manufactures, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
● COMPARISON OF VALUE OF AUTOMOTIVE SHIPMENTS TO TOTAL VALUE OF ALL MANUFACTURING SHIPMENTS
x 1 trillion yen
● SHIPMENTS OF MAJOR MANUFACTURING SECTORS IN VALUE TERMS (2017)
x 100 million yen
● SHIPMENTS OF MAJOR MANUFACTURING SECTORS IN VALUE TERMS, 1970-2017 x 100 million yen
Year
2008200920102011201220132014201520162017
Automotive2,2541,239
9551,4151,0401,5801,3721,2741,2521,283
Paper & Pulp
11,1097,8167,9027,7658,4076,9007,8018,1009,0369,152
Chemicals
2,3963,0741,8371,4201,8632,2412,8412,3702,1562,215
Petroleum
8,8009,0255,7673,2425,2245,0425,7995,5657,0555,133
Iron & Steel
4,0261,9971,8082,1202,0811,8071,7631,8071,7752,219
Non-Ferrous Metals
9,2814,5915,3075,8836,4055,4486,1007,3677,7027,727
General Machinery
16,38310,36310,1139,5858,1008,9838,9208,2855,9336,149
20,90011,1507,2498,928
10,41210,96612,24413,92814,38713,595
19,29210,080
6,8558,420
10,05310,61111,19913,02113,30612,902
Electrical Machinery
Transport Equipment
89,00558,57347,98648,86652,63053,34856,82058,19659,83358,255
Total
13,8569,3187,0488,5089,098
10,3819,9809,500
10,53710,782
Other
Source: Survey on Planned Capital Spending, Development Bank of Japan
● INVESTMENTS IN EQUIPMENT OF MAJOR MANUFACTURING SECTORS x 100 million yen
Fiscal year
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
2008Year
09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Automotive606,999(19.0%)
GeneralMachinery392,279(12.3%)Other
1,004,080(31.4%)
ElectricalMachinery
& Equipment398,955 (12.5%)
TransportEquipment682,635(21.4%)
Chemicals287,242(9.0%)
Iron& Steel
176,867(5.5%)
Metal Products151,989(4.8%)
Non-FerrousMetals
97,620 (3.1%)
Total value of all manufacturing shipmentsTotal value of automotive shipments
56.640.5 47.3 50.344.0
52.0 53.3 57.1
335.6
265.3
289.1 288.7285.0 292.1305.1
313.1
57.8 60.7
302.0319.2
Breakdown of automotive shipments:· Automobiles (including motorcycles) ................................ 249,548· Auto bodies and trailers ......................................................... 6,904· Automotive parts and accessories ...................................... 350,546
Total3,191,667
(100%)
Automotive Shipments Total 60.7 Trillion Yen; Equipment Investments, 1.3 Trillion Yen; R&D Expenditures, 2.9 Trillion Yen
Note: Japan’s fiscal year (FY) starts on April 1 and ends on March 31 of the following year.
● INVESTMENTS IN EQUIPMENT OF MAJOR MANUFACTURING SECTORS (FY 2017)
x 100 million yen
TransportEquipment
13,595(23.3%)
Other10,782(18.5%)
Petroleum2,215(3.8%)
Chemicals9,152 (15.7%)
Paper & Pulp1,283(2.2%)
Iron & Steel5,133(8.8%)
GeneralMachinery
7,727(13.3%)
Non-FerrousMetals 2,219(3.8%)
ElectricalMachinery
6,149(10.6%)
Automotive12,902(22.2%)
Automotive shipments (both domestic and export shipments, including motorcycles, auto parts, etc.) in value terms reached 60.7 trillion yen in 2017, up 5.1% from the previous year, accounting for 19.0% of the total value of Japan’s manufacturing shipments and 41.2% of the value of the machinery industries’ combined shipments. Investments in equipment by the automobile industry in 2017 totalled 1.3 trillion yen and its research and development expenditures reached 2.9 trillion yen, up 4.4% from the previous year; those figures represent, respectively, more than 20% of the value of overall investments of Japan’s major manufacturing sectors. With motor vehicle exports in value terms amounting to 16 trillion yen in 2018 and auto-related employment in Japan totalling 5.46 million people, the automotive industry is one of the Japanese economy’s core industrial sectors.
Automobile Manufacturing: A Core Industry Automotive Shipments in Value Terms
Total58,255(100%)
● INVESTMENTS IN EQUIPMENT OF MAJOR MANUFACTURING SECTORS, 2008-2017
x 100 million yen
0
7,000
14,000
21,000
2008Fiscal year
1009 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Transport equipment
PetroleumPetroleum
Non-ferrousmetals
Electricalmachinery
OtherOther
Automotive
Automotive
ChemicalsChemicals
2008200920102011201220132014201520162017
Automotive21,44117,72417,29317,45116,62316,70816,23815,47613,57213,374
IT &Telecommunications
Equipment
8,0326,7835,1917,1156,5955,9986,1816,0936,0756,427
Electronic Circuits, Parts & Equipment
23,60819,78921,21322,37822,71124,97228,44729,52929,25530,646
Transport Equipment
12,95611,93712,76012,29913,06114,37114,95314,57713,51614,653
Pharma-ceuticals
8,2607,5527,4397,4417,4697,5197,5348,1668,4948,525
Chemicals
18,20716,73916,39716,93316,47218,02718,44019,00519,04719,180
General Machinery & Equipment
1,6341,4931,5111,6331,4321,3921,5011,5521,5771,598
Iron & Steel
10,3149,6109,9229,681
10,21410,72411,18911,56911,21111,255
Electrical Machinery & Equipment
2,6702,4202,3752,2412,2042,3372,0972,1952,2672,753
Foods
11,70910,33910,55610,66110,26010,56710,97110,47910,73411,407
Other
118,831104,386104,657107,833107,041112,615117,551118,641115,748119,818
Total
22,97019,28820,61321,79622,06224,13727,49528,37228,07129,296
Source: Survey on Research Activities in Science and Technology, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications
● R&D EXPENDITURES OF MAJOR MANUFACTURING SECTORS x 100 million yen
Fiscalyear
● R&D EXPENDITURES OF MAJOR MANUFACTURING SECTORS (FY 2017)
x 100 million yenIT &
TelecommunicationsEquipment
13,374(11.2%)
Other11,407(9.5%)
Foods2,753 (2.3%)
ElectricalMachinery & Equipment
11,255 (9.4%)
General Machinery& Equipment
19,180(16.0%)
Iron & Steel1,598 (1.3%)
ElectronicCircuits, Parts& Equipment
6,427(5.4%)
Pharmaceuticals14,653 (12.2%)
Chemicals8,525 (7.1%)
Total119,818(100%)
Automotive29,296(24.5%)
● R&D EXPENDITURES OF MAJOR MANUFACTURING SECTORS, 2008-2017
x 100 million yen
0
11,000
22,000
33,000
2008Fiscal year
1009 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Transportequipment
General machinery& equipment
Pharmaceuticals
Electrical machinery & equipment
Other
Iron & steelFoods
ChemicalsChemicals
TransportEquipment
30,646 (25.6%)
General machineryGeneral machinery
Iron & steelIron & steel
Paper & pulpPaper & pulp
Electronic circuits,parts & equipmentElectronic circuits,parts & equipment
IT & telecommunications equipmentIT & telecommunications equipment
2 3
Notes: 1. “Passenger Cars, Trucks, Buses” includes chassis. 2. FOB: Free on board; CIF: Cost, insurance, and freight. 3. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100). Source for all statistical data on this page: The Summary Report on Trade of Japan, Japan Tariff Association
2009201020112012201320142015201620172018
Motor Vehicles Exports Total
93,679125,956115,417127,521142,411147,849158,912151,175161,092166,972
53.5134.591.6
110.5111.7103.8107.595.1
106.6103.7
66,93391,74182,04292,250
104,125109,194120,463113,329118,254123,072
Passenger Cars, Trucks, Buses Auto Parts
Motorcycles &Motorcycle Parts Chg. (%)Chg. (%)
Year
23,08930,83329,97232,05134,76234,75034,83034,61738,96639,909
3,6573,3823,4033,2203,5243,9053,6193,2293,8723,990
541,706673,996655,465637,476697,742730,930756,139700,358782,865814,788
66.9124.497.397.3
109.5104.8103.492.6
111.8104.1
● AUTOMOTIVE EXPORTS IN VALUE TERMS (FOB) x 100 million yen
2009201020112012201320142015201620172018
Motor Vehicles Imports Total
8,98211,51812,80515,50618,94820,92521,26121,02323,41925,223
59.3128.2111.2121.1122.2110.4101.698.9
111.4107.7
4,5495,9587,3529,082
10,85711,62311,39811,78113,07014,284
Passenger Cars, Trucks, Buses Auto Parts
Motorcycles &Motorcycle Parts Chg. (%)Chg. (%)
Year
3,6964,8794,7175,5496,9818,1488,7708,3299,3289,861
736682736875
1,1091,1541,093
9131,0211,079
514,994607,650681,112706,886812,425859,091784,055660,420753,792827,033
65.2118.0112.1103.8114.9105.791.384.2
114.1109.7
● AUTOMOTIVE IMPORTS IN VALUE TERMS (CIF) x 100 million yen
● EXPORTS BY PRINCIPAL COMMODITY (FOB) IN 2018
x 10 billion yen
Motor Vehicles(including motorcycles and parts)
1,670 (20.5%)
Transport Equipment1,888 (23.2%)
Ships137 (1.7%)
Scientific &Optical
Equipment231 (2.8%)
Other1,237
(15.2%)
Chemicals892 (10.9%)
Non-FerrousMetals &
Metal Products282 (3.5%)Textile Yarn
& Textiles72 (0.9%)
GeneralMachinery
1,651(20.2%)
ElectricalMachinery &Equipment
1,414(17.4%)
● IMPORTS BY PRINCIPAL COMMODITY (CIF) IN 2018
x 10 billion yen
Total8,270
(100%)
Transport Equipment349 (4.2%)
Other1,555 (18.8%)
Foodstuffs725 (8.8%)
Raw Materials499 (6.1%)
Mineral Fuels1,929 (23.3%)
Petroleum &Petroleum Products
1,098 (13.3%)
Chemicals855
(10.3%)
Non-Ferrous Metals &Metal Products
329 (4.0%)
GeneralMachinery
795(9.6%)
ElectricalMachinery &Equipment
1,234(14.9%)
In Value Terms, Motor Vehicle Exports Total 16.7 Trillion Yen; Imports, 2.5 Trillion Yen
In 2018 Japan’s gross exports and imports increased from the previous year, by 4.1% and 9.7% respectively. In value terms, automotive exports grew 3.7% from 2017 to 16.7 trillion yen, and automotive imports expanded 7.7% year-on-year to 2.5 trillion yen.
● EMPLOYMENT IN THE AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURING AND RELATED INDUSTRIES
Auto-Related Employment Totals 5.46 Million PeopleAutomobiles are the focus of an extremely wide range of industrial and related activity, from materials supply and vehicle production to sales, servicing, freight shipping and other auto-centered operations. Auto-related employment in Japan at present totals 5.46 million people.
Number of employees
Total employment (workforce)
in Japan:66.64 million
(100%)
Total employment in auto manufacturing& related industries:5.46 million (8.2%)
Automobile Production ................................................ 880,000
● Automobile manufacturing
(including motorcycles)
● Auto parts and accessories manufacturing
● Auto body and trailer manufacturing
........................... 199,000
................................................................... 661,000..... 20,000
Road Transport ........................................................... 2,694,000
● Road freight transport
● Road passenger transport
● Road transport-related services
● Vehicle rental services
........................ 1,714,000...................... 560,000
.............. 371,000............................... 49,000
Automotive Fuel/Insurance/Recycling ......................... 349,000
● Automotive fuel retailing
● Auto damage insurance
● Automobile recycling
....................... 336,000........................... 12,000
.................................. 1,000
Materials & Equipment Supply .................................... 509,000
● Electrical machinery & equipment
● Non-ferrous metals
● Iron & steel
● Metal products
● Chemicals (including paints),
textiles, and petroleum
● Plastics, rubber, and glass
● Electronic parts & equipment
● Manufacturing machinery
........... 70,000................................... 21,000
.............................................. 147,000.......................................... 46,000
............................ 33,000....................... 160,000
.................. 26,000.......................... 6,000
Sales & Services .......................................................... 1,031,000
● Automobile retailing
(including motorcycles, used vehicles, and
auto parts and accessories)
● Automobile wholesaling
(including motorcycles, used vehicles, and
finished/used parts and accessories)
● Automobile servicing
..................... 577,000
...... 190,000.............................. 264,000
Note: Figures are rounded off to the nearest thousand.
Sources: Industrial Statistics, Labor Force Survey, Input-Output Tables for Japan, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications’ Statistics Bureau; Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
Iron & SteelProducts
344 (4.2%)
Total8,148
(100%)
Motor Vehicles(including motorcycles and parts)
252 (3.1%)
Automobile Manufacturing: A Core Industry Automotive Trade Automobile Manufacturing: A Core Industry Automobile-Related Industries and Total Employment
4 5
Notes: 1. “Passenger Cars, Trucks, Buses” includes chassis. 2. FOB: Free on board; CIF: Cost, insurance, and freight. 3. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100). Source for all statistical data on this page: The Summary Report on Trade of Japan, Japan Tariff Association
2009201020112012201320142015201620172018
Motor Vehicles Exports Total
93,679125,956115,417127,521142,411147,849158,912151,175161,092166,972
53.5134.591.6
110.5111.7103.8107.595.1
106.6103.7
66,93391,74182,04292,250
104,125109,194120,463113,329118,254123,072
Passenger Cars, Trucks, Buses Auto Parts
Motorcycles &Motorcycle Parts Chg. (%)Chg. (%)
Year
23,08930,83329,97232,05134,76234,75034,83034,61738,96639,909
3,6573,3823,4033,2203,5243,9053,6193,2293,8723,990
541,706673,996655,465637,476697,742730,930756,139700,358782,865814,788
66.9124.497.397.3
109.5104.8103.492.6
111.8104.1
● AUTOMOTIVE EXPORTS IN VALUE TERMS (FOB) x 100 million yen
2009201020112012201320142015201620172018
Motor Vehicles Imports Total
8,98211,51812,80515,50618,94820,92521,26121,02323,41925,223
59.3128.2111.2121.1122.2110.4101.698.9
111.4107.7
4,5495,9587,3529,082
10,85711,62311,39811,78113,07014,284
Passenger Cars, Trucks, Buses Auto Parts
Motorcycles &Motorcycle Parts Chg. (%)Chg. (%)
Year
3,6964,8794,7175,5496,9818,1488,7708,3299,3289,861
736682736875
1,1091,1541,093
9131,0211,079
514,994607,650681,112706,886812,425859,091784,055660,420753,792827,033
65.2118.0112.1103.8114.9105.791.384.2
114.1109.7
● AUTOMOTIVE IMPORTS IN VALUE TERMS (CIF) x 100 million yen
● EXPORTS BY PRINCIPAL COMMODITY (FOB) IN 2018
x 10 billion yen
Motor Vehicles(including motorcycles and parts)
1,670 (20.5%)
Transport Equipment1,888 (23.2%)
Ships137 (1.7%)
Scientific &Optical
Equipment231 (2.8%)
Other1,237
(15.2%)
Chemicals892 (10.9%)
Non-FerrousMetals &
Metal Products282 (3.5%)Textile Yarn
& Textiles72 (0.9%)
GeneralMachinery
1,651(20.2%)
ElectricalMachinery &Equipment
1,414(17.4%)
● IMPORTS BY PRINCIPAL COMMODITY (CIF) IN 2018
x 10 billion yen
Total8,270
(100%)
Transport Equipment349 (4.2%)
Other1,555 (18.8%)
Foodstuffs725 (8.8%)
Raw Materials499 (6.1%)
Mineral Fuels1,929 (23.3%)
Petroleum &Petroleum Products
1,098 (13.3%)
Chemicals855
(10.3%)
Non-Ferrous Metals &Metal Products
329 (4.0%)
GeneralMachinery
795(9.6%)
ElectricalMachinery &Equipment
1,234(14.9%)
In Value Terms, Motor Vehicle Exports Total 16.7 Trillion Yen; Imports, 2.5 Trillion Yen
In 2018 Japan’s gross exports and imports increased from the previous year, by 4.1% and 9.7% respectively. In value terms, automotive exports grew 3.7% from 2017 to 16.7 trillion yen, and automotive imports expanded 7.7% year-on-year to 2.5 trillion yen.
● EMPLOYMENT IN THE AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURING AND RELATED INDUSTRIES
Auto-Related Employment Totals 5.46 Million PeopleAutomobiles are the focus of an extremely wide range of industrial and related activity, from materials supply and vehicle production to sales, servicing, freight shipping and other auto-centered operations. Auto-related employment in Japan at present totals 5.46 million people.
Number of employees
Total employment (workforce)
in Japan:66.64 million
(100%)
Total employment in auto manufacturing& related industries:5.46 million (8.2%)
Automobile Production ................................................ 880,000
● Automobile manufacturing
(including motorcycles)
● Auto parts and accessories manufacturing
● Auto body and trailer manufacturing
........................... 199,000
................................................................... 661,000..... 20,000
Road Transport ........................................................... 2,694,000
● Road freight transport
● Road passenger transport
● Road transport-related services
● Vehicle rental services
........................ 1,714,000...................... 560,000
.............. 371,000............................... 49,000
Automotive Fuel/Insurance/Recycling ......................... 349,000
● Automotive fuel retailing
● Auto damage insurance
● Automobile recycling
....................... 336,000........................... 12,000
.................................. 1,000
Materials & Equipment Supply .................................... 509,000
● Electrical machinery & equipment
● Non-ferrous metals
● Iron & steel
● Metal products
● Chemicals (including paints),
textiles, and petroleum
● Plastics, rubber, and glass
● Electronic parts & equipment
● Manufacturing machinery
........... 70,000................................... 21,000
.............................................. 147,000.......................................... 46,000
............................ 33,000....................... 160,000
.................. 26,000.......................... 6,000
Sales & Services .......................................................... 1,031,000
● Automobile retailing
(including motorcycles, used vehicles, and
auto parts and accessories)
● Automobile wholesaling
(including motorcycles, used vehicles, and
finished/used parts and accessories)
● Automobile servicing
..................... 577,000
...... 190,000.............................. 264,000
Note: Figures are rounded off to the nearest thousand.
Sources: Industrial Statistics, Labor Force Survey, Input-Output Tables for Japan, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications’ Statistics Bureau; Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
Iron & SteelProducts
344 (4.2%)
Total8,148
(100%)
Motor Vehicles(including motorcycles and parts)
252 (3.1%)
Automobile Manufacturing: A Core Industry Automotive Trade Automobile Manufacturing: A Core Industry Automobile-Related Industries and Total Employment
4 5
● MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION
● TRENDS IN MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION
Source: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
● MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION IN VALUE TERMS
Total
Passenger Cars
Trucks & Buses
x 1 million units
● MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION BY TYPE IN 2018 In vehicle units
Motor Vehicle Production Reaches 9.73 Million Units
Trucks1,257,111(12.9%)
Standard517,641 (5.3%)
Buses113,197(1.2%)
Passenger Cars
1,253,8611,610,4752,113,3111,877,8931,262,943
909,321483,282436,763215,139238,776234,586275,992300,635327,928330,814317,182292,901306,259
258,100288,170885,198
1,278,2121,249,525
824,140649,180723,663371,686520,627512,260583,156580,012604,768586,645505,970515,521517,641
121.7116.2114.0108.1109.997.5
103.2103.469.1
121.186.1
119.595.7
101.194.6
100.6106.0100.1
3,178,7084,567,8547,038,1087,646,8169,947,9727,610,5338,359,4349,016,7356,862,1618,310,3627,158,5258,554,5038,189,3238,277,0707,830,7227,873,8868,347,8368,359,286
749,450160,272195,923160,592835,965916,201
1,283,0941,408,7531,257,2931,304,8321,116,8851,615,4351,682,5501,868,4101,530,7031,263,8341,484,6101,497,898
2,377,6394,198,5506,438,8476,991,4327,361,2244,140,6293,699,8933,416,6222,145,2792,159,1191,861,2792,252,6721,888,7591,750,8951,555,5481,610,4861,715,9701,605,162
51,619209,032403,338494,792
1,750,7832,553,7033,376,4474,191,3603,459,5894,846,4114,180,3614,686,3964,618,0144,657,7654,744,4714,999,5665,147,2565,256,226
197019751980198519901995200020052009201020112012201320142015201620172018
Trucks Buses Total
551,922438,987914,679
1,388,583986,171804,276594,356546,185398,276449,776389,150407,206427,530425,065392,290377,921411,319433,211
2,063,8832,337,6323,913,1884,544,6883,498,6392,537,7371,726,8181,706,611
985,1011,209,1791,135,9961,266,3541,308,1771,357,7611,309,7491,201,0731,219,7411,257,111
102.190.8
115.2105.2
89.093.998.898.665.3
122.793.9
111.5103.3103.8
96.591.7
101.6103.1
46,56636,10591,58879,59140,18547,26654,54476,31386,795
109,334104,109122,220132,681139,834137,850129,743123,097113,197
111.378.8
146.4110.2
95.596.2
112.7126.3
62.4126.0
95.2117.4108.6105.4
98.694.194.992.0
5,289,1576,941,591
11,042,88412,271,09513,486,79610,195,53610,140,79610,799,659
7,934,0579,628,8758,398,6309,943,0779,630,1819,774,6659,278,3219,204,7029,690,6749,729,594
113.1105.9114.6107.0103.5
96.6102.5102.7
68.5121.4
87.2118.4
96.9101.5
94.999.2
105.3100.4
197019751980198519901995200020052009201020112012201320142015201620172018
Motor Vehicles Production
x 1 million yen
● TRENDS IN MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION IN VALUE TERMS x 1 trillion yen
In vehicle units
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0
5
10
15
20
25
2009Year
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Total
Passenger Cars
Trucks & Buses
BusesTrucks
LargeSubtotalSubtotal TractorsMiniSmallStandardMiniSmallStandardYear Small Subtotal
Passenger Cars
2009Year
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Total9,729,594
(100%)
Standard5,256,226(54.0%)
Small1,605,162(16.5%)
Mini1,497,898(15.4%)
Mini433,211(4.5%)
Small306,259(3.1%)
Passenger Cars8,359,286(85.9%)
SmallStandardSubtotal Chg. (%) Chg. (%) Chg. (%) Chg. (%) YearMiniSmallStandardYear Mini Subtotal
Notes: 1. Passenger cars and trucks are classified under Japan’s Road Vehicles Act in three categories, based primarily on engine capacity: “standard” (over 2,000cc), “small” (661cc-2,000cc), and “mini” (660cc and under); see page 47 for details. 2. KD sets have been excluded since 1979; they represent less than 60% of the cost of compositional components per vehicle and have been treated as components since 1988. 3. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
Total
In 2018 motor vehicle production in Japan totalled 9.73 million units, up 0.4% from 2017, expanding for the second consecutive year. Passenger car production rose 0.1% to a total of 8.36 million units. Within that category, standard cars climbed 2.1% to 5.26 million units and minicars grew 0.9% to 1.50 million units, but small cars fell 6.5% to 1.61 million units. Meanwhile, truck production increased 3.1% from 2017 to 1.26 million units, whereas bus production decreased 8.0% to 113,000 units.
Sources: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association; Current Survey of Production, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
12,273,526
16,957,271
14,108,737
14,424,138
17,958,829
12,998,681
16,828,560
14,577,636
17,405,621
17,922,461
19,152,175
19,643,507
19,390,068
20,426,518
20,793,185
204,060
201,003
197,088
189,904
290,674
275,838
329,659
296,458
358,191
409,671
442,524
468,112
472,126
463,407
413,631
101,007
66,988
89,441
109,007
163,069
166,115
211,359
199,301
237,199
290,001
318,410
328,498
299,220
288,317
275,391
103,053
134,015
107,647
80,897
127,605
109,723
118,300
97,157
120,992
119,670
124,114
139,614
172,906
175,090
138,240
4,039,177
3,790,009
3,104,282
2,058,184
2,967,098
1,757,137
2,442,314
2,440,743
2,785,996
2,882,286
3,167,232
3,196,445
2,876,534
2,970,791
3,067,189
46,745
64,913
124,764
45,453
104,567
34,778
75,944
89,976
106,209
102,073
118,091
131,002
129,781
126,867
128,658
679,498
591,144
510,579
357,765
357,615
281,888
323,800
285,454
302,836
312,959
313,522
300,368
290,991
319,178
359,483
1,519,934
1,180,028
849,511
543,408
588,224
312,497
358,081
351,515
422,502
479,914
546,377
576,037
566,781
538,716
571,108
1,793,000
1,953,924
1,619,428
1,111,558
1,916,692
1,127,974
1,684,489
1,713,798
1,954,449
1,987,340
2,189,242
2,189,038
1,888,981
1,986,030
2,007,940
8,030,289
12,966,259
10,807,367
12,176,050
14,701,057
10,965,706
14,056,587
11,840,435
14,261,434
14,630,504
15,542,419
15,978,950
16,041,408
16,992,320
17,312,365
85,925
572,188
790,303
1,237,605
1,169,871
1,155,681
1,207,423
1,045,460
1,486,926
1,579,510
1,795,440
1,473,103
1,280,853
1,517,786
1,545,687
7,049,323
8,676,715
4,869,427
4,298,370
4,178,641
2,548,371
2,609,861
2,343,337
3,091,067
2,628,986
2,636,872
2,458,198
2,438,906
2,516,379
2,398,835
895,041
3,717,356
5,147,637
6,640,075
9,352,545
7,261,654
10,239,303
8,451,638
9,683,441
10,422,008
11,110,107
12,047,649
12,321,649
12,958,155
13,367,843
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
6 7
● NEW MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS
● TRENDS IN NEW MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS x 1 million units
● NEW MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS BY TYPE IN 2018 In vehicle units
Motor Vehicle Sales Total 5.27 Million Units
Passenger Cars
116.8119.794.0
100.3115.9105.6102.599.692.8
107.483.7
129.799.8
103.089.798.4
105.8100.1
2,379,1372,737,6412,854,1763,104,0835,102,6594,443,9064,259,8724,748,4093,923,7414,212,2673,524,7884,572,3324,562,2824,699,5914,215,8894,146,4584,386,3774,391,160
717,170157,120174,030161,017795,948900,355
1,281,2651,387,0681,283,4291,284,6651,138,7521,557,6811,690,1711,839,1191,511,4041,344,9671,443,3671,495,706
1,652,8992,531,3962,608,2152,869,5273,839,2212,654,2912,208,3872,089,9921,480,1371,507,6931,246,1261,602,9511,472,7041,422,8831,349,9441,311,2751,394,7961,312,626
9,06849,12571,93173,539
467,490889,260770,220
1,271,3491,160,1751,419,9091,139,9101,411,7001,399,4071,437,5891,354,5411,490,2161,548,2141,582,828
197019751980198519901995200020052009201020112012201320142015201620172018
10,2568,8189,4148,7989,1626,4754,3335,8564,2344,7773,1364,2664,1814,4985,2606,5436,6025,131
17,57211,01813,97312,77515,76310,82812,23811,898
8,3387,9987,5157,6727,0757,4858,1278,9558,9918,571
27,82819,83623,38721,57324,92517,30316,57117,75412,57212,77510,65111,93811,25611,98313,38715,49815,59313,702
104.287.497.5
106.4105.9
97.0114.5
97.882.0
101.683.4
112.194.3
106.5111.7115.8100.6
87.9
4,100,4674,308,9315,015,5105,556,8347,777,4936,865,0345,963,0425,852,0674,609,2564,956,1364,210,2195,369,7205,375,5135,562,8885,046,5104,970,2585,234,1655,272,067
106.9111.9
97.3102.2107.2105.2101.7100.0
90.7107.5
84.9127.5100.1103.5
90.798.5
105.3100.7
2,844,5543,720,6304,002,1724,028,1325,975,0895,149,4144,095,1173,928,3512,921,0853,229,7162,689,0743,390,2743,262,5223,290,0983,150,3103,244,7983,390,8243,347,943
104.9118.8
93.1101.3107.4104.8102.7
99.190.9
110.683.3
126.196.2
100.895.8
103.0104.5
98.7
1,255,913588,301
1,013,3381,528,7021,802,4041,715,6201,867,9251,923,7161,688,1711,726,4201,521,1451,979,4462,112,9912,272,7901,896,2001,725,4601,843,3411,924,124
111.782.1
118.3104.8106.3106.2
99.7101.7
90.3102.3
88.1130.1106.7107.6
83.491.0
106.8104.4
197019751980198519901995200020052009201020112012201320142015201620172018
Motor Vehicles New Registrations
In vehicle units
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2009Year
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Total
PassengerCars
Trucks & Buses
● NEW MINI-VEHICLE SALES BY TYPEIn vehicle units
Subtotal Chg. (%) YearMiniSmallStandard
Trucks
95.6100.7102.2104.7
93.7104.6
99.6101.8
80.2108.6
92.3116.4102.1106.2
96.098.9
103.0104.2
1,693,5021,551,4542,137,9472,431,1782,649,9092,403,8251,686,5991,085,904
672,943731,094674,780785,450801,975851,314817,234808,302832,195867,205
538,743431,181839,308
1,367,6851,006,456
815,265586,660536,648404,742441,755382,393421,765422,820433,671384,796380,493399,974428,418
986,673999,155
1,144,167945,484
1,449,6781,411,2961,015,313
351,708180,509187,642185,097227,326235,883252,828259,936254,560255,836258,521
168,086121,118154,472118,009193,775177,26484,626
197,54887,692
101,697107,290136,359143,272164,815172,502173,249176,385180,266
Subtotal Chg. (%) Chg. (%) Chg. (%) Chg. (%)MiniSmallStandard
Buses Total
Large Small SubtotalYear
Notes: 1. Chassis-based through 2002, data compilation became vehicle registration number-based as of 2003. 2. Truck figures include special-purpose vehicles (except large ones). 3. Data includes imported cars. 4. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
Passenger car and commercial vehicle demand in Japan in 2018 totalled 5.27 million units, a 0.7% increase over the previous year. Total passenger car sales grew 0.1% to 4.39 million units, with standard cars rising 2.2% to 1.58 million units and minicars climbing 3.6% to 1.50 million units, but small cars dropping 5.9% to 1.31 million units. Meanwhile, sales of trucks increased 4.2% over 2017 to 867,000 units, whereas sales of buses declined 12.1% to 14,000 units.
Note: “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
2000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018
1,281,8051,273,5701,307,2961,291,8891,372,0831,387,0681,507,5981,447,1061,426,9791,283,4291,284,6651,138,7521,557,6811,690,1711,839,1191,511,4041,344,9671,443,3671,495,706
138,672120,010101,789
89,53277,29777,54768,71457,50951,62242,93241,63033,02327,73025,19922,92918,53619,45616,37333,907
177,143175,594163,412172,644183,995197,141204,838196,040185,806167,358180,505168,705198,843194,728194,431184,127185,927201,873208,822
277,295284,346258,203250,690257,775261,960242,469219,164205,486194,452219,620180,665195,192202,893216,311182,133175,110181,728185,689
1,874,9151,853,5201,830,7001,804,7551,891,1501,923,7162,023,6191,919,8191,869,8931,688,1711,726,4201,521,1451,979,4462,112,9912,272,7901,896,2001,725,4601,843,3411,924,124
99.798.998.898.6
104.8101.7105.2
94.997.490.3
102.388.1
130.1106.7107.6
83.491.0
106.8104.4
Standard180,266(3.4%)
Buses13,702(0.3%)
Total5,272,067
(100%)
Standard1,582,828(30.0%)
Small1,312,626(24.9%)
Mini1,495,706(28.4%)
Mini428,418(8.1%)
Small258,521(4.9%)
Passenger Cars4,391,160(83.3%)
TotalVehicles
Total Mini- Vehicles
Chg. (%)
Source: Japan Mini Vehicles Association
CommercialVehicles
(“Bonnet”minivans)
Passenger Cars(Minicars)
CommercialVehicles
(Cab-over-engineminivans)
CommercialVehicles
(Mini-trucks)Total
Chg. (%)Year
Sources: Japan Automobile Dealers Association; Japan Mini Vehicles Association
Trucks867,205(16.4%)
8 9
Motor Vehicles Imported Vehicle Sales Motor Vehicles Used Vehicle Sales
● TRENDS IN IMPORTED MOTOR VEHICLE SALES In vehicle units
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Year
TrucksPassenger Cars Other TotalBuses
5,722,568
7,109,536
7,945,867
8,213,918
8,106,460
6,698,592
6,539,496
6,450,151
6,919,103
6,895,021
6,840,174
6,786,814
6,756,122
6,937,518
6,951,398
103.3
104.7
105.4
103.5
101.3
93.3
97.6
98.6
107.3
99.7
99.2
99.2
99.5
102.7
100.2
44,620
54,118
84,409
173,475
144,910
95,452
87,238
82,007
82,484
81,016
76,536
74,217
76,013
75,942
76,251
116.7
107.3
119.1
105.2
106.4
91.3
91.4
94.0
100.6
98.2
94.5
97.0
102.4
99.9
100.4
11,655
13,377
13,327
15,173
18,871
15,293
14,163
13,849
14,799
12,830
12,531
13,173
13,204
13,066
13,256
1,854,325
2,487,980
2,281,485
1,783,851
1,589,552
1,248,532
1,155,823
1,171,639
1,173,154
1,138,158
1,100,237
1,074,199
1,050,196
1,041,933
1,054,108
1,125,545
1,746,495
1,538,718
1,169,626
980,714
787,957
732,854
769,613
769,469
746,631
721,406
700,589
670,935
656,703
663,976
589,321
555,634
521,244
412,511
368,778
266,395
245,642
233,556
235,246
223,734
215,295
211,480
217,544
218,601
216,026
139,459
185,851
221,523
201,714
240,060
194,180
177,327
168,470
168,439
167,793
163,536
162,130
161,717
166,629
174,106
103.1
98.3
105.4
102.7
109.5
94.4
92.6
97.8
106.9
86.7
97.7
105.1
100.2
99.0
101.5
Chg. (%)
SubtotalMiniSmallStandard Chg. (%)
Chg. (%)
108.3
102.1
102.2
99.1
101.8
89.9
92.6
101.4
100.1
97.0
96.7
97.6
97.8
99.2
101.2
3,811,968
4,554,061
5,566,646
6,241,419
6,353,127
5,339,315
5,282,272
5,182,656
5,648,666
5,663,017
5,650,870
5,625,225
5,616,709
5,806,577
5,807,783
356,726
304,782
727,259
1,448,546
1,890,154
1,864,874
1,873,466
1,906,523
2,133,725
2,255,560
2,367,235
2,354,077
2,322,533
2,414,874
2,449,940
3,295,092
3,945,086
3,845,076
3,050,087
2,460,410
1,855,071
1,816,696
1,733,519
1,826,335
1,740,725
1,653,214
1,602,719
1,564,982
1,588,747
1,523,537
160,150
304,193
994,311
1,742,786
2,002,563
1,619,370
1,592,110
1,542,614
1,688,606
1,666,732
1,630,421
1,668,429
1,729,194
1,802,956
1,834,306
100.9
106.2
106.6
104.8
101.0
94.2
98.9
98.1
109.0
100.3
99.8
99.5
99.8
103.4
100.0
Chg. (%)
SubtotalMiniSmallStandard Chg. (%)
Notes: 1. Passenger cars and trucks are classified under Japan’s Road Vehicles Act in three categories, based primarily on engine capacity: “standard” (over 2,000cc), “small” (661cc-2,000cc), and “mini” (660cc and under); see page 47 for details. 2. Includes imported vehicles. 3. “Other” refers to emergency vehicles, special vehicles equipped with beds, refrigerated trucks, tank trucks, tractors, bulldozers, steamrollers, snowplows, snowmobiles, etc., that are assigned special registration numbers. 4. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100). Sources: Japan Automobile Dealers Association; Japan Mini Vehicles Association
Vehicles produced by non-Japanese manufacturers
Passenger CarsCommercial Vehicles
Vehicles produced by Japanese manufacturers abroad
Passenger CarsCommercial Vehicles
294,0601,054
295,11433,54715,01248,559
327,60716,066
343,673104.6
284,4711,025
285,49628,61014,51643,126
313,08115,541
328,62297.8
288,8301,366
290,19630,84714,91745,764
319,67716,283
335,96097.1
278,8461,694
280,54052,44013,15365,593
331,28614,847
346,133109.5
239,5462,017
241,56361,04813,38274,430
300,59415,399
315,993114.6
203,8002,057
205,85756,90712,88069,787
260,70714,937
275,644122.5
180,2551,827
182,08233,0289,973
43,001213,28311,800
225,083126.1
159,1431,761
160,9048,7468,877
17,623167,88910,638
178,52781.4
Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
305,0431,045
306,08828,40816,52444,932
333,45117,569
351,020102.1
2017
308,3891,016
309,40534,38122,48056,861
342,77023,496
366,266104.3
2018
Vehicles produced by non-Japanese manufacturers
Vehicles produced by Japanesemanufacturers abroad
Passenger Cars TotalCommercial Vehicles TotalGrand TotalsChg. (%)
Passenger CarsCommercial VehiclesTotalPassenger CarsCommercial VehiclesTotal
100,000
0
200,000
300,000
400,000
● IMPORTED MOTOR VEHICLES (ON CUSTOMS CLEARANCE BASIS) In vehicle units
YearPassenger
Cars Chg. (%) Commercial
VehiclesOther
Total MotorVehicles Chg. (%) Motorcycles
Note: “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100). Source: Japan Automobile Importers Association
Notes: 1. “Other” denotes special-purpose vehicles and engine-mounted chassis. 2. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).Source: Trade Statistics of Japan, Ministry of Finance
1980198519901995200020052009201020112012201320142015201620172018
46,28552,225
251,169401,836283,582282,654145,687230,791273,798333,380343,730336,764320,295331,207336,950358,221
71.4118.3128.6136.0109.298.663.8
158.4118.6121.8103.198.095.1
103.4101.7106.3
547380911
2,4691,4701,4209,088
11,92214,18515,10716,25516,66215,87317,45520,09126,633
1,085546761390376660593780816948
1,3481,278
820651672839
47,91753,151
252,841404,695285,428284,734155,368243,493288,799349,435361,333354,704336,988349,313357,713385,693
72.2118.4128.6130.3109.398.463.8
156.7118.6121.0103.498.295.0
103.7102.4107.8
17,0157,087
28,69643,93674,906
444,635367,727353,260386,949421,991438,737410,143353,519341,254458,415540,008
● USED IMPORTED VEHICLE SALES In vehicle units
Year Chg. (%)Chg. (%)Chg. (%)Chg. (%) TotalOtherSpecial-Purpose
VehiclesTrucks
PassengerCars
Notes: 1. For motor vehicle classifications in Japan, see page 47. 2. “Other” includes buses, large special-purpose vehicles and small-sized three-wheeled trucks. 3. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
2009201020112012201320142015201620172018
93.097.7
100.3105.0100.099.3
102.0103.3105.4100.9
493,781482,491483,725508,028508,122504,359514,363531,335560,038565,190
165182164248220185171202162184
75.978.185.881.086.483.992.185.094.994.4
10,0837,8786,7565,4694,7243,9633,6493,1032,9462,780
100.9106.6107.4101.9105.498.2
101.4102.4101.699.4
12,54713,38114,37014,63615,42815,15615,37315,73615,98415,890
93.397.9
100.3105.5100.099.4
102.1103.5105.6101.0
470,986461,050462,435487,675487,750485,055495,170512,294540,946546,336
Source: Japan Automobile Importers Association
● TRENDS IN NEW AND USED MOTOR VEHICLE SALES
x 1 million unitsUsed vehicles New vehicles
● USED VEHICLE SALES BY TYPE IN 2018In vehicle units
● USED MOTOR VEHICLE SALES In vehicle units
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
2009Year
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Mini663,976(9.6%)
Small216,026(3.1%)
Standard174,106(2.5%)
Other76,251(1.1%)
Total6,951,398
(100%)
Standard1,834,306(26.4%)
Small1,523,537(21.9%)
Mini2,449,940(35.2%)
Buses13,256(0.2%)
Passenger Cars5,807,783(83.5%)
366,000 Imported Vehicles Sold in TotalImported vehicle sales in Japan in 2018 totalled 366,000 units, up 4.3% from the previous year, with passenger cars rising 2.8% to 343,000 units and commercial vehicles (trucks and buses) surging 33.7% to 23,000 units. Meanwhile, sales of used imported vehicles increased 0.9% to 565,000 units, with used imported passenger cars climbing 1.0% to 546,000 units but used imported trucks declining 0.6% to 16,000 units.
Used Vehicle Sales Total 6.95 Million UnitsIn 2018 sales of used motor vehicles were up 0.2% from the previous year to total 6.95 million units. Used passenger car sales totalled 5.81 million units, remaining at the same level as in 2017, with standard passenger cars climbing 1.7% to 1.83 million units and minicars increasing 1.5% to 2.45 million units, but small cars dropping 4.1% to 1.52 million units. Sales of used trucks and buses grew 1.2% and 1.5%, to 1.05 million units and 13,000 units respectively.
Trucks1,054,108(15.2%)
10 11
Motor Vehicles Imported Vehicle Sales Motor Vehicles Used Vehicle Sales
● TRENDS IN IMPORTED MOTOR VEHICLE SALES In vehicle units
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Year
TrucksPassenger Cars Other TotalBuses
5,722,568
7,109,536
7,945,867
8,213,918
8,106,460
6,698,592
6,539,496
6,450,151
6,919,103
6,895,021
6,840,174
6,786,814
6,756,122
6,937,518
6,951,398
103.3
104.7
105.4
103.5
101.3
93.3
97.6
98.6
107.3
99.7
99.2
99.2
99.5
102.7
100.2
44,620
54,118
84,409
173,475
144,910
95,452
87,238
82,007
82,484
81,016
76,536
74,217
76,013
75,942
76,251
116.7
107.3
119.1
105.2
106.4
91.3
91.4
94.0
100.6
98.2
94.5
97.0
102.4
99.9
100.4
11,655
13,377
13,327
15,173
18,871
15,293
14,163
13,849
14,799
12,830
12,531
13,173
13,204
13,066
13,256
1,854,325
2,487,980
2,281,485
1,783,851
1,589,552
1,248,532
1,155,823
1,171,639
1,173,154
1,138,158
1,100,237
1,074,199
1,050,196
1,041,933
1,054,108
1,125,545
1,746,495
1,538,718
1,169,626
980,714
787,957
732,854
769,613
769,469
746,631
721,406
700,589
670,935
656,703
663,976
589,321
555,634
521,244
412,511
368,778
266,395
245,642
233,556
235,246
223,734
215,295
211,480
217,544
218,601
216,026
139,459
185,851
221,523
201,714
240,060
194,180
177,327
168,470
168,439
167,793
163,536
162,130
161,717
166,629
174,106
103.1
98.3
105.4
102.7
109.5
94.4
92.6
97.8
106.9
86.7
97.7
105.1
100.2
99.0
101.5
Chg. (%)
SubtotalMiniSmallStandard Chg. (%)
Chg. (%)
108.3
102.1
102.2
99.1
101.8
89.9
92.6
101.4
100.1
97.0
96.7
97.6
97.8
99.2
101.2
3,811,968
4,554,061
5,566,646
6,241,419
6,353,127
5,339,315
5,282,272
5,182,656
5,648,666
5,663,017
5,650,870
5,625,225
5,616,709
5,806,577
5,807,783
356,726
304,782
727,259
1,448,546
1,890,154
1,864,874
1,873,466
1,906,523
2,133,725
2,255,560
2,367,235
2,354,077
2,322,533
2,414,874
2,449,940
3,295,092
3,945,086
3,845,076
3,050,087
2,460,410
1,855,071
1,816,696
1,733,519
1,826,335
1,740,725
1,653,214
1,602,719
1,564,982
1,588,747
1,523,537
160,150
304,193
994,311
1,742,786
2,002,563
1,619,370
1,592,110
1,542,614
1,688,606
1,666,732
1,630,421
1,668,429
1,729,194
1,802,956
1,834,306
100.9
106.2
106.6
104.8
101.0
94.2
98.9
98.1
109.0
100.3
99.8
99.5
99.8
103.4
100.0
Chg. (%)
SubtotalMiniSmallStandard Chg. (%)
Notes: 1. Passenger cars and trucks are classified under Japan’s Road Vehicles Act in three categories, based primarily on engine capacity: “standard” (over 2,000cc), “small” (661cc-2,000cc), and “mini” (660cc and under); see page 47 for details. 2. Includes imported vehicles. 3. “Other” refers to emergency vehicles, special vehicles equipped with beds, refrigerated trucks, tank trucks, tractors, bulldozers, steamrollers, snowplows, snowmobiles, etc., that are assigned special registration numbers. 4. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100). Sources: Japan Automobile Dealers Association; Japan Mini Vehicles Association
Vehicles produced by non-Japanese manufacturers
Passenger CarsCommercial Vehicles
Vehicles produced by Japanese manufacturers abroad
Passenger CarsCommercial Vehicles
294,0601,054
295,11433,54715,01248,559
327,60716,066
343,673104.6
284,4711,025
285,49628,61014,51643,126
313,08115,541
328,62297.8
288,8301,366
290,19630,84714,91745,764
319,67716,283
335,96097.1
278,8461,694
280,54052,44013,15365,593
331,28614,847
346,133109.5
239,5462,017
241,56361,04813,38274,430
300,59415,399
315,993114.6
203,8002,057
205,85756,90712,88069,787
260,70714,937
275,644122.5
180,2551,827
182,08233,0289,973
43,001213,28311,800
225,083126.1
159,1431,761
160,9048,7468,877
17,623167,88910,638
178,52781.4
Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
305,0431,045
306,08828,40816,52444,932
333,45117,569
351,020102.1
2017
308,3891,016
309,40534,38122,48056,861
342,77023,496
366,266104.3
2018
Vehicles produced by non-Japanese manufacturers
Vehicles produced by Japanesemanufacturers abroad
Passenger Cars TotalCommercial Vehicles TotalGrand TotalsChg. (%)
Passenger CarsCommercial VehiclesTotalPassenger CarsCommercial VehiclesTotal
100,000
0
200,000
300,000
400,000
● IMPORTED MOTOR VEHICLES (ON CUSTOMS CLEARANCE BASIS) In vehicle units
YearPassenger
Cars Chg. (%) Commercial
VehiclesOther
Total MotorVehicles Chg. (%) Motorcycles
Note: “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100). Source: Japan Automobile Importers Association
Notes: 1. “Other” denotes special-purpose vehicles and engine-mounted chassis. 2. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).Source: Trade Statistics of Japan, Ministry of Finance
1980198519901995200020052009201020112012201320142015201620172018
46,28552,225
251,169401,836283,582282,654145,687230,791273,798333,380343,730336,764320,295331,207336,950358,221
71.4118.3128.6136.0109.298.663.8
158.4118.6121.8103.198.095.1
103.4101.7106.3
547380911
2,4691,4701,4209,088
11,92214,18515,10716,25516,66215,87317,45520,09126,633
1,085546761390376660593780816948
1,3481,278
820651672839
47,91753,151
252,841404,695285,428284,734155,368243,493288,799349,435361,333354,704336,988349,313357,713385,693
72.2118.4128.6130.3109.398.463.8
156.7118.6121.0103.498.295.0
103.7102.4107.8
17,0157,087
28,69643,93674,906
444,635367,727353,260386,949421,991438,737410,143353,519341,254458,415540,008
● USED IMPORTED VEHICLE SALES In vehicle units
Year Chg. (%)Chg. (%)Chg. (%)Chg. (%) TotalOtherSpecial-Purpose
VehiclesTrucks
PassengerCars
Notes: 1. For motor vehicle classifications in Japan, see page 47. 2. “Other” includes buses, large special-purpose vehicles and small-sized three-wheeled trucks. 3. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
2009201020112012201320142015201620172018
93.097.7
100.3105.0100.099.3
102.0103.3105.4100.9
493,781482,491483,725508,028508,122504,359514,363531,335560,038565,190
165182164248220185171202162184
75.978.185.881.086.483.992.185.094.994.4
10,0837,8786,7565,4694,7243,9633,6493,1032,9462,780
100.9106.6107.4101.9105.498.2
101.4102.4101.699.4
12,54713,38114,37014,63615,42815,15615,37315,73615,98415,890
93.397.9
100.3105.5100.099.4
102.1103.5105.6101.0
470,986461,050462,435487,675487,750485,055495,170512,294540,946546,336
Source: Japan Automobile Importers Association
● TRENDS IN NEW AND USED MOTOR VEHICLE SALES
x 1 million unitsUsed vehicles New vehicles
● USED VEHICLE SALES BY TYPE IN 2018In vehicle units
● USED MOTOR VEHICLE SALES In vehicle units
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
2009Year
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Mini663,976(9.6%)
Small216,026(3.1%)
Standard174,106(2.5%)
Other76,251(1.1%)
Total6,951,398
(100%)
Standard1,834,306(26.4%)
Small1,523,537(21.9%)
Mini2,449,940(35.2%)
Buses13,256(0.2%)
Passenger Cars5,807,783(83.5%)
366,000 Imported Vehicles Sold in TotalImported vehicle sales in Japan in 2018 totalled 366,000 units, up 4.3% from the previous year, with passenger cars rising 2.8% to 343,000 units and commercial vehicles (trucks and buses) surging 33.7% to 23,000 units. Meanwhile, sales of used imported vehicles increased 0.9% to 565,000 units, with used imported passenger cars climbing 1.0% to 546,000 units but used imported trucks declining 0.6% to 16,000 units.
Used Vehicle Sales Total 6.95 Million UnitsIn 2018 sales of used motor vehicles were up 0.2% from the previous year to total 6.95 million units. Used passenger car sales totalled 5.81 million units, remaining at the same level as in 2017, with standard passenger cars climbing 1.7% to 1.83 million units and minicars increasing 1.5% to 2.45 million units, but small cars dropping 4.1% to 1.52 million units. Sales of used trucks and buses grew 1.2% and 1.5%, to 1.05 million units and 13,000 units respectively.
Trucks1,054,108(15.2%)
10 11
● MOTOR VEHICLES IN USE (at end of every calendar year)
● TRENDS IN MOTOR VEHICLES IN USEx 1 million units
● PASSENGER CARS IN USE BY YEAR OF FIRST REGISTRATION
● PRIVATE PASSENGER CARS IN USE PER 100 HOUSEHOLDS BY PREFECTURE (at March 31, 2018) In vehicle units
● MOTOR VEHICLES IN USE BY TYPE AT END OF 2018 In vehicle units
Trucks14,296,113
(18.3%)
Small3,506,007
(4.5%)
Mini8,407,229(10.7%)
Special-Purpose Vehicles
1,734,185 (2.2%)
Passenger Cars
77,374207,511472,314711,914
1,784,5947,874,189
13,942,62616,634,52916,688,64516,890,40217,039,68417,294,02117,509,10317,714,35217,935,86118,357,73418,799,71319,198,666
197019751980198519901995200020052009201020112012201320142015201620172018
Buses
104,895102,186106,633108,967114,819114,478110,046109,917108,760108,136107,435107,528107,723108,545110,096112,011112,672112,627
197019751980198519901995200020052009201020112012201320142015201620172018
Motor Vehicles Motor Vehicles in Use and Motor Vehicle Density
In vehicle units
0
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
2009Year
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Total78,289,437
(100%)
Mini22,444,053
(28.7%)
Small20,383,197
(26.0%)
Standard19,198,666
(24.5%)
Standard2,382,877
(3.1%)
Buses233,223(0.3%)
Passenger Cars62,025,916
(79.2%)
YearStandard
6,457,18114,417,68021,011,09625,116,17930,554,65231,030,46228,593,49126,254,54623,919,01923,470,00323,143,89222,868,74922,435,83521,974,74121,547,28221,195,62120,842,55820,383,197
Small
2,244,4172,611,1302,176,1102,016,4872,584,9265,775,3869,901,258
14,201,71417,412,18917,986,98218,486,73819,258,23920,090,35920,978,42421,504,19921,850,27522,160,84722,444,053
Mini
8,778,97217,236,32123,659,52027,844,58034,924,17244,680,03752,437,37557,090,78958,019,85358,347,38758,670,31459,421,00960,035,29760,667,51760,987,34261,403,63061,803,11862,025,916
Subtotal
126.6108.7104.4102.6107.1104.7102.5102.0100.3100.6100.6101.3101.0101.1100.5100.7100.7100.4
Chg. (%)
Trucks
798,2561,158,4651,494,4641,668,8522,176,4882,574,4332,596,4212,474,3782,319,6122,281,7112,266,4202,266,8362,270,8122,294,4492,316,2082,337,2302,356,2792,382,877
Standard
4,478,4866,100,2067,155,2216,679,6656,609,5366,213,4055,474,6604,594,3633,952,5343,825,6323,740,3613,672,6493,614,9253,581,8843,552,3733,535,0223,516,3833,506,007
Small
3,005,0172,785,1824,527,7948,791,289
12,535,41511,642,31110,154,4279,665,1309,288,6799,177,2828,963,6418,895,6358,818,1498,748,6538,634,6378,539,7018,448,5058,407,229
Mini
8,281,75910,043,85313,177,47917,139,80621,321,43920,430,14918,225,50816,733,87115,560,82515,284,62514,970,42214,835,12014,703,88614,624,98614,503,21814,411,95314,321,16714,296,113
Subtotal
107.198.9
104.8105.5101.1
98.997.899.797.998.297.999.199.199.599.299.499.499.8
Chg. (%)Year Large
83,085124,098123,387122,261130,849128,617125,437121,816119,637119,135118,513118,551118,204118,399119,293120,310120,794120,596
Small
187,980226,284230,020231,228245,668243,095235,483231,733228,397227,271225,948226,079225,927226,944229,389232,321233,466233,223
Subtotal
110.5101.7100.4100.5101.6
99.199.9
100.399.099.599.4
100.199.9
100.5101.1101.3100.5
99.9
333,132584,100789,155941,647
1,206,3901,500,2191,750,7331,630,0621,515,4111,502,5931,646,2031,643,3251,653,9561,669,0191,684,3821,702,6161,720,1181,734,185
110.5101.7100.4100.5101.6
99.199.998.898.699.2
109.699.8
100.6100.9100.9101.1101.0100.8
17,581,84328,090,55837,856,17446,157,26157,697,66966,853,50072,649,09975,686,45575,324,48675,361,87675,512,88776,125,53376,619,06677,188,46677,404,33177,750,52078,077,86978,289,437
116.2104.9104.5103.7104.7102.8101.3101.4
99.7100.0100.2100.8100.6100.7100.3100.4100.4100.3
23,07939,80856,80465,48587,359
120,171133,676147,626152,381152,834154,100155,835157,212159,863162,350165,769169,989174,657
243,93447,99817,724
6,1234,0563,6213,8273,2803,1273,1203,089
14,81615,47816,37617,39118,49419,45720,425
Chg. (%) Chg. (%)
Notes: 1. “Special-purpose vehicles” refers to emergency vehicles, special vehicles equipped with beds, refrigerated trucks, tank trucks, tractors, bulldozers, steamrollers, snowplows, snowmobiles, etc., that are identified as special-purpose vehicles by special registration numbers. 2. “Three-wheeled vehicles” includes three-wheeled passenger cars, trucks, and special-purpose vehicles. 3. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
7.237.206.506.337.116.496.065.636.064.735.274.814.934.03
17.64100.00
2,859,5552,846,1012,568,8042,502,0612,809,7212,564,5982,395,1402,227,4762,396,5151,868,2742,082,3401,900,5131,947,1121,593,9266,971,646
39,533,782
April 2017-March 2018April 2016-March 2017April 2015-March 2016April 2014-March 2015April 2013-March 2014April 2012-March 2013April 2011-March 2012April 2010-March 2011April 2009-March 2010April 2008-March 2009April 2007-March 2008April 2006-March 2007April 2005-March 2006April 2004-March 2005
-March 2004Total “Vehicles in Use”
Total
Passenger Cars
Trucks, Buses & Special-Purpose Vehicles
(Mini-trucks)
(Minicars)
Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
Special-Purpose Vehicles
Chg. (%)
TotalTrailers
Three-WheeledVehicles
% of “Vehiclesin Use” TotalVehicles in UseYear of
First Registration
● AVERAGE AGE BY TYPE In years
2009201020112012201320142015201620172018
Year7.487.567.747.958.078.138.298.448.538.60
Passenger Cars9.169.62
10.0410.4310.7310.9311.0911.2311.3211.41
Trucks10.2610.5010.7811.1211.3811.5611.7611.8711.8411.81
Buses
● AVERAGE SERVICE LIFE BY TYPE In years
2009201020112012201320142015201620172018
Year11.6812.7012.4312.1612.5812.6412.3812.7612.9113.24
Passenger Cars13.5012.7213.0412.8113.2413.3113.7213.8914.3714.72
Trucks15.0016.5917.3716.8217.9117.6316.9516.8317.3917.69
Buses
Notes: 1. “Average age” means the average number of years elapsed since first registration. 2. “Average service life” means average vehicle lifespan. 3. “Average age” and “average service life” figures are as at the end of every fiscal year. 4. The above three tables exclude mini-vehicles.
Source: Automobile Inspection & Registration Information Association
0 50 100 150 200
1. Fukui 2. Toyama 3. Yamagata 4. Gunma 5. Tochigi 6. Ibaraki 7. Gifu 8. Nagano 9. Fukushima10. Niigata 11. Yamanashi 12. Saga13. Ishikawa 14. Mie 15. Tottori16. Shizuoka 17. Iwate18. Shimane 19. Shiga20. Akita21. Okayama22. Tokushima 23. Kagawa 24. Kumamoto 25. Miyagi 26. Okinawa27. Oita 28. Miyazaki 29. Aichi30. Yamaguchi 31. Aomori32. Wakayama 33. Kagoshima34. Ehime35. Kochi36. Hiroshima 37. Nara 38. Nagasaki 39. Fukuoka40. Hokkaido41. Chiba42. Saitama43. Hyogo 44. Kyoto 45. Kanagawa 46. Osaka 47. Tokyo
National Average 105.8
Source: Automobile Inspection & Registration Information Association
A Total of 78.29 Million Motor Vehicles in UseAt the end of December 2018, motor vehicles in use in Japan (excluding motorcycles) totalled 78.3 million units, a 0.3% increase over the previous year. Passenger cars in use increased 0.4% to 62.0 million units, with standard and minicars growing 2.1% and 1.3% to 19.2 million and 22.4 million units respectively, but small cars dropping 2.2% to 20.4 million units. Meanwhile, trucks in use slipped 0.2% from 2017 to 14.3 million units, and buses in use dipped 0.1% to 233,000 units. At the end of March 2018, the average service life of motor vehicles in Japan was 13.24 years for passenger cars, 14.72 years for trucks, and 17.69 years for buses.
174.6 169.4 167.7
163.4 161.1 159.4 158.8 158.3 156.3 155.1 154.6
152.1 149.1
146.2 145.8
140.7 140.7 140.5 139.3 139.1 137.2 136.0
133.7 132.7
130.3 130.2 128.8 128.6 127.8
124.3 123.0 122.3
117.4 113.2 112.2 110.9 110.2 109.6 107.7
100.8 98.2 98.0
91.5 82.5
71.4 64.8
43.9
At March 31, 2018
12 13
● MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORTS
● TRENDS IN MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORTS
Note: “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
x 1 million units
● MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORTS BY TYPE IN 2018 In vehicle units
Motor Vehicle Exports Total 4.82 Million Units
Standard331,004(6.9%)
Buses109,597(2.3%)
Passenger Cars
272,549643,232
1,548,2511,029,757
364,376236,929
86,32989,94648,44752,90853,78666,65274,46579,61474,24544,13842,28719,082
65,170168,370332,257
1,196,973944,737612,654530,823521,848267,060397,404369,973410,251397,694408,859392,531339,821326,120331,004
129.5105.8127.2111.2101.886.2
101.0103.554.2
133.291.9
106.896.894.3
103.5103.7102.4103.3
725,5861,827,2863,947,1604,426,7624,482,1302,896,2163,795,8524,363,1683,208,6394,275,3663,929,9044,198,4944,065,5193,835,5953,970,0034,118,4324,218,4294,357,782
10,1365,451
21,1241,301
168,044
520292300
2,75510,2006,7351,4192,4564,5055,3673,0767,018
3,580,6233,932,4143,138,1471,732,0501,462,0691,198,273
804,980818,660743,509641,749499,541239,198205,727241,206270,707230,684
715,4501,821,835
345,413493,047
1,343,9671,156,1222,333,2633,164,6032,403,3593,453,9513,176,1953,550,0103,564,5593,593,9413,759,7713,871,8593,944,6464,120,080
197019751980198519901995200020052009201020112012201320142015201620172018
Trucks Buses Total
13,89222,07173,17711,374
8276718162
008
1620
00005
351,611833,673
1,953,6852,238,1041,309,121
849,859617,870611,956315,507450,312423,767476,919472,179488,473466,776383,959368,407350,091
120.995.3
137.2108.0
90.682.8
100.889.047.9
142.794.1
112.599.0
103.595.682.3
——
9,57916,65366,11665,60639,96144,73441,16377,93792,022
115,782110,742128,178136,935141,556141,299131,642119,012109,597
141.6104.3179.4116.7113.7
60.8107.3139.6
60.0125.8
95.6115.7106.8103.4
99.893.2
——
1,086,7762,677,6125,966,9616,730,4725,831,2123,790,8094,454,8855,053,0613,616,1684,841,4604,464,4134,803,5914,674,6334,465,6244,578,0784,634,0334,705,8484,817,470
126.7102.3130.8110.2
99.185.0
101.0101.9
53.8133.9
92.2107.6
97.395.5
102.5101.2
——
197019751980198519901995200020052009201020112012201320142015201620172018
Motor Vehicles Exports
● MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORT TRENDS BY DESTINATION
In vehicle units
In vehicle units
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2009Year
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Total
Passenger Cars
Trucks & Buses
Total4,817,470
(100%)
Standard4,120,080(85.5%)
Small230,684(4.8%)
Mini7,018(0.1%)
Mini5
(0.0%)
Small19,082(0.4%)
Passenger Cars4,357,782(90.4%)
SmallStandardSubtotal Chg. (%) Chg. (%) Chg. (%) Chg. (%) YearMiniSmallStandardYear Mini Subtotal
Notes: 1. Figures represent ex-factory export shipments of motor vehicles manufactured in Japan, which are classified in the above categories as per Japanese law, including the Road Vehicles Act. 2. Vehicle type classification in this table differs somewhat from that used in Ministry of Finance export data. 3. KD sets have been excluded since 1979; they represent less than 60% of the cost of compositional components per vehicle and have been treated as components since 1988. 4. Since December 2017, export figures from one JAMA member manufacturer have not been available. 5. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
Exports of motor vehicles in 2018 totalled 4.82 million units, with passenger car exports rising 3.3% from the previous year to 4.36 million units while truck exports were tallied at 350,000 units and bus exports at 110,000 units. (Year-on-year increase/decrease rates for truck, bus and total exports in 2017 and 2018 are not available owing to incomplete data; see note 4. below.)
Asia
Middle East
Europe
(EU)
North America
(U.S.A.)
Latin America
Africa
Oceania
Other
Total
Chg. (%)
378,840
428,042
685,026
542,215
1,379,150
1,202,732
244,196
145,131
347,394
8,389
3,616,168
53.8
576,440
583,684
936,496
568,508
1,727,305
1,531,026
396,499
188,644
425,206
7,186
4,841,460
133.9
572,417
419,715
995,313
521,804
1,585,327
1,426,833
358,375
148,599
379,747
4,920
4,464,413
92.2
572,976
525,954
848,688
401,286
1,886,386
1,698,152
346,860
168,306
448,969
5,452
4,803,591
107.6
540,154
584,062
709,139
371,305
1,887,155
1,719,793
362,023
179,352
407,294
5,454
4,674,633
97.3
560,304
625,708
744,138
452,322
1,662,160
1,537,676
306,117
183,860
375,672
7,665
4,465,624
95.5
529,291
684,886
737,518
524,770
1,749,208
1,604,446
310,001
168,234
390,891
8,049
4,578,078
102.5
586,954
500,325
818,931
611,559
1,898,913
1,735,480
294,378
134,497
393,457
6,578
4,634,033
101.2
601,204
443,963
864,518
646,679
1,925,356
1,736,765
320,236
108,845
434,458
7,268
4,705,848
—
635,045
476,157
885,705
646,943
1,929,781
1,731,025
323,591
119,549
438,362
9,280
4,817,470
—
Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
■ Asia ■ Middle East ■ Europe ■ North America ■ Latin America ■ Africa ■ Oceania ■ Other■ (EU) ■ (U.S.A.)
6,000,000
7,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
Trucks350,091(7.3%)
14 15
19.3 22.3 16.7
2.3
● MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORT TRENDS BY DESTINATION
● MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORTS BY DESTINATION & BY VEHICLE TYPE IN 2018 In vehicle units
● MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORTS BY DESTINATION IN 2018 In vehicle units
Motor Vehicles Exports by Destination
25,035209,61483,04910,2571,446
20,31729,96911,55915,113
24145,108
451,708
11,05689,85838,62632,81441,246
123,60118,47545,176
400,852
22,2187,586
111,28016,64117,00439,865
114,31761,17132,1738,243
22,25014,813
94742,218
510,72615,93414,891
166,3579,599
15,3122,931
735,750
192,8361,692,898
1,885,734
76,44920,26317,1998,225
15,09147,17413,71630,662
228,779
1,0467,382
386323
25,49515,254
49,886
322,37337,5545,089
365,016
2,355
4,120,080
Asia
Middle East
Europe
North America
Latin America
Africa
Oceania
Other
Grand Totals
South KoreaChinaTaiwanHong KongThailandSingaporeMalaysiaPhilippinesIndonesiaPakistanOther
Subtotal
BahrainSaudi ArabiaKuwaitOmanIsraelUnited Arab EmiratesQatarOther
Subtotal
SwedenDenmarkUKNetherlandsBelgiumFranceGermanySpainItalyFinlandPolandAustriaGreeceOtherSubtotal
NorwaySwitzerlandRussiaTurkeyUkraineOther
Subtotal
CanadaU.S.A.
Subtotal
MexicoPuerto RicoColombiaEcuadorPeruChileBrazilOther
Subtotal
AlgeriaEgyptNigeriaKenyaSouth AfricaOther
Subtotal
AustraliaNew ZealandOther
Subtotal
1,2061,9426,0004,131
33,4477,441
38954
5,465807
30,885
510
148451
5,5901,201
232833
8,506
6413,269
46,8575,3082,593
15,21415,5572,303
15,274721
1,7573,0452,7936,694
122,026750
2,72440874173
382
127,104
2,2324,255
6,487
17,64669
645149485
6,2637
5,432
30,696
0004
1,304615
1,923
16,9377,288
708
24,933
150
230,684
000
126000010
3,368
3,495
00000000
0
00000
3,16900000000
3,169224130
0000
3,523
00
0
00000000
0
000000
0
000
0
0
7,018
26,241211,55689,04914,5141,449
23,76437,41011,94815,1685,706
49,283
486,088
11,10789,85838,77433,26546,836
124,80218,70746,009
409,358
22,85910,855
158,13721,94919,59758,248
129,87463,47447,4478,964
24,00717,8583,740
48,912635,92116,90817,745
166,76510,34015,3853,313
866,377
195,0681,697,153
1,892,221
94,09520,33217,8448,374
15,57653,43713,72336,094
259,475
1,0467,382
386327
26,79915,869
51,809
339,31044,8425,797
389,949
2,505
4,357,782
5653
11,2743,8183,5696,830
12,7779,776
23,6208,735
12,368
93,335
1,26213,7541,8629,876
92211,9581,714
11,899
53,247
20000030
8,58061
660
2,31710,975
3500
4,8402,443
6730
19,281
3,68833,872
37,560
17,35951
9,7452,2632,7612,552
010,958
45,689
09,923
2814,2998,927
11,274
34,704
35,3694,4892,632
42,490
4,698
331,004
000
2,36800
1,272000
5,955
9,595
00000000
0
000000000000000000000
0
00
0
0000000
205
205
07,452
00
1,21632
8,700
36018438
582
0
19,082
00000000040
4
00000000
0
000000000000000000000
0
00
0
00000000
0
000000
0
010
1
0
5
5653
11,2746,1863,5696,830
14,0499,776
23,6208,739
18,323
102,934
1,26213,754
1,8629,876
92211,958
1,71411,899
53,247
20000030
8,58061
660
2,31710,975
3500
4,8402,443
6730
19,281
3,68833,872
37,560
17,35951
9,7452,2632,7612,552
011,163
45,894
017,375
2814,299
10,14311,306
43,404
35,7294,6742,670
43,073
4,698
350,091
1219704798
10,164309
2,12422,965
5,065987
2,687
46,023
966922
1,7152,962
04,5921,3711,024
13,552
00001000000
4600
47000000
47
00
0
9,0420
9601,1031,052
1070
5,958
18,222
02,783
3008
15,3525,893
24,336
2,957432
1,951
5,340
2,077
109,597
26,807211,778101,027
21,49815,18230,90353,58344,68943,85315,43270,293
635,045
13,335104,534
42,35146,10347,758
141,35221,79258,932
476,157
22,86110,855
158,13721,94919,59858,248
129,87763,47456,027
8,97024,00817,970
3,74051,229
646,94317,25817,745
171,60512,78316,058
3,313
885,705
198,7561,731,025
1,929,781
120,49620,38328,54911,74019,38956,09613,72353,215
323,591
1,04627,540
9674,634
52,29433,068
119,549
377,99649,94810,418
438,362
9,280
4,817,470
Note: The “Total” figure includes 9,280 units (0.2%) shipped to other destinations.
of which U.S.A. 1,731,025 (35.9%)
NorthAmerica
1,929,781(40.0%)
of which EU 646,943 (13.4%)
Europe885,705(18.4%)
MiddleEast
476,157(9.9%)
Asia635,045(13.2%)
Oceania438,362(9.1%)
LatinAmerica323,591(6.7%)
Africa119,549(2.5%)
Total4,817,470
(100%)
1 million units
100,000 units
10,000 units
In %
19.0(15.0)
2009Year
Asia
Middle East
Latin America
Africa
Oceania
Other
Europe(EU)
NorthAmerica (U.S.A.)
10.5
6.8
4.0
38.1(33.3)
9.6
11.8
19.0(15.0)
10
11.9
8.2
3.9
35.7(31.6)
8.8
12.1
19.3(11.7)
11
12.8
8.0
3.4
35.5(32.0)
8.5
9.4
22.3(11.7)
12
11.9
7.2
3.5
39.3(35.4)
9.3
11.0
17.7(8.4)
13
11.6
7.7
3.8
40.4(36.8)
8.7
12.5
15.2(7.9)
14
12.5
6.9
4.1
37.2(34.4)
8.4
14.0
16.7(10.1)
15
11.6
6.8
3.7
38.2(35.0)
8.5
15.0
16.1(11.5)
16
12.7
6.32.9
41.0(37.5)
8.5
10.8
0.10.10.2
17 18
12.8
6.82.3
40.9(36.9)
9.2
9.4
18.4(13.7)
2.5
13.2
6.72.5
40.0(35.9)
9.1
9.9
18.4(13.4)
0.2 0.20.10.10.10.10.2
17.7(13.2)
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
Passenger Cars
Standard Small Mini Subtotal
TrucksBusesDestination Total
Standard Small Mini Subtotal
EU
A Rise in Worldwide Motor Vehicle ExportsMotor vehicle exports to all destinations increased in 2018 from the previous year, climbing to North America (1.93 million units), Europe (886,000 units), Asia (635,000 units), the Middle East (476,000), Oceania (438,000 units), Latin America (324,000 units), and Africa (120,000 units).
Note: Since December 2017, export figures from one JAMA member manufacturer have not been available.
16 17
Motorcycles Production Motorcycles Sales
● MOTORCYCLE PRODUCTION
● TRENDS IN MOTORCYCLE PRODUCTIONx 1 million units
● MOTORCYCLE PRODUCTION BY ENGINE CAPACITY IN 2018 In vehicle units
Over 50cc
895,5991,030,8222,493,9102,014,8501,343,220
951,803636,546298,549108,41787,513
104,93690,88674,94076,56966,43899,319
130,149140,921
197019751980198519901995200020052009201020112012201320142015201620172018
In vehicle units
0
2
1.5
1
0.5
2009Year
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Total
Over 50cc
50cc & Under
Total651,884(100%)
126cc-250cc61,658(9.5%)
Over 250cc389,854(59.8%)
50cc & Under140,921(21.6%)
51cc-125cc59,451(9.1%)
Motor-Driven Cycles Class 1(50cc & Under)
1,407,2051,887,7012,181,2061,373,423
686,7341,038,938
630,221260,34357,42480,63064,50739,56927,67031,52930,88631,46533,66559,451
259,145331,733660,831469,728270,304217,738297,433279,274125,384108,950104,63691,92588,10893,53676,94573,19478,99361,658
385,723552,291
1,098,577678,346506,637544,760851,191953,419353,676387,082365,108373,093372,591395,424348,125356,558404,176389,854
2,052,0732,771,7253,940,6142,521,4971,463,6751,801,4361,778,8451,493,036
536,484576,662534,251504,587488,369520,489455,956461,217516,834510,963
2,947,6723,802,5476,434,5244,536,3472,806,8952,753,2392,415,3911,791,585
644,901664,175639,187595,473563,309597,058522,394560,536646,983651,884
114.484.3
143.8112.7100.4101.0107.3103.0
52.6103.0
96.293.294.6
106.087.5
107.3115.4100.8
Motor-Driven Cycles Class 2 (51cc-125cc)
Mini-Sized Motorcycles(126cc-250cc)
Small-Sized Motorcycles(Over 250cc)
Subtotal Total Chg. (%)Year
Notes: 1. KD sets have been excluded since 1979; they represent less than 60% of the cost of compositional components per vehicle and have been treated as components since 1988. 2. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
● MOTORCYCLE SALES
● TRENDS IN MOTORCYCLE SALESx 1 million units
● MOTORCYCLE SALES BY ENGINE CAPACITY IN 2018 In vehicle units
Over 50cc
1,978,4261,646,1151,213,512
884,718558,459470,922255,561231,247257,045246,095238,786228,918193,842162,130174,259143,129
1980198519901995200020052009201020112012201320142015201620172018
In vehicle units
0
1
0.75
0.5
0.25
2009Year
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
TotalTotal
369,114(100%)
51cc-125cc105,536(28.6%)
126cc-250cc57,229(15.5%)
Over 250cc63,220(17.1%)
50cc & Under143,129(38.8%)
Motor-Driven Cycles Class 1(50cc & Under)
200,238130,574169,618138,115102,116
88,74765,88896,36895,70290,291
100,94796,24994,851
101,42488,765
105,536
80,799167,213165,692104,175
75,887102,038
48,12737,64538,88345,30655,44154,31051,27746,42956,58657,229
97,281143,324103,876115,430
83,96376,84163,76358,10853,36260,71565,28970,15166,62162,90864,00363,220
378,318441,111439,186357,720261,966267,626177,778192,121187,947196,312221,677220,710212,749210,761209,354225,985
2,356,7442,087,2261,652,6981,242,438
820,425738,548433,339423,368444,992442,407460,463449,628406,591372,891383,613369,114
122.0101.5
98.1102.2
93.6100.7
76.597.7
105.199.4
104.197.690.491.7
102.996.2
Motor-Driven Cycles Class 2 (51cc-125cc)
Mini-Sized Motorcycles
(126cc-250cc)
Small-Sized Motorcycles(Over 250cc)
Subtotal Total Chg. (%)Year
Notes: 1. Motor-driven cycle (Class 1 and Class 2) figures represent shipments to domestic dealers. 2. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
Motorcycle Production Totals 652,000 UnitsOverall domestic motorcycle production in 2018 rose 0.8% over the previous year to 652,000 units. Class 1 motor-driven cycles (50cc and under) increased 8.3% to 141,000 units and Class 2 motor-driven cycles (51cc to 125cc) surged 76.6% to 59,000 units, but mini-sized motorcycles (126cc to 250cc) decreased 21.9% to 62,000 units and small-sized motorcycles (over 250cc) dropped 3.5% to 390,000 units. The combined total for larger motorcycles (all those over 50cc) slipped 1.1% to 511,000 units.
Motorcycle Sales Total 369,000 UnitsDomestic motorcycle sales in 2018 totalled 369,000 units, down 3.8% from the previous year. By engine capacity, whereas sales of Class 1 motor-driven cycles (50cc and under) decreased 17.9% to 143,000 units and small-sized motorcycles (over 250cc) shrank 1.2% to 63,000 units, sales of Class 2 motor-driven cycles (51cc to 125cc) and mini-sized motorcycles (126cc to 250cc) increased 18.9% to 106,000 units and 1.1% to 57,000 units, respectively. Overall sales of motorcycles with engine capacity over 50cc totalled 226,000 units, an increase of 7.9% over 2017.
Over 50cc
50cc & Under
18 19
Motorcycles Production Motorcycles Sales
● MOTORCYCLE PRODUCTION
● TRENDS IN MOTORCYCLE PRODUCTIONx 1 million units
● MOTORCYCLE PRODUCTION BY ENGINE CAPACITY IN 2018 In vehicle units
Over 50cc
895,5991,030,8222,493,9102,014,8501,343,220
951,803636,546298,549108,41787,513
104,93690,88674,94076,56966,43899,319
130,149140,921
197019751980198519901995200020052009201020112012201320142015201620172018
In vehicle units
0
2
1.5
1
0.5
2009Year
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Total
Over 50cc
50cc & Under
Total651,884(100%)
126cc-250cc61,658(9.5%)
Over 250cc389,854(59.8%)
50cc & Under140,921(21.6%)
51cc-125cc59,451(9.1%)
Motor-Driven Cycles Class 1(50cc & Under)
1,407,2051,887,7012,181,2061,373,423
686,7341,038,938
630,221260,34357,42480,63064,50739,56927,67031,52930,88631,46533,66559,451
259,145331,733660,831469,728270,304217,738297,433279,274125,384108,950104,63691,92588,10893,53676,94573,19478,99361,658
385,723552,291
1,098,577678,346506,637544,760851,191953,419353,676387,082365,108373,093372,591395,424348,125356,558404,176389,854
2,052,0732,771,7253,940,6142,521,4971,463,6751,801,4361,778,8451,493,036
536,484576,662534,251504,587488,369520,489455,956461,217516,834510,963
2,947,6723,802,5476,434,5244,536,3472,806,8952,753,2392,415,3911,791,585
644,901664,175639,187595,473563,309597,058522,394560,536646,983651,884
114.484.3
143.8112.7100.4101.0107.3103.0
52.6103.0
96.293.294.6
106.087.5
107.3115.4100.8
Motor-Driven Cycles Class 2 (51cc-125cc)
Mini-Sized Motorcycles(126cc-250cc)
Small-Sized Motorcycles(Over 250cc)
Subtotal Total Chg. (%)Year
Notes: 1. KD sets have been excluded since 1979; they represent less than 60% of the cost of compositional components per vehicle and have been treated as components since 1988. 2. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
● MOTORCYCLE SALES
● TRENDS IN MOTORCYCLE SALESx 1 million units
● MOTORCYCLE SALES BY ENGINE CAPACITY IN 2018 In vehicle units
Over 50cc
1,978,4261,646,1151,213,512
884,718558,459470,922255,561231,247257,045246,095238,786228,918193,842162,130174,259143,129
1980198519901995200020052009201020112012201320142015201620172018
In vehicle units
0
1
0.75
0.5
0.25
2009Year
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
TotalTotal
369,114(100%)
51cc-125cc105,536(28.6%)
126cc-250cc57,229(15.5%)
Over 250cc63,220(17.1%)
50cc & Under143,129(38.8%)
Motor-Driven Cycles Class 1(50cc & Under)
200,238130,574169,618138,115102,116
88,74765,88896,36895,70290,291
100,94796,24994,851
101,42488,765
105,536
80,799167,213165,692104,175
75,887102,038
48,12737,64538,88345,30655,44154,31051,27746,42956,58657,229
97,281143,324103,876115,430
83,96376,84163,76358,10853,36260,71565,28970,15166,62162,90864,00363,220
378,318441,111439,186357,720261,966267,626177,778192,121187,947196,312221,677220,710212,749210,761209,354225,985
2,356,7442,087,2261,652,6981,242,438
820,425738,548433,339423,368444,992442,407460,463449,628406,591372,891383,613369,114
122.0101.5
98.1102.2
93.6100.7
76.597.7
105.199.4
104.197.690.491.7
102.996.2
Motor-Driven Cycles Class 2 (51cc-125cc)
Mini-Sized Motorcycles
(126cc-250cc)
Small-Sized Motorcycles(Over 250cc)
Subtotal Total Chg. (%)Year
Notes: 1. Motor-driven cycle (Class 1 and Class 2) figures represent shipments to domestic dealers. 2. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
Motorcycle Production Totals 652,000 UnitsOverall domestic motorcycle production in 2018 rose 0.8% over the previous year to 652,000 units. Class 1 motor-driven cycles (50cc and under) increased 8.3% to 141,000 units and Class 2 motor-driven cycles (51cc to 125cc) surged 76.6% to 59,000 units, but mini-sized motorcycles (126cc to 250cc) decreased 21.9% to 62,000 units and small-sized motorcycles (over 250cc) dropped 3.5% to 390,000 units. The combined total for larger motorcycles (all those over 50cc) slipped 1.1% to 511,000 units.
Motorcycle Sales Total 369,000 UnitsDomestic motorcycle sales in 2018 totalled 369,000 units, down 3.8% from the previous year. By engine capacity, whereas sales of Class 1 motor-driven cycles (50cc and under) decreased 17.9% to 143,000 units and small-sized motorcycles (over 250cc) shrank 1.2% to 63,000 units, sales of Class 2 motor-driven cycles (51cc to 125cc) and mini-sized motorcycles (126cc to 250cc) increased 18.9% to 106,000 units and 1.1% to 57,000 units, respectively. Overall sales of motorcycles with engine capacity over 50cc totalled 226,000 units, an increase of 7.9% over 2017.
Over 50cc
50cc & Under
18 19
● TRENDS IN MOTORCYCLE EXPORTSx 1 million units
● MOTORCYCLE EXPORTS BY ENGINE CAPACITY IN 2018 In vehicle units
0
1.6
1.2
0.8
0.4
2009Year
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Total
Over 50cc
50cc & Under
Total456,758(100%)
51cc-125cc30,999 (6.8%)
126cc-250cc53,895 (11.8%)
Over 250cc354,839(77.7%)
50cc & Under17,025(3.7%)
Motorcycle Exports Total 457,000 UnitsMotorcycle exports in 2018 decreased 1.4% from the previous year to 457,000 units. By engine capacity, exports of Class 1 motor-driven cycles rose 2.8% to 17,000 units and exports of Class 2 motor-driven cycles climbed 22.1% to 31,000 units, whereas mini-sized motorcycle and small-sized motorcycle exports fell 8.0% and 2.1%, to 54,000 units and 355,000 units respectively.
● MOTORCYCLE EXPORTS
Over 50cc
326,815288,843501,027369,167147,301
61,62782,03857,86014,49311,52219,74517,79412,56012,77811,76116,03116,55917,025
197019751980198519901995200020052009201020112012201320142015201620172018
In vehicle units
Motor-Driven Cycles Class 1(50cc & Under)
914,3251,546,1701,907,4811,350,412
507,840691,433549,040197,378
44,70848,97645,85335,57927,67629,77130,82330,18125,39530,999
187,185328,313548,306296,865117,222129,961204,591177,824101,298
85,50683,59469,96364,56663,89159,85159,80558,61153,895
309,277527,344972,226525,038411,381442,689805,508899,161383,380347,460355,793355,827326,095359,144315,214322,602362,558354,839
1,410,7872,401,8273,428,0132,172,3151,036,4431,264,0831,559,1391,274,363
529,386481,942485,240461,369418,337452,806405,888412,588446,564439,733
1,737,6022,690,6703,929,0402,541,4821,183,7441,325,7101,641,1771,332,223
543,879493,464504,985479,163430,897465,584417,649428,619463,123456,758
133.883.0
144.0119.7107.3
94.2116.1100.4
54.390.7
102.394.989.9
108.089.7
102.6108.1
98.6
Motor-Driven Cycles Class 2 (51cc-125cc)
Mini-Sized Motorcycles
(126cc-250cc)
Small-Sized Motorcycles(Over 250cc)
Subtotal Total Chg. (%)Year
Notes: 1. Figures represent ex-factory export shipments of motorcycles manufactured in Japan. 2. Class 2 motor-driven cycles include three-wheeled motor-driven cycles. 3. KD sets have been excluded since 1979; they represent less than 60% of the cost of compositional components per vehicle and have been treated as components since 1988. 4. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100). Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
Motorcycles Motorcycles in Use Motorcycles Exports
● TRENDS IN MOTORCYCLES IN USE (at March 31 yearly) x 1 million units
● MOTORCYCLES IN USE BY ENGINE CAPACITY (at March 31, 2018) In vehicle units
Total10,730,337
(100%)
51cc-125cc1,752,278(16.3%)
Over 250cc1,657,613(15.5%)
0
20
16
12
8
4
Total
Over 50cc
50cc & Under
10.73 Million Motorcycles in UseAt March 31, 2018, motorcycles in use in Japan totalled 10.73 million units, down 2.1% from the previous year. By engine capacity, Class 1 motor-driven cycles, accounting for 49.9% of all motorcycles in use, dropped 4.7% to 5.35 million units in 2018, whereas small-sized motorcycles, Class 2 motor-driven cycles, and mini-sized motorcycles in use rose 1.0%, 0.8%, and 0.3%, to 1.66 million, 1.75 million, and 1.97 million units respectively. Thus, motorcycles over 50cc in use increased 0.7%, to a total of 5.38 million units.
● MOTORCYCLES IN USE (at March 31 yearly)
Over 50cc
3,727,4264,851,1408,794,335
14,609,39913,539,26911,165,3909,643,4878,566,6137,694,0097,448,8627,154,4556,899,4596,661,8076,438,0026,188,7105,899,2765,615,3605,353,473
197019751980198519901995200020052009201020112012201320142015201620172018
In vehicle units
Motor-Driven Cycles Class 1(50cc & Under)
4,431,7453,132,8182,281,0061,747,9571,517,2281,421,0311,337,3951,353,7321,479,5881,511,4401,540,6671,582,9251,626,0941,674,8841,704,0831,717,0921,737,9111,752,278
583,316492,307506,567
1,047,4261,669,7711,823,4461,704,5221,857,4391,996,3111,992,9391,975,6231,959,8451,969,1871,980,4111,978,4621,970,4711,961,1091,966,973
109,771276,715383,639775,627
1,045,5191,177,2291,288,3991,397,3921,505,3041,524,1761,535,1811,542,8561,566,3411,595,3351,611,0891,628,4611,641,5801,657,613
5,124,8323,901,8403,171,2123,571,0104,232,5184,421,7064,330,3164,608,5634,981,2035,028,5555,051,4715,085,6265,161,6225,250,6305,293,6345,316,0245,340,6005,376,864
8,852,2588,752,980
11,965,54718,180,40917,771,78715,587,09613,973,80313,175,17612,675,21212,477,41712,205,92611,985,08511,823,42911,688,63211,482,34411,215,30010,955,96010,730,337
100.5101.9109.8104.8
97.698.098.099.399.198.497.898.298.798.998.297.797.797.9
Motor-Driven Cycles Class 2 (51cc-125cc)
Mini-Sized Motorcycles(126cc-250cc)
Small-Sized Motorcycles(Over 250cc)
Subtotal Total Chg. (%)Year
Notes: 1. Motor-driven cycle data is as at April 1, and since 2006 motorcycles with engine capacity of 125cc and under whose owners fail to pay the mandatory motorcycle ownership tax are not included in this data. 2. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
Sources: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; since 2006 (only for the 125cc-and-under categories), Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications
50cc & Under5,353,473(49.9%)
126cc-250cc1,966,973(18.3%)
2009Year
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
20 21
● TRENDS IN MOTORCYCLE EXPORTSx 1 million units
● MOTORCYCLE EXPORTS BY ENGINE CAPACITY IN 2018 In vehicle units
0
1.6
1.2
0.8
0.4
2009Year
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Total
Over 50cc
50cc & Under
Total456,758(100%)
51cc-125cc30,999 (6.8%)
126cc-250cc53,895 (11.8%)
Over 250cc354,839(77.7%)
50cc & Under17,025(3.7%)
Motorcycle Exports Total 457,000 UnitsMotorcycle exports in 2018 decreased 1.4% from the previous year to 457,000 units. By engine capacity, exports of Class 1 motor-driven cycles rose 2.8% to 17,000 units and exports of Class 2 motor-driven cycles climbed 22.1% to 31,000 units, whereas mini-sized motorcycle and small-sized motorcycle exports fell 8.0% and 2.1%, to 54,000 units and 355,000 units respectively.
● MOTORCYCLE EXPORTS
Over 50cc
326,815288,843501,027369,167147,301
61,62782,03857,86014,49311,52219,74517,79412,56012,77811,76116,03116,55917,025
197019751980198519901995200020052009201020112012201320142015201620172018
In vehicle units
Motor-Driven Cycles Class 1(50cc & Under)
914,3251,546,1701,907,4811,350,412
507,840691,433549,040197,378
44,70848,97645,85335,57927,67629,77130,82330,18125,39530,999
187,185328,313548,306296,865117,222129,961204,591177,824101,298
85,50683,59469,96364,56663,89159,85159,80558,61153,895
309,277527,344972,226525,038411,381442,689805,508899,161383,380347,460355,793355,827326,095359,144315,214322,602362,558354,839
1,410,7872,401,8273,428,0132,172,3151,036,4431,264,0831,559,1391,274,363
529,386481,942485,240461,369418,337452,806405,888412,588446,564439,733
1,737,6022,690,6703,929,0402,541,4821,183,7441,325,7101,641,1771,332,223
543,879493,464504,985479,163430,897465,584417,649428,619463,123456,758
133.883.0
144.0119.7107.3
94.2116.1100.4
54.390.7
102.394.989.9
108.089.7
102.6108.1
98.6
Motor-Driven Cycles Class 2 (51cc-125cc)
Mini-Sized Motorcycles
(126cc-250cc)
Small-Sized Motorcycles(Over 250cc)
Subtotal Total Chg. (%)Year
Notes: 1. Figures represent ex-factory export shipments of motorcycles manufactured in Japan. 2. Class 2 motor-driven cycles include three-wheeled motor-driven cycles. 3. KD sets have been excluded since 1979; they represent less than 60% of the cost of compositional components per vehicle and have been treated as components since 1988. 4. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100). Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
Motorcycles Motorcycles in Use Motorcycles Exports
● TRENDS IN MOTORCYCLES IN USE (at March 31 yearly) x 1 million units
● MOTORCYCLES IN USE BY ENGINE CAPACITY (at March 31, 2018) In vehicle units
Total10,730,337
(100%)
51cc-125cc1,752,278(16.3%)
Over 250cc1,657,613(15.5%)
0
20
16
12
8
4
Total
Over 50cc
50cc & Under
10.73 Million Motorcycles in UseAt March 31, 2018, motorcycles in use in Japan totalled 10.73 million units, down 2.1% from the previous year. By engine capacity, Class 1 motor-driven cycles, accounting for 49.9% of all motorcycles in use, dropped 4.7% to 5.35 million units in 2018, whereas small-sized motorcycles, Class 2 motor-driven cycles, and mini-sized motorcycles in use rose 1.0%, 0.8%, and 0.3%, to 1.66 million, 1.75 million, and 1.97 million units respectively. Thus, motorcycles over 50cc in use increased 0.7%, to a total of 5.38 million units.
● MOTORCYCLES IN USE (at March 31 yearly)
Over 50cc
3,727,4264,851,1408,794,335
14,609,39913,539,26911,165,3909,643,4878,566,6137,694,0097,448,8627,154,4556,899,4596,661,8076,438,0026,188,7105,899,2765,615,3605,353,473
197019751980198519901995200020052009201020112012201320142015201620172018
In vehicle units
Motor-Driven Cycles Class 1(50cc & Under)
4,431,7453,132,8182,281,0061,747,9571,517,2281,421,0311,337,3951,353,7321,479,5881,511,4401,540,6671,582,9251,626,0941,674,8841,704,0831,717,0921,737,9111,752,278
583,316492,307506,567
1,047,4261,669,7711,823,4461,704,5221,857,4391,996,3111,992,9391,975,6231,959,8451,969,1871,980,4111,978,4621,970,4711,961,1091,966,973
109,771276,715383,639775,627
1,045,5191,177,2291,288,3991,397,3921,505,3041,524,1761,535,1811,542,8561,566,3411,595,3351,611,0891,628,4611,641,5801,657,613
5,124,8323,901,8403,171,2123,571,0104,232,5184,421,7064,330,3164,608,5634,981,2035,028,5555,051,4715,085,6265,161,6225,250,6305,293,6345,316,0245,340,6005,376,864
8,852,2588,752,980
11,965,54718,180,40917,771,78715,587,09613,973,80313,175,17612,675,21212,477,41712,205,92611,985,08511,823,42911,688,63211,482,34411,215,30010,955,96010,730,337
100.5101.9109.8104.8
97.698.098.099.399.198.497.898.298.798.998.297.797.797.9
Motor-Driven Cycles Class 2 (51cc-125cc)
Mini-Sized Motorcycles
(126cc-250cc)
Small-Sized Motorcycles(Over 250cc)
Subtotal Total Chg. (%)Year
Notes: 1. Motor-driven cycle data is as at April 1, and since 2006 motorcycles with engine capacity of 125cc and under whose owners fail to pay the mandatory motorcycle ownership tax are not included in this data. 2. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
Sources: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; since 2006 (only for the 125cc-and-under categories), Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications
50cc & Under5,353,473(49.9%)
126cc-250cc1,966,973(18.3%)
2009Year
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
20 21
2.7
1.4 1.01.20.80.91.20.80.80.7
● MOTORCYCLE EXPORT TRENDS BY DESTINATION
● MOTORCYCLE EXPORTS BY DESTINATION & BY ENGINE CAPACITY IN 2018 In vehicle units
● MOTORCYCLE EXPORTS BY DESTINATION IN 2018 In vehicle units
Asia
Middle East
Europe
North America
Latin America
Africa
Oceania
Grand Totals
South KoreaChinaTaiwanHong KongThailandSingaporeMalaysiaPhilippinesIndonesiaOther
Subtotal
Saudi ArabiaIsraelUnited Arab EmiratesOther
Subtotal
SwedenDenmarkUKNetherlandsBelgiumFranceGermanyPortugalSpainItalyPolandAustriaHungaryGreeceSloveniaCzech RepublicOther
Subtotal
NorwaySwitzerlandTurkeyRussiaOther
Subtotal
CanadaU.S.A.
Subtotal
MexicoGuatemalaPanamaColombiaPeruChileBrazilArgentinaOther
Subtotal
GuineaTogoMaliNigerDem Rep CongoEthiopiaKenyaUgandaSouth AfricaOther
Subtotal
AustraliaNew ZealandOther
Subtotal
000
126000
549
16
205
054333
90
00000
2,199516
0213243
000
303603
3,240
0630
390
3,342
1,1499,630
10,779
1083006
6000
62
239
00000000
783
81
1,79448312
2,289
17,025
140
1,34003
1800
106291
5
1,939
281026621
217
2120
8430
2,7281,362
0295440
0109
42520
23
5,818
211012500
5,992
1,8249,952
11,776
14392
12138
1320
6193
500
0880
1,080580
1,3240
118616346943
5,887
3,4121,216
60
4,688
30,999
700
59678230
066
3,560122
4,722
221656878
333
17042
5081,493
612,1291,221
35291
2,30336755
129610
212
8,699
77300
2322
9,112
3,89720,620
24,517
167479151
2,01320
537219194720
4,500
21072042435050
38011524
642963
3,878
4,7891,848
196
6,833
53,895
4,5602,3153,1221,7636,4611,3892,5241,905
4151,167
25,621
5071,669
537753
3,466
1,160744
9,49637,1051,818
43,37830,2262,386
16,22436,1561,0322,0861,1641,588
7081,4101,260
187,941
7086,9502,369
871290
199,129
13,56078,476
92,036
2,015223294
2,162135
1,3668,1152,0771,090
17,477
00000
27500
9131,145
2,333
12,9871,615
175
14,777
354,839
4,5812,3154,4621,8227,1421,7992,5242,0774,2661,294
32,282
5571,936
671852
4,016
1,332798
10,00439,441
1,87948,23532,809
2,42116,81038,899
1,0682,1711,1781,642
8561,4201,495
202,458
7877,3602,383
953292
214,233
19,281109,048
128,329
2,196741447
4,296193
2,0358,3342,3321,903
22,477
2101,6001,504
9301,374
655233640
1,9013,051
12,098
21,1884,679
431
26,298
439,733
4,5812,3154,4621,9487,1421,7992,5242,1314,2751,310
32,487
5571,990
704855
4,106
1,332798
10,00439,441
1,87950,43433,325
2,42117,02339,142
1,0682,1711,1781,672
8921,4201,498
205,698
7877,4232,383
992292
217,575
20,430118,678
139,108
2,304744447
4,296199
2,0958,3342,3321,965
22,716
2101,6001,504
9301,374
655233640
1,9793,054
12,179
22,9825,162
443
28,587
456,758
of which U.S.A. 118,678 (26.0%)
NorthAmerica139,108(30.4%)
of which EU 205,698 (45.0%)
Europe217,575(47.6%)
MiddleEast
4,106(0.9%)
Asia32,487(7.1%)
Oceania28,587(6.3%)
LatinAmerica22,716(5.0%)
Africa12,179(2.7%)
Total456,758(100%)
100,000 units
10,000 units
1,000 units
In %
2009Year
4.9Asia
Middle East
Latin America
Africa
Oceania
Europe(EU)
NorthAmerica (U.S.A.)
9.6
4.64.5
33.6(29.5)
8.2
0.7
38.8(37.1)
8.3
7.9
5.2
21.5(17.8)
10.1
0.8
46.2(44.4)
7.7
9.1
4.2
35.5(32.6)
8.2
0.8
34.5(33.1)
10.1
4.0
38.4(34.8)
7.3
1.2
34.1(31.9)
4.5
7.9
3.6
41.4(36.4)
7.4
0.9
34.3(31.7)
5.7
5.83.6
39.4(34.9)
7.2
0.8
37.5(34.6)
7.1 7.1
6.7
4.9
32.0(27.6)
7.2
1.2
40.9(38.1)
5.9
4.14.4
30.2(26.1)
7.0
1.4
47.0(44.1)
7.3
5.43.1
28.4(24.3)
6.3
1.0
48.5(45.8)
0.9
5.02.7
30.4(26.0)
6.3
0.9
47.6(45.0)
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
EU
An Increase in Motorcycle Exports to North AmericaCompared to the previous year, motorcycle exports in 2018 increased to North America (139,000 units), but declined to Europe (218,000 units), Asia (32,000 units), Oceania (29,000 units), Latin America (23,000 units), Africa (12,000 units), and the Middle East (4,000 units).
Motorcycles Exports by Destination
Motor-Driven Cycles Class 1(50cc & Under)
DestinationMotor-Driven Cycles Class 2 (51cc-125cc)
Mini-Sized Motorcycles
(126cc-250cc)
Small-Sized Motorcycles(Over 250cc)
Subtotal Total
Over 50cc
22 23
● ROAD ACCIDENTS/INJURIES/FATALITIES
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
1970Year
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Fatalities(Number of persons)
Injuries(Number of persons)
Accidents(Number of accidents)
AccidentsYear
197019751980198519901995200020052009201020112012201320142015201620172018
Injuries(Number of
persons)
Fatalities(Number of
persons)
Source: National Police Agency
● ROAD ACCIDENTS/INJURIES/FATALITIES (exact figures)
Notes: 1. JAMA member manufacturers provided the unit sales figures here, which do not include vehicles customized post-purchase. 2. Buses include minibuses. 3. “Standard & Small Vehicles” includes passenger cars and van-type commercial vehicles; definitions for “standard” and “small” vehicles here differ from those in Japan’s Road Vehicles Act. 4. Vehicles with elevator seats and vehicles with revolving seats have been calculated separately since 2015; figures for “Vehicles with elevator seats” prior to 2015 include vehicles with revolving seats. 5. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100). Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
40,000
50,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
● TYPES OF ASSISTED-MOBILITY VEHICLES
● TRENDS IN ASSISTED-MOBILITY VEHICLE SALES In vehicle units
Assisted-Mobility Vehicle Sales Total 44,000 UnitsIn 2018 sales of assisted-mobility vehicles were up 0.5% from the previous year to total 44,000 units. Assisted-mobility vehicles provide a comfortable and convenient means of displacement for people with otherwise limited mobility, such as elderly persons and the physically disabled. They also play an essential role in the provision of public transportation services for all users. Japan’s automakers have been working to enhance the convenience of assisted-mobility vehicles and thereby provide their users with optimal-quality mobility.
Promoting Greater Road SafetyRoad safety involves three factors—road users, road infrastructure, and vehicles. Accordingly, those three factors are the focus of JAMA’s and its member manufacturers’ road safety activities (for the latter’s vehicle-related measures for increased active and passive safety, see page 27). JAMA’s activities promoting greater road safety target, through various channels, road users, and JAMA also regularly submits to Japan’s relevant authorities recommendations on road infrastructure-related measures for increased safety and convenience in road use.
In 2018 road fatalities (defined here as deaths occurring within 24 hours after accident) in Japan dropped to 3,532, the lowest level recorded since the start of road fatality data compilation in 1948 by the National Police Agency. Road accidents and road injuries also declined, for the fourteenth consecutive year, to 430,601 and 525,846 respectively. Seatbelt use is a major contributing factor to reduced fatalities and reduced injuries in road traffic accidents. The June 2008 revision to the Road Traffic Act requires all automobile occupants, including rear-seat occupants, to use seatbelts. Although the rate of use of rear seatbelts in 2018 stood at 38.0% on regular roads and at 74.2% on expressways, those rates remain low compared to the rate of use of front seatbelts, which approaches 100%. Further measures are needed to encourage rear-seat occupants to buckle up.
Assisted-Mobility Vehicles Assisted-Mobility Vehicles
Equipped with a ramp or an electrically-operated lift that allows boarding/deboarding while remaining seated in a wheelchair. Some types of ramps are operated electrically.
Equipped with a powered passenger or rear seat that, once rotated and slid out to the exterior, can be lowered to adjustable positions for easy boarding/exiting. Assists those who have considerable difficulty in boarding/exiting as well as wheelchair users.
Passenger seats can be rotated, rotated and slid out, or rotated and tilted to the exterior. Helpful for easy boarding/exiting.
Equipped with drive-assist devices, such as a left-foot accelerator and hand/foot-operated equipment, so that it can be driven by the physically disabled.
A “non-step” bus equipped with an electric lift or ramp allowing boarding/deboarding while seated in a wheelchair. Their use in local intra-community transport is being promoted.
Wheelchair-accessible(with ramp or lift)
Elevator seat
Revolving seats Revolving sliding seatsRevolving tilting seats
Drive-assist system
Assisted-mobility bus
Nursing care
Self-operating
Other
DescriptionVehicle FeatureVehicle Type
Buses Mini-Vehicles Standard &Small Vehicles
25,004102.6
14,01310,065
—552374
18,560120.0
14,4874,055
—18
4,30598.9
47,869108.3
23,39893.6
13,5257,4541,552
427440
15,83785.3
12,7052,848
27311
5,510128.0
44,74593.5
24,380104.2
14,4936,2172,838
370462
13,79687.1
11,1122,491
1930
6,308114.5
44,48499.4
23,04094.5
14,4555,4512,245
264625
14,446104.7
11,4442,748
2540
6,00895.2
43,49497.8
Standard & Small Vehicles
Mini-Vehicles
Buses
Total
Chg. (%)Wheelchair-accessible vehiclesVehicles with elevator seatsVehicles with revolving seatsVehicles with drive-assist systemsWheelchair vans (multiple capacity)
Chg. (%)Wheelchair-accessible vehiclesVehicles with elevator seatsVehicles with revolving seatsVehicles with drive-assist systems
Chg. (%)
Chg. (%)
Fiscal Year 2014 2015 2016 2017
22,07595.8
13,5195,9911,783
129653
16,615115.0
13,9332,455
2270
5,02283.6
43,712100.5
2018
Road Safety Road Safety
718,080472,938476,677552,788643,097761,794931,950934,346737,637725,924692,084665,157629,033573,842536,899499,201472,165430,601
981,096622,467598,719681,346790,295922,677
1,155,7071,157,113
911,215896,297854,613825,392781,492711,374666,023618,853580,850525,846
16,76510,7928,7609,261
11,22710,6849,0736,9374,9794,9484,6914,4384,3884,1134,1173,9043,6943,532
Notes: 1. The survey on seatbelt use is conducted annually in October. 2. 2018 survey samples totalled roughly 410,000 on regular roads and 89,000 on expressways.
● SEATBELT USE RATES BY SEAT POSITION
In %Driver’s seat
2009Year
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
20
0
40
60
80
100
Regular Roads
Front passenger’s seat Rear seat
96.6 97.3 97.5 97.7 98.0 98.2 98.4 98.5 98.6
90.8 92.2 92.7 93.2 93.9 93.9 94.6 94.9 95.2
33.5 33.1 33.2 33.2 35.1 35.1 35.1 36.0 36.4
98.8
95.9
38.0
2009Year
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
20
0
40
60
80
100
Expressways99.2 99.2 99.3 99.5 99.4 99.5 99.4 99.5 99.5
96.9 97.0 97.3 97.7 97.9 98.1 98.0 98.0 98.3
63.4 63.7 63.5 65.4 68.2 70.3 71.3 71.8 74.4
99.6
98.5
74.2
Sources: National Police Agency; Japan Automobile Federation
24 25
● ROAD ACCIDENTS/INJURIES/FATALITIES
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
1970Year
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Fatalities(Number of persons)
Injuries(Number of persons)
Accidents(Number of accidents)
AccidentsYear
197019751980198519901995200020052009201020112012201320142015201620172018
Injuries(Number of
persons)
Fatalities(Number of
persons)
Source: National Police Agency
● ROAD ACCIDENTS/INJURIES/FATALITIES (exact figures)
Notes: 1. JAMA member manufacturers provided the unit sales figures here, which do not include vehicles customized post-purchase. 2. Buses include minibuses. 3. “Standard & Small Vehicles” includes passenger cars and van-type commercial vehicles; definitions for “standard” and “small” vehicles here differ from those in Japan’s Road Vehicles Act. 4. Vehicles with elevator seats and vehicles with revolving seats have been calculated separately since 2015; figures for “Vehicles with elevator seats” prior to 2015 include vehicles with revolving seats. 5. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100). Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
40,000
50,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
● TYPES OF ASSISTED-MOBILITY VEHICLES
● TRENDS IN ASSISTED-MOBILITY VEHICLE SALES In vehicle units
Assisted-Mobility Vehicle Sales Total 44,000 UnitsIn 2018 sales of assisted-mobility vehicles were up 0.5% from the previous year to total 44,000 units. Assisted-mobility vehicles provide a comfortable and convenient means of displacement for people with otherwise limited mobility, such as elderly persons and the physically disabled. They also play an essential role in the provision of public transportation services for all users. Japan’s automakers have been working to enhance the convenience of assisted-mobility vehicles and thereby provide their users with optimal-quality mobility.
Promoting Greater Road SafetyRoad safety involves three factors—road users, road infrastructure, and vehicles. Accordingly, those three factors are the focus of JAMA’s and its member manufacturers’ road safety activities (for the latter’s vehicle-related measures for increased active and passive safety, see page 27). JAMA’s activities promoting greater road safety target, through various channels, road users, and JAMA also regularly submits to Japan’s relevant authorities recommendations on road infrastructure-related measures for increased safety and convenience in road use.
In 2018 road fatalities (defined here as deaths occurring within 24 hours after accident) in Japan dropped to 3,532, the lowest level recorded since the start of road fatality data compilation in 1948 by the National Police Agency. Road accidents and road injuries also declined, for the fourteenth consecutive year, to 430,601 and 525,846 respectively. Seatbelt use is a major contributing factor to reduced fatalities and reduced injuries in road traffic accidents. The June 2008 revision to the Road Traffic Act requires all automobile occupants, including rear-seat occupants, to use seatbelts. Although the rate of use of rear seatbelts in 2018 stood at 38.0% on regular roads and at 74.2% on expressways, those rates remain low compared to the rate of use of front seatbelts, which approaches 100%. Further measures are needed to encourage rear-seat occupants to buckle up.
Assisted-Mobility Vehicles Assisted-Mobility Vehicles
Equipped with a ramp or an electrically-operated lift that allows boarding/deboarding while remaining seated in a wheelchair. Some types of ramps are operated electrically.
Equipped with a powered passenger or rear seat that, once rotated and slid out to the exterior, can be lowered to adjustable positions for easy boarding/exiting. Assists those who have considerable difficulty in boarding/exiting as well as wheelchair users.
Passenger seats can be rotated, rotated and slid out, or rotated and tilted to the exterior. Helpful for easy boarding/exiting.
Equipped with drive-assist devices, such as a left-foot accelerator and hand/foot-operated equipment, so that it can be driven by the physically disabled.
A “non-step” bus equipped with an electric lift or ramp allowing boarding/deboarding while seated in a wheelchair. Their use in local intra-community transport is being promoted.
Wheelchair-accessible(with ramp or lift)
Elevator seat
Revolving seats Revolving sliding seatsRevolving tilting seats
Drive-assist system
Assisted-mobility bus
Nursing care
Self-operating
Other
DescriptionVehicle FeatureVehicle Type
Buses Mini-Vehicles Standard &Small Vehicles
25,004102.6
14,01310,065
—552374
18,560120.0
14,4874,055
—18
4,30598.9
47,869108.3
23,39893.6
13,5257,4541,552
427440
15,83785.3
12,7052,848
27311
5,510128.0
44,74593.5
24,380104.2
14,4936,2172,838
370462
13,79687.1
11,1122,491
1930
6,308114.5
44,48499.4
23,04094.5
14,4555,4512,245
264625
14,446104.7
11,4442,748
2540
6,00895.2
43,49497.8
Standard & Small Vehicles
Mini-Vehicles
Buses
Total
Chg. (%)Wheelchair-accessible vehiclesVehicles with elevator seatsVehicles with revolving seatsVehicles with drive-assist systemsWheelchair vans (multiple capacity)
Chg. (%)Wheelchair-accessible vehiclesVehicles with elevator seatsVehicles with revolving seatsVehicles with drive-assist systems
Chg. (%)
Chg. (%)
Fiscal Year 2014 2015 2016 2017
22,07595.8
13,5195,9911,783
129653
16,615115.0
13,9332,455
2270
5,02283.6
43,712100.5
2018
Road Safety Road Safety
718,080472,938476,677552,788643,097761,794931,950934,346737,637725,924692,084665,157629,033573,842536,899499,201472,165430,601
981,096622,467598,719681,346790,295922,677
1,155,7071,157,113
911,215896,297854,613825,392781,492711,374666,023618,853580,850525,846
16,76510,7928,7609,261
11,22710,6849,0736,9374,9794,9484,6914,4384,3884,1134,1173,9043,6943,532
Notes: 1. The survey on seatbelt use is conducted annually in October. 2. 2018 survey samples totalled roughly 410,000 on regular roads and 89,000 on expressways.
● SEATBELT USE RATES BY SEAT POSITION
In %Driver’s seat
2009Year
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
20
0
40
60
80
100
Regular Roads
Front passenger’s seat Rear seat
96.6 97.3 97.5 97.7 98.0 98.2 98.4 98.5 98.6
90.8 92.2 92.7 93.2 93.9 93.9 94.6 94.9 95.2
33.5 33.1 33.2 33.2 35.1 35.1 35.1 36.0 36.4
98.8
95.9
38.0
2009Year
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
20
0
40
60
80
100
Expressways99.2 99.2 99.3 99.5 99.4 99.5 99.4 99.5 99.5
96.9 97.0 97.3 97.7 97.9 98.1 98.0 98.0 98.3
63.4 63.7 63.5 65.4 68.2 70.3 71.3 71.8 74.4
99.6
98.5
74.2
Sources: National Police Agency; Japan Automobile Federation
24 25
Intelligent Transport Systems aim to radically improve transport safety, efficiency and convenience through the use of information and communication technologies integrating road users, road infrastructure, and vehicles. More than 20 years have passed since the Japanese government formulated its Comprehensive Concept for the Promotion of ITS in 1996, during which time the deployment of ITS technologies has seen broad expansion. Advanced navigation systems are in wide use, as are ETC (electronic toll collection) and smart highway toll stations using ETC exclusively. Numerous technologies developed on the basis of Advanced Safety Vehicle (ASV) research are also in application.
Road Safety ITS and ASVs Road Safety Vehicle Safety
Wider ITS Applications and Advanced Safety Vehicle Technologies
● PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF ASV TECHNOLOGIES
EXPANDING AVAILABILTY OF ASV TECHNOLOGIES IN THE MARKETAs a result of research conducted on the Advanced Safety Vehicle (ASV) concept, a wide range of vehicle safety features, including lane-keeping assist systems,
full-range adaptive cruise control systems and collision-mitigation braking systems, have been developed in the area of safe-driving assistance. Most of these
advanced technologies have already been introduced to the market (see page 27 for details on the status of their onboard installation).
PROMOTING PUBLIC AWARENESS OF “SAFETY SUPPORT CARS”
Areamonitored
Areamonitored
2. Full-Range Adaptive Cruise ControlInformation from front sensors helps a vehicle keep a safe distance from the vehicle ahead through brake or speed control according to a preset vehicle speed.
Monitoring of distanceto the vehicle ahead
When vehicle ahead slows down, auxiliary braking is activated.
Radar sensors and a camera continuously monitor the distance to the vehicle ahead.
When a collision is imminent, full braking power is automatically applied and seatbelts are rapidly retracted.
When the distance to the vehicle ahead narrows dangerously, multiple warnings are emitted and auxiliary braking is automatically applied.
Auxiliary braking activated
Full braking power activated
● THE “SAFETY SUPPORT CAR” Ver 1.0 CONCEPT
Safety Support Car(or “Sapocar”)
Safety Support Car S(or “Sapocar S”)
Automatic braking (pedestrian collision avoidance)Accelerator suppression for pedal misapplication (1)Lane departure warning (2)Advanced headlamp control (3)
Automatic braking (vehicle collision avoidance)Accelerator suppression for pedal misapplication (1)
Automatic braking (vehicle collision avoidance) for low-speed vehicle operation (4)Accelerator suppression for pedal misapplication (1)
“Sapocar S” ClassificationThe “Sapocar S” concept has three sub-classifications,
based on the safety features installed.
(1) In automatic-transmission vehicles only. (2) Including lane-keeping assist. (3) Automatic high-to-low-beam headlamp control, glare-free high beam headlamp control, or adaptive front-lighting system. (4) 30km/h or lower.
(1) “In no. of models” indicates the number of models in which the safety feature is installed as standard or optional equipment. Figures in parentheses indicate the number of models in which the safety feature is standard equipment. (2) “In %” means as a percentage of the total number of models/units produced. (3) In 2017 a total of 92 hybrid/electric car models (1,730,722 vehicle units) were produced. (4) In 2017 a total of 146 passenger car models (3,130,812 vehicle units) were produced, excluding mini and other passenger cars which are not eligible for rear seat inclusion.Notes: 1. Passenger cars here include minicars. 2. Criteria for inclusion in the calculations whose results are shown here were revised in 2015. Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
● SAFETY FEATURE ONBOARD INSTALLATION STATUS (for passenger cars produced in 2017 for home market)
Equipping More Vehicles with Advanced Safety FeaturesThe automotive industry continuously strives for greater active safety by upgrading vehicle safety equipment and expanding its onboard installation rates, to help prevent accident occurrence. For example, 77.9% of the totality of passenger cars produced in 2017 for the domestic market were equipped with forward collision-mitigation braking systems (including those for low-speed vehicle operation) and 65.2% with systems enabling accelerator suppression in the event of pedal misapplication. Automakers also continuously seek to increase passive safety through enhanced structural safety and vehicle features designed to mitigate injury when accidents do occur.
Installation StatusSafety Feature
In vehicle unitsIn no. of models (1) In % (2) In % (2)
Brake assist Unfastened seatbelt warning (front passenger’s seat)Power-window jamming prevention (with auto-up function)Power-window jamming prevention (without auto-up function)High-intensity discharge headlamps Adaptive front-lighting system (AFS) Backing-up monitoring (rear obstacle detection) Vehicle perimeter monitoring Vehicle perimeter obstacle warning Blind-corner monitoring Night vision monitoring Curve detection Tire pressure monitoring Driver inattention warning Inter-vehicle distance warningLane departure warning Rear collision warning-equipped headrest control Forward collision-mitigation braking systemForward collision-mitigation braking system (for low-speed vehicle operation)Accelerator suppression for pedal misapplicationAdaptive cruise control Adaptive cruise control with low-speed following modeFull-range adaptive cruise control Lane-keeping assistBacking-up monitoring (parking assistance) Navigator-based gearshift control Pre-crash seatbelts Electronic stability control Traction control with anti-lock braking systemNavigator-based stop sign alert with brake assistRearward-approaching-vehicle warning Emergency braking warningVehicle proximity warning (for HVs/EVs) (3)
Automatic high-to-low-beam headlamp controlGlare-free high beam headlamp controlBacking-up monitoring (moving-object warning)Backing-up collision-mitigation braking systemVehicle perimeter-based collision-mitigation braking system (for low-speed operation)Rear collision-mitigation braking systemLane departure preventionSide airbags Curtain airbags Active head restraints ISOFIX anchorages (for child safety seats) Three-point seatbelt for rear center seat (4)
Automatic collision notification (ACN)Advanced automatic collision notification (AACN)
Total
98.9 71.0 97.2 18.8 92.0 14.8 74.4 33.5 35.8 22.7 0.6
13.6 10.2 38.1 67.6 65.3 1.7
67.0 17.0 64.8 36.4 14.2 20.5 26.7 11.4 7.4 4.5
96.0 84.7 6.3
21.6 73.3 65.2 42.0 11.4 19.3 3.4
13.1 19.9 34.1 79.5 76.7 71.6 88.6 86.3 10.2 19.9
99.678.899.817.563.74.4
48.715.223.45.70.03.81.9
24.168.563.50.0
64.213.765.2 26.213.115.022.74.61.10.2
96.884.50.6
11.683.063.332.24.69.90.79.7
12.425.245.1 36.876.9 88.083.32.05.3
4,027,5583,184,8724,032,457
706,4402,573,867
176,5321,969,789
612,996946,270228,471
68153,03177,981
972,8432,767,4192,564,827
4132,593,939
552,5172,637,2271,060,099
530,351606,850915,871183,93544,3649,680
3,914,0873,414,689
24,791468,917
3,353,4651,095,2581,303,116
185,424 399,887 29,357
393,961 500,871
1,016,878 1,821,3201,488,7453,108,9233,555,9322,606,825
80,124214,442
(162)(113)(158)(32)(65)(11)(27)(6)
(16)(3)(0)(7)
(14)(17)(32)(31)(0)
(32)(3)
(22)(23)(11)(13)(14)(0)(2)(3)
(150)(138)
(4)(6)
(108)(52)(14)(2)(3)(1)(1)(3)
(18)(69)(66)
(125)(143)(118)(14)(16)
17412517133
16226
1315963401
241867
119115
311830
1146425364720138
1691491138
129607420346
233560
1401351261561261835
176 4,042,012
ActiveSafety
PassiveSafety
3. Collision-Mitigation Braking System (pre-crash safety)Based on the distance from and speed relative to the vehicle ahead obtained principally by means of radar technology, the system’s electronic control unit calculates the risk of collision. In the event of such a risk, multiple warnings are emitted and auxiliary braking is applied. When a collision is imminent, full braking power is applied and seatbelts are retracted automatically.
Lane departure warningLane-keeping assist1. Lane-Keeping AssistSensors (cameras) positioned on the vehicle monitor the road ahead and, through auxiliary control of the steering wheel, help keep the vehicle centered in the lane whenever the vehicle deviates from its course because of, for example, a crosswind or road surface unevenness.
Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, National Police Agency and Financial Services Agency,
as well as automobile-related organizations, have been working cooperatively to promote the widespread use of “safety support cars” (or “sapocars” for
short), equipped with advanced safety features such as automatic braking, to help drivers of all ages avoid road accident occurrence and to mitigate
damage/injury when accidents do occur. In line with this effort, Japan’s automakers have upgraded advanced safety technologies and expanded their onboard
installation rates, and aim to offer automatic braking and accelerator suppression for pedal misapplication as standard or optional equipment in all new-model
passenger cars by 2020. Meanwhile, they are actively providing opportunities for test-driving “safety support cars” in order to raise public awareness of them.
Type:“Wide”
Type:“Basic +”
Type:“Basic”
Passenger cars equipped with automatic braking;
suitable for all drivers
Passenger cars equipped with automatic braking and accelerator
suppression for pedal misapplication; suitable especially
for elderly drivers
26 27
Intelligent Transport Systems aim to radically improve transport safety, efficiency and convenience through the use of information and communication technologies integrating road users, road infrastructure, and vehicles. More than 20 years have passed since the Japanese government formulated its Comprehensive Concept for the Promotion of ITS in 1996, during which time the deployment of ITS technologies has seen broad expansion. Advanced navigation systems are in wide use, as are ETC (electronic toll collection) and smart highway toll stations using ETC exclusively. Numerous technologies developed on the basis of Advanced Safety Vehicle (ASV) research are also in application.
Road Safety ITS and ASVs Road Safety Vehicle Safety
Wider ITS Applications and Advanced Safety Vehicle Technologies
● PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF ASV TECHNOLOGIES
EXPANDING AVAILABILTY OF ASV TECHNOLOGIES IN THE MARKETAs a result of research conducted on the Advanced Safety Vehicle (ASV) concept, a wide range of vehicle safety features, including lane-keeping assist systems,
full-range adaptive cruise control systems and collision-mitigation braking systems, have been developed in the area of safe-driving assistance. Most of these
advanced technologies have already been introduced to the market (see page 27 for details on the status of their onboard installation).
PROMOTING PUBLIC AWARENESS OF “SAFETY SUPPORT CARS”
Areamonitored
Areamonitored
2. Full-Range Adaptive Cruise ControlInformation from front sensors helps a vehicle keep a safe distance from the vehicle ahead through brake or speed control according to a preset vehicle speed.
Monitoring of distanceto the vehicle ahead
When vehicle ahead slows down, auxiliary braking is activated.
Radar sensors and a camera continuously monitor the distance to the vehicle ahead.
When a collision is imminent, full braking power is automatically applied and seatbelts are rapidly retracted.
When the distance to the vehicle ahead narrows dangerously, multiple warnings are emitted and auxiliary braking is automatically applied.
Auxiliary braking activated
Full braking power activated
● THE “SAFETY SUPPORT CAR” Ver 1.0 CONCEPT
Safety Support Car(or “Sapocar”)
Safety Support Car S(or “Sapocar S”)
Automatic braking (pedestrian collision avoidance)Accelerator suppression for pedal misapplication (1)Lane departure warning (2)Advanced headlamp control (3)
Automatic braking (vehicle collision avoidance)Accelerator suppression for pedal misapplication (1)
Automatic braking (vehicle collision avoidance) for low-speed vehicle operation (4)Accelerator suppression for pedal misapplication (1)
“Sapocar S” ClassificationThe “Sapocar S” concept has three sub-classifications,
based on the safety features installed.
(1) In automatic-transmission vehicles only. (2) Including lane-keeping assist. (3) Automatic high-to-low-beam headlamp control, glare-free high beam headlamp control, or adaptive front-lighting system. (4) 30km/h or lower.
(1) “In no. of models” indicates the number of models in which the safety feature is installed as standard or optional equipment. Figures in parentheses indicate the number of models in which the safety feature is standard equipment. (2) “In %” means as a percentage of the total number of models/units produced. (3) In 2017 a total of 92 hybrid/electric car models (1,730,722 vehicle units) were produced. (4) In 2017 a total of 146 passenger car models (3,130,812 vehicle units) were produced, excluding mini and other passenger cars which are not eligible for rear seat inclusion.Notes: 1. Passenger cars here include minicars. 2. Criteria for inclusion in the calculations whose results are shown here were revised in 2015. Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
● SAFETY FEATURE ONBOARD INSTALLATION STATUS (for passenger cars produced in 2017 for home market)
Equipping More Vehicles with Advanced Safety FeaturesThe automotive industry continuously strives for greater active safety by upgrading vehicle safety equipment and expanding its onboard installation rates, to help prevent accident occurrence. For example, 77.9% of the totality of passenger cars produced in 2017 for the domestic market were equipped with forward collision-mitigation braking systems (including those for low-speed vehicle operation) and 65.2% with systems enabling accelerator suppression in the event of pedal misapplication. Automakers also continuously seek to increase passive safety through enhanced structural safety and vehicle features designed to mitigate injury when accidents do occur.
Installation StatusSafety Feature
In vehicle unitsIn no. of models (1) In % (2) In % (2)
Brake assist Unfastened seatbelt warning (front passenger’s seat)Power-window jamming prevention (with auto-up function)Power-window jamming prevention (without auto-up function)High-intensity discharge headlamps Adaptive front-lighting system (AFS) Backing-up monitoring (rear obstacle detection) Vehicle perimeter monitoring Vehicle perimeter obstacle warning Blind-corner monitoring Night vision monitoring Curve detection Tire pressure monitoring Driver inattention warning Inter-vehicle distance warningLane departure warning Rear collision warning-equipped headrest control Forward collision-mitigation braking systemForward collision-mitigation braking system (for low-speed vehicle operation)Accelerator suppression for pedal misapplicationAdaptive cruise control Adaptive cruise control with low-speed following modeFull-range adaptive cruise control Lane-keeping assistBacking-up monitoring (parking assistance) Navigator-based gearshift control Pre-crash seatbelts Electronic stability control Traction control with anti-lock braking systemNavigator-based stop sign alert with brake assistRearward-approaching-vehicle warning Emergency braking warningVehicle proximity warning (for HVs/EVs) (3)
Automatic high-to-low-beam headlamp controlGlare-free high beam headlamp controlBacking-up monitoring (moving-object warning)Backing-up collision-mitigation braking systemVehicle perimeter-based collision-mitigation braking system (for low-speed operation)Rear collision-mitigation braking systemLane departure preventionSide airbags Curtain airbags Active head restraints ISOFIX anchorages (for child safety seats) Three-point seatbelt for rear center seat (4)
Automatic collision notification (ACN)Advanced automatic collision notification (AACN)
Total
98.9 71.0 97.2 18.8 92.0 14.8 74.4 33.5 35.8 22.7 0.6
13.6 10.2 38.1 67.6 65.3 1.7
67.0 17.0 64.8 36.4 14.2 20.5 26.7 11.4 7.4 4.5
96.0 84.7 6.3
21.6 73.3 65.2 42.0 11.4 19.3 3.4
13.1 19.9 34.1 79.5 76.7 71.6 88.6 86.3 10.2 19.9
99.678.899.817.563.74.4
48.715.223.45.70.03.81.9
24.168.563.50.0
64.213.765.2 26.213.115.022.74.61.10.2
96.884.50.6
11.683.063.332.24.69.90.79.7
12.425.245.1 36.876.9 88.083.32.05.3
4,027,5583,184,8724,032,457
706,4402,573,867
176,5321,969,789
612,996946,270228,471
68153,03177,981
972,8432,767,4192,564,827
4132,593,939
552,5172,637,2271,060,099
530,351606,850915,871183,93544,3649,680
3,914,0873,414,689
24,791468,917
3,353,4651,095,2581,303,116
185,424 399,887 29,357
393,961 500,871
1,016,878 1,821,3201,488,7453,108,9233,555,9322,606,825
80,124214,442
(162)(113)(158)(32)(65)(11)(27)(6)
(16)(3)(0)(7)
(14)(17)(32)(31)(0)
(32)(3)
(22)(23)(11)(13)(14)(0)(2)(3)
(150)(138)
(4)(6)
(108)(52)(14)(2)(3)(1)(1)(3)
(18)(69)(66)
(125)(143)(118)(14)(16)
17412517133
16226
1315963401
241867
119115
311830
1146425364720138
1691491138
129607420346
233560
1401351261561261835
176 4,042,012
ActiveSafety
PassiveSafety
3. Collision-Mitigation Braking System (pre-crash safety)Based on the distance from and speed relative to the vehicle ahead obtained principally by means of radar technology, the system’s electronic control unit calculates the risk of collision. In the event of such a risk, multiple warnings are emitted and auxiliary braking is applied. When a collision is imminent, full braking power is applied and seatbelts are retracted automatically.
Lane departure warningLane-keeping assist1. Lane-Keeping AssistSensors (cameras) positioned on the vehicle monitor the road ahead and, through auxiliary control of the steering wheel, help keep the vehicle centered in the lane whenever the vehicle deviates from its course because of, for example, a crosswind or road surface unevenness.
Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, National Police Agency and Financial Services Agency,
as well as automobile-related organizations, have been working cooperatively to promote the widespread use of “safety support cars” (or “sapocars” for
short), equipped with advanced safety features such as automatic braking, to help drivers of all ages avoid road accident occurrence and to mitigate
damage/injury when accidents do occur. In line with this effort, Japan’s automakers have upgraded advanced safety technologies and expanded their onboard
installation rates, and aim to offer automatic braking and accelerator suppression for pedal misapplication as standard or optional equipment in all new-model
passenger cars by 2020. Meanwhile, they are actively providing opportunities for test-driving “safety support cars” in order to raise public awareness of them.
Type:“Wide”
Type:“Basic +”
Type:“Basic”
Passenger cars equipped with automatic braking;
suitable for all drivers
Passenger cars equipped with automatic braking and accelerator
suppression for pedal misapplication; suitable especially
for elderly drivers
26 27
The Transition to Automated Driving
ACHIEVINGTHE “ZEROS”
RESOLVING RELATED ISSUES
Through the elimination of human error
“Advanced Driving Assist System”
(provisional name)Widespread useDevelopment/demonstrations
Truck platooning onexpressways
(Level 2 or higher)Development/demonstrations
Automated driving on regular roads (Level 2)
Expanded useDevelopment/
demonstrations
Automated driving on expressways (Levels 2, 3)
Automated driving on expressways (Level 4)
Self-driving trucks on expressways (Level 4)
Large-scale demonstrations
Fewer road accidents
Reduced traffic congestion
Enhanced industrial competitiveness
Innovative improvements in logistics productivity adapted to ongoing population decline
Passenger Cars
Logistics Services
Zero accidents
Through more efficient roadand vehicle use (via telematics)
Zero congestion
Through optimally efficientdoor-to-door vehicle use,“any time and anywhere”
Enabling optimally accessible mobility
Enabling optimally efficient freight transport
In November 2015, JAMA released a roadmap for achieving safe and efficient road transport for all road users in Japan through the use of automated
driving. Targeting the elimination of accidents and congestion and optimized road and vehicle use for people and the transport of goods, the roadmap
envisions the wider introduction of automated driving functions in the lead-up to 2020; between 2020 and 2030, the expanded application of automated
driving technologies in various driving environments; and by 2050, predicated on full public acceptance which Japan’s automakers will promote, a
comprehensive deployment of advanced levels of automated driving, the result of integrated efforts on the part of industry, government, and academia.
JAMA’S VISION OF AUTOMATED DRIVING
TIMELINE FOR THE PROMOTION OF AUTOMATED DRIVING (as formulated by the Japanese government)
To promote the goal of “Achieving optimally safe, accessible, and efficient mobility,” JAMA will conduct public automated driving demonstrations just
prior to the 2020 Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games, from July 6 through July 12. Equipped with Level 2 to Level 4 automated driving technologies,
about 80 vehicles from ten JAMA member automakers will be in operation and providing demonstration rides in the Haneda Airport area, from Haneda
Airport to central Tokyo and to Tokyo Waterfront City, and within the Tokyo Waterfront City area.
AUTOMATED DRIVING DEMONSTRATIONS IN TOKYO
Aiming for the real-world implementation of automated driving, the Japanese government released, in April 2018, an outline of the system-building measures needed to create the legal frameworks necessary for the practical application of automated driving technologies (Level 3) by the year 2020. A subsequent review of road traffic-related frameworks conducted on the basis of that outline by the ministries and agencies concerned led to the enactment in early 2019 of a revised Road Traffic Act and a revised Road Vehicles Act. The government’s Public-Private ITS Initiative/Roadmaps policy initiative, which represents Japan’s strategy on ITS and automated driving systems development, formulates a plan to marketize full-scale automated driving systems on expressways and expand their use in freight transport by 2025. JAMA is actively participating in the initiatives being undertaken for the practical use of automated driving technologies.
Driver assistance systems
Automated driving
functions
Through 2020 Early 2020s 2025
The “Mid- and Long-Term Mobility Vision” Formulated by JAMAThe 2020 Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games provide an excellent opportunity to promote collaboration among auto industry and other stakeholders to advance the development of automated driving and other new transportation technologies for the benefit of current and future generations. Accordingly, in March 2018 JAMA formulated its “Mid- and Long-Term Mobility Vision” which, establishing the year 2030 as a critical milestone in the evolution of mobility, emphasizes the need for a multisectoral approach to creating mobility’s future.
● SUMMARY OF THE JAMA-FORMULATED MOBILITY VISION
● THE POTENTIAL FOR ROAD TRANSPORT: A VISION OF MOBILITY FOR 2030
Reaffirming the automobile’s role to date in enhancing people’s lives, the vision not only defines mobility’s multifaceted “universal mission”
going forward—which includes improving safety in road transport, reducing its environmental burdens, optimizing its efficiency and
accessibility, and creating emotional value—but also identifies priority mobility issues for the future.
1.
Targeting the year 2030 as a critical milestone, the vision proposes solutions for those priority issues based on the use of automated driving
systems, electrification, and connectivity technologies which exceed the limits of human ability.2.
The vision advocates the promotion of those solutions to expedite the achievement of zero accidents, zero environmental burdens, optimal
efficiency and accessibility in road transport, and the full enjoyment of mobility by road users.3.
The vision presents a plan for showcasing the real-world operation of automated driving systems during the Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics in
2020—a stepping stone in addressing the challenges to be met by 2030—and emphasizes the need for multisectoral collaboration, involving
industry, government, and academia, to develop new systems and infrastructures which will constitute crucial legacies for future mobility.
4.
A world where mobile society bringsPLEASURE to people all around the world
A world filled with smiles and greenery
A world where vehicles, people,and goods circulate freely
A world where everyone feelssafe and secure
For more information and a video on JAMA’s Mid- and Long-Term Mobility Vision, please visit:
http://www.jama-english.jp/publications/mobility.html
2030Priority mobility issues in the future 20XX
Safe and secure travel for everyone
Further reduction of the environmental burden
Reduction in travel time
Effective use of travel time
Enhancement of shared mobility / public transportation
Improvement of logistics productivity
Geographical factors
Ability factors
Smooth travel even for visitors to Japan
Response to increasingly diverse values
Efficient travel
Solutions to travelrestrictions
Go beyondthe limits of human ability
with technology• ITS/automated driving• Electrification• Connectivity
Provide solutionsbeyond hardware improvement• Services as well as products• Mobility, not just a car
•
•
•
•
•
••
•
•
•
From controlling human errors to more advanced risk prediction
Improve not only driving performance, but also environmental performance over lifecycle
Achieve smooth traffic flow, in addition to providing traffic information
From comfortable driving to comfortable and useful ways of using travel time
Multiple forms of transport in addition to sharing
From reduction of drivers’ workload to needing less personnelImprove the transport efficiency of the whole logistics network, instead of each part
Provide sustainable transportation for people/areas facing practical travel restrictions
Universal transport regardless of language ability
Propose attractive products/services tailored to individual lifestyles
NOenvironmental
burden
NO time-wasting on
travel
Free travel ofANYONE/
ANYTHING
MAXIMUMexcitement
NO trafficaccidents
Road Safety Automated Driving Road Safety A Mid-to-Long-Term Vision for Mobility
Source: The Public-Private ITS Initiative/Roadmaps 2019 (Japanese government)
28 29
The Transition to Automated Driving
ACHIEVINGTHE “ZEROS”
RESOLVING RELATED ISSUES
Through the elimination of human error
“Advanced Driving Assist System”
(provisional name)Widespread useDevelopment/demonstrations
Truck platooning onexpressways
(Level 2 or higher)Development/demonstrations
Automated driving on regular roads (Level 2)
Expanded useDevelopment/
demonstrations
Automated driving on expressways (Levels 2, 3)
Automated driving on expressways (Level 4)
Self-driving trucks on expressways (Level 4)
Large-scale demonstrations
Fewer road accidents
Reduced traffic congestion
Enhanced industrial competitiveness
Innovative improvements in logistics productivity adapted to ongoing population decline
Passenger Cars
Logistics Services
Zero accidents
Through more efficient roadand vehicle use (via telematics)
Zero congestion
Through optimally efficientdoor-to-door vehicle use,“any time and anywhere”
Enabling optimally accessible mobility
Enabling optimally efficient freight transport
In November 2015, JAMA released a roadmap for achieving safe and efficient road transport for all road users in Japan through the use of automated
driving. Targeting the elimination of accidents and congestion and optimized road and vehicle use for people and the transport of goods, the roadmap
envisions the wider introduction of automated driving functions in the lead-up to 2020; between 2020 and 2030, the expanded application of automated
driving technologies in various driving environments; and by 2050, predicated on full public acceptance which Japan’s automakers will promote, a
comprehensive deployment of advanced levels of automated driving, the result of integrated efforts on the part of industry, government, and academia.
JAMA’S VISION OF AUTOMATED DRIVING
TIMELINE FOR THE PROMOTION OF AUTOMATED DRIVING (as formulated by the Japanese government)
To promote the goal of “Achieving optimally safe, accessible, and efficient mobility,” JAMA will conduct public automated driving demonstrations just
prior to the 2020 Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games, from July 6 through July 12. Equipped with Level 2 to Level 4 automated driving technologies,
about 80 vehicles from ten JAMA member automakers will be in operation and providing demonstration rides in the Haneda Airport area, from Haneda
Airport to central Tokyo and to Tokyo Waterfront City, and within the Tokyo Waterfront City area.
AUTOMATED DRIVING DEMONSTRATIONS IN TOKYO
Aiming for the real-world implementation of automated driving, the Japanese government released, in April 2018, an outline of the system-building measures needed to create the legal frameworks necessary for the practical application of automated driving technologies (Level 3) by the year 2020. A subsequent review of road traffic-related frameworks conducted on the basis of that outline by the ministries and agencies concerned led to the enactment in early 2019 of a revised Road Traffic Act and a revised Road Vehicles Act. The government’s Public-Private ITS Initiative/Roadmaps policy initiative, which represents Japan’s strategy on ITS and automated driving systems development, formulates a plan to marketize full-scale automated driving systems on expressways and expand their use in freight transport by 2025. JAMA is actively participating in the initiatives being undertaken for the practical use of automated driving technologies.
Driver assistance systems
Automated driving
functions
Through 2020 Early 2020s 2025
The “Mid- and Long-Term Mobility Vision” Formulated by JAMAThe 2020 Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games provide an excellent opportunity to promote collaboration among auto industry and other stakeholders to advance the development of automated driving and other new transportation technologies for the benefit of current and future generations. Accordingly, in March 2018 JAMA formulated its “Mid- and Long-Term Mobility Vision” which, establishing the year 2030 as a critical milestone in the evolution of mobility, emphasizes the need for a multisectoral approach to creating mobility’s future.
● SUMMARY OF THE JAMA-FORMULATED MOBILITY VISION
● THE POTENTIAL FOR ROAD TRANSPORT: A VISION OF MOBILITY FOR 2030
Reaffirming the automobile’s role to date in enhancing people’s lives, the vision not only defines mobility’s multifaceted “universal mission”
going forward—which includes improving safety in road transport, reducing its environmental burdens, optimizing its efficiency and
accessibility, and creating emotional value—but also identifies priority mobility issues for the future.
1.
Targeting the year 2030 as a critical milestone, the vision proposes solutions for those priority issues based on the use of automated driving
systems, electrification, and connectivity technologies which exceed the limits of human ability.2.
The vision advocates the promotion of those solutions to expedite the achievement of zero accidents, zero environmental burdens, optimal
efficiency and accessibility in road transport, and the full enjoyment of mobility by road users.3.
The vision presents a plan for showcasing the real-world operation of automated driving systems during the Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics in
2020—a stepping stone in addressing the challenges to be met by 2030—and emphasizes the need for multisectoral collaboration, involving
industry, government, and academia, to develop new systems and infrastructures which will constitute crucial legacies for future mobility.
4.
A world where mobile society bringsPLEASURE to people all around the world
A world filled with smiles and greenery
A world where vehicles, people,and goods circulate freely
A world where everyone feelssafe and secure
For more information and a video on JAMA’s Mid- and Long-Term Mobility Vision, please visit:
http://www.jama-english.jp/publications/mobility.html
2030Priority mobility issues in the future 20XX
Safe and secure travel for everyone
Further reduction of the environmental burden
Reduction in travel time
Effective use of travel time
Enhancement of shared mobility / public transportation
Improvement of logistics productivity
Geographical factors
Ability factors
Smooth travel even for visitors to Japan
Response to increasingly diverse values
Efficient travel
Solutions to travelrestrictions
Go beyondthe limits of human ability
with technology• ITS/automated driving• Electrification• Connectivity
Provide solutionsbeyond hardware improvement• Services as well as products• Mobility, not just a car
•
•
•
•
•
••
•
•
•
From controlling human errors to more advanced risk prediction
Improve not only driving performance, but also environmental performance over lifecycle
Achieve smooth traffic flow, in addition to providing traffic information
From comfortable driving to comfortable and useful ways of using travel time
Multiple forms of transport in addition to sharing
From reduction of drivers’ workload to needing less personnelImprove the transport efficiency of the whole logistics network, instead of each part
Provide sustainable transportation for people/areas facing practical travel restrictions
Universal transport regardless of language ability
Propose attractive products/services tailored to individual lifestyles
NOenvironmental
burden
NO time-wasting on
travel
Free travel ofANYONE/
ANYTHING
MAXIMUMexcitement
NO trafficaccidents
Road Safety Automated Driving Road Safety A Mid-to-Long-Term Vision for Mobility
Source: The Public-Private ITS Initiative/Roadmaps 2019 (Japanese government)
28 29
Attention to the Environment Vehicle Fuel EfficiencyAttention to the Environment Climate Change
x 1 million tons
Climate Change and CO2 Emissions Reduction: The Response of the Transport Sector
In 2017 Japan’s CO2 emissions totalled 1.19 billion tons (preliminary figure), of which the transportation sector accounted for nearly 18%. Since peaking in 2001 following a decade of growth, CO2 emission volumes in Japan’s transport sector have steadily declined, owing largely to increased fuel efficiency in passenger cars and greater efficiency in goods distribution. The automobile industry will continue to vigorously promote CO2 emissions reduction in road transport by further improving vehicle fuel efficiency and expanding the market supply of next-generation vehicles.
CO2 Emissions Reduction: Improving Vehicle Fuel EfficiencyFuel efficiency targets for passenger cars, trucks, and buses are formulated by applying “top runner” criteria whereby the target value for a given vehicle weight category is established based on the leading fuel efficiency performance to date for that weight category. To comply with stringent 2015 average fuel efficiency targets for passenger cars and small trucks and buses as well as for heavy-duty vehicles and, subsequently, with even stricter 2020 targets for passenger cars and 2022 targets for small trucks, JAMA member manufacturers have been making continuous efforts to increase the fuel efficiency of conventional vehicles and expand the supply of alternative-energy vehicles. A joint council set up in June 2019 by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism agreed on an average fuel efficiency target for new passenger cars of 25.4 km/L (a 32.4% increase over the actual value in 2016) by 2030, whose official adoption will be undertaken via the requisite legal channels in due course.
Note: Figures here are JC08 test cycle-based (see page 37).Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
(1) Fuel efficiency is JC08 test cycle-based (see page 37). (4) Targets were established assuming the same shipment volume ratios by vehicle weight category for target years as those recorded in the years showing the actual value of fuel efficiency performance.Sources: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry; Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
50km/L 10 15 20
Passengercars
Up 23.5%2015 target value (4) 16.8 km/L
2004 actual value 13.6 km/L
Small trucks(GVW≤3.5tons)
Up 12.6%2015 target value (4) 15.2 km/L
2004 actual value 13.5 km/L
Small buses Up 7.2%2015 target value (4) 8.9 km/L
2004 actual value 8.3 km/L
● 2015 AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY TARGETS FOR NEW PASSENGER CARS & SMALL TRUCKS/BUSES (1)
● CO2 EMISSIONS IN JAPAN
● AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY OF DOMESTIC NEW GASOLINE-POWERED PASSENGER CARS
2.50km/L 5 7.5 10
Trucks Up 12.2%2015 target value (4) 7.09 km/L
2002 actual value 6.32 km/L
Buses Up 12.1%2015 target value (4) 6.30 km/L
2002 actual value 5.62 km/L
● 2015 AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY TARGETS FOR NEW HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES (GVW>3.5t) (3)
2.50km/L 5 7.5 10
TrucksUp 13.4%(approx.)
2025 target value (5), (6) 7.63 km/L
2015 target value (6) 6.72 km/L
BusesUp 14.3%(approx.)
2025 target value (5), (6) 6.52 km/L
2015 target value (6) 5.71 km/L
● 2025 AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY TARGETS FOR NEW HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES (GVW>3.5t)
● VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES FOR INCREASED FUEL EFFICIENCY
0km/L 2010 30
Passengercars
Up 24.1%2020 target value (4) 20.3 km/L
2009 actual value 16.3 km/L
● 2020 AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY TARGET FOR NEW PASSENGER CARS (1)
(1) Fuel efficiency is JC08 test cycle-based (see page 37). (2) Fuel efficiency is WLTC-based (see page 37). (3) Fuel efficiency is JE05 test cycle-based. (4) Targets were established assuming the same shipment volume ratios by vehicle weight category for target years as those recorded in the years showing the actual value of fuel efficiency performance. (5) While the 2015 target values for new heavy-duty vehicles are JE05 test cycle-based, the 2025 target values were established on the basis of a new measuring method. (6) Targets were established assuming the same shipment volume ratios by vehicle weight category for 2025 as those recorded in 2014.Sources: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry; Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
0km/L 2010 30
Passengercars
Up 32.4%2030 target value (4) 25.4 km/L
2016 actual value 19.2 km/L
● 2030 AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY TARGET FOR NEW PASSENGER CARS (2)
Reduced rolling resistance
– Low rolling-resistance tires
Improved powertrain performance
– Expansion of lock-up area– Expanded number of transmission gears– Continuously variable transmission
Improved engine efficiency
More efficient fuel consumption:– Direct injection – Variable mechanisms (variable cylinder activation, VVT&L, etc.)– Downsized engine supercharging
Reduction of friction loss:– Reduction of piston & piston ring friction loss– Low-viscosity lubricating oil
Other
– Electric power steering– Idling prevention (stop-start)
Reduced aerodynamic drag
– Improved body configuration
Reduced vehicle weight
– Expanded use of lightweight materials– Improved body structure
2000Fiscal year
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1712
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
12.7 13.2 13.8 13.9 14.2 14.3 14.8 14.915.6
16.6 17.118.2
19.821.3
22.4 22.4 22.622.1
In km/L
Japan’s CO2 Emission Volumes, 1990-2017 x 1 million tons
The transportation sector accounts for nearly 18% of Japan’s total CO2 emissions, which in 2017 amounted to 1.19 billion tons (preliminary figure).
● TRENDS IN CO2 EMISSION VOLUMES IN JAPAN’S TRANSPORT SECTOR, BY MODEMotor vehicle-emitted CO2 accounts for about 90% of the totality of CO2 emitted by Japan’s transport sector. CO2 emissions from road transportation in Japan have seen a significant decrease since transport-sector emissions peaked in 2001.
1990Fiscal year
1995 2000 2005 2010 2017(Preliminary)
1,000
1,050
1,100
1,150
1,200
1,250
1,300
1,350
Source: Ministry of the Environment
CO2 Emission Shares by Sector in 2017
Industry34.6%
Transportation17.9%
Energyconversion
7.8%
Waste processing2.7%
Industrialprocesses
3.9%
Residential15.8%
Commercial/Other17.3%
Automobiles17.2%
Source: Ministry of the Environment
0
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
1990Fiscal year
91
206214
261
AircraftShipsTrains
TrucksPassenger cars & buses
2017 Total(preliminary):
1.19 billiontons
7137
91
88
7137
95
94
92
8137
95
100
93
8137
96
103
94
9137
99
108 108
95
10147
101
114
96
10157
102 99
120
97
11167
122
97
98
10146
125
95
99 2000
11147
130
95
10147
130
01
95
10147
135
02
92
10147
134
03
90
11137
132
04
90
10127
127
05
90
10127
123
06
89
11127
119
07
89
10118
119
08
86
10108
115
09
82
9107
117
10
83
9107
117
11
80
9108
116
12
80
9109
116
13
80
10109
113
14
80
10109
107
15
79
10109
107
16
78
10109
0km/L 2010 30
Small trucks(GVW≤3.5tons)
Up 26.1%2022 target value (4) 17.9 km/L
2012 actual value 14.2 km/L
● 2022 AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY TARGET FOR NEW SMALL TRUCKS (1)
30 31
Attention to the Environment Vehicle Fuel EfficiencyAttention to the Environment Climate Change
x 1 million tons
Climate Change and CO2 Emissions Reduction: The Response of the Transport Sector
In 2017 Japan’s CO2 emissions totalled 1.19 billion tons (preliminary figure), of which the transportation sector accounted for nearly 18%. Since peaking in 2001 following a decade of growth, CO2 emission volumes in Japan’s transport sector have steadily declined, owing largely to increased fuel efficiency in passenger cars and greater efficiency in goods distribution. The automobile industry will continue to vigorously promote CO2 emissions reduction in road transport by further improving vehicle fuel efficiency and expanding the market supply of next-generation vehicles.
CO2 Emissions Reduction: Improving Vehicle Fuel EfficiencyFuel efficiency targets for passenger cars, trucks, and buses are formulated by applying “top runner” criteria whereby the target value for a given vehicle weight category is established based on the leading fuel efficiency performance to date for that weight category. To comply with stringent 2015 average fuel efficiency targets for passenger cars and small trucks and buses as well as for heavy-duty vehicles and, subsequently, with even stricter 2020 targets for passenger cars and 2022 targets for small trucks, JAMA member manufacturers have been making continuous efforts to increase the fuel efficiency of conventional vehicles and expand the supply of alternative-energy vehicles. A joint council set up in June 2019 by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism agreed on an average fuel efficiency target for new passenger cars of 25.4 km/L (a 32.4% increase over the actual value in 2016) by 2030, whose official adoption will be undertaken via the requisite legal channels in due course.
Note: Figures here are JC08 test cycle-based (see page 37).Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
(1) Fuel efficiency is JC08 test cycle-based (see page 37). (4) Targets were established assuming the same shipment volume ratios by vehicle weight category for target years as those recorded in the years showing the actual value of fuel efficiency performance.Sources: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry; Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
50km/L 10 15 20
Passengercars
Up 23.5%2015 target value (4) 16.8 km/L
2004 actual value 13.6 km/L
Small trucks(GVW≤3.5tons)
Up 12.6%2015 target value (4) 15.2 km/L
2004 actual value 13.5 km/L
Small buses Up 7.2%2015 target value (4) 8.9 km/L
2004 actual value 8.3 km/L
● 2015 AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY TARGETS FOR NEW PASSENGER CARS & SMALL TRUCKS/BUSES (1)
● CO2 EMISSIONS IN JAPAN
● AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY OF DOMESTIC NEW GASOLINE-POWERED PASSENGER CARS
2.50km/L 5 7.5 10
Trucks Up 12.2%2015 target value (4) 7.09 km/L
2002 actual value 6.32 km/L
Buses Up 12.1%2015 target value (4) 6.30 km/L
2002 actual value 5.62 km/L
● 2015 AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY TARGETS FOR NEW HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES (GVW>3.5t) (3)
2.50km/L 5 7.5 10
TrucksUp 13.4%(approx.)
2025 target value (5), (6) 7.63 km/L
2015 target value (6) 6.72 km/L
BusesUp 14.3%(approx.)
2025 target value (5), (6) 6.52 km/L
2015 target value (6) 5.71 km/L
● 2025 AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY TARGETS FOR NEW HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES (GVW>3.5t)
● VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES FOR INCREASED FUEL EFFICIENCY
0km/L 2010 30
Passengercars
Up 24.1%2020 target value (4) 20.3 km/L
2009 actual value 16.3 km/L
● 2020 AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY TARGET FOR NEW PASSENGER CARS (1)
(1) Fuel efficiency is JC08 test cycle-based (see page 37). (2) Fuel efficiency is WLTC-based (see page 37). (3) Fuel efficiency is JE05 test cycle-based. (4) Targets were established assuming the same shipment volume ratios by vehicle weight category for target years as those recorded in the years showing the actual value of fuel efficiency performance. (5) While the 2015 target values for new heavy-duty vehicles are JE05 test cycle-based, the 2025 target values were established on the basis of a new measuring method. (6) Targets were established assuming the same shipment volume ratios by vehicle weight category for 2025 as those recorded in 2014.Sources: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry; Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
0km/L 2010 30
Passengercars
Up 32.4%2030 target value (4) 25.4 km/L
2016 actual value 19.2 km/L
● 2030 AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY TARGET FOR NEW PASSENGER CARS (2)
Reduced rolling resistance
– Low rolling-resistance tires
Improved powertrain performance
– Expansion of lock-up area– Expanded number of transmission gears– Continuously variable transmission
Improved engine efficiency
More efficient fuel consumption:– Direct injection – Variable mechanisms (variable cylinder activation, VVT&L, etc.)– Downsized engine supercharging
Reduction of friction loss:– Reduction of piston & piston ring friction loss– Low-viscosity lubricating oil
Other
– Electric power steering– Idling prevention (stop-start)
Reduced aerodynamic drag
– Improved body configuration
Reduced vehicle weight
– Expanded use of lightweight materials– Improved body structure
2000Fiscal year
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1712
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
12.7 13.2 13.8 13.9 14.2 14.3 14.8 14.915.6
16.6 17.118.2
19.821.3
22.4 22.4 22.622.1
In km/L
Japan’s CO2 Emission Volumes, 1990-2017 x 1 million tons
The transportation sector accounts for nearly 18% of Japan’s total CO2 emissions, which in 2017 amounted to 1.19 billion tons (preliminary figure).
● TRENDS IN CO2 EMISSION VOLUMES IN JAPAN’S TRANSPORT SECTOR, BY MODEMotor vehicle-emitted CO2 accounts for about 90% of the totality of CO2 emitted by Japan’s transport sector. CO2 emissions from road transportation in Japan have seen a significant decrease since transport-sector emissions peaked in 2001.
1990Fiscal year
1995 2000 2005 2010 2017(Preliminary)
1,000
1,050
1,100
1,150
1,200
1,250
1,300
1,350
Source: Ministry of the Environment
CO2 Emission Shares by Sector in 2017
Industry34.6%
Transportation17.9%
Energyconversion
7.8%
Waste processing2.7%
Industrialprocesses
3.9%
Residential15.8%
Commercial/Other17.3%
Automobiles17.2%
Source: Ministry of the Environment
0
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
1990Fiscal year
91
206214
261
AircraftShipsTrains
TrucksPassenger cars & buses
2017 Total(preliminary):
1.19 billiontons
7137
91
88
7137
95
94
92
8137
95
100
93
8137
96
103
94
9137
99
108 108
95
10147
101
114
96
10157
102 99
120
97
11167
122
97
98
10146
125
95
99 2000
11147
130
95
10147
130
01
95
10147
135
02
92
10147
134
03
90
11137
132
04
90
10127
127
05
90
10127
123
06
89
11127
119
07
89
10118
119
08
86
10108
115
09
82
9107
117
10
83
9107
117
11
80
9108
116
12
80
9109
116
13
80
10109
113
14
80
10109
107
15
79
10109
107
16
78
10109
0km/L 2010 30
Small trucks(GVW≤3.5tons)
Up 26.1%2022 target value (4) 17.9 km/L
2012 actual value 14.2 km/L
● 2022 AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY TARGET FOR NEW SMALL TRUCKS (1)
30 31
In-Use Status of Next-Generation VehiclesSince 2009, when the government’s tax incentive/subsidy programs for the purchase of eco-friendly vehicles were first introduced, new registrations of (so-called in Japan) next-generation vehicles—including hybrid, plug-in hybrid, electric, fuel cell, clean diesel, and other new-energy vehicles—have been steadily increasing. As a result of each automaker’s efforts to develop a range of such models, the share of next-generation vehicles in new passenger car registrations in 2018 reached nearly 38%. The more widespread use of these vehicles requires not only further advances in vehicle and related technologies, but also, among other government initiatives, the establishment of the necessary fuel/energy supply infrastructures and the continued provision of purchasing incentives.
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
In vehicle units
Plug-in hybrid
vehicles
Electricvehicles
Fuel cellvehicles
Clean diesel
vehiclesTotal
Hybridvehicles
Year
● FACILITY-GENERATED CO2 EMISSION VOLUMES, 1990-2017
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
CO2 Reductions at Manufacturers’ FacilitiesJapan’s automakers, together with the member companies of the Japan Auto-Body Industries Association (JABIA), have for years taken measures to reduce energy consumption and otherwise cut CO2 emissions at their production plants. Having more recently expanded their voluntary CO2 reduction activities to also include administrative and research facilities, their combined facility-emitted CO2 in 2017 totalled 6.65 million tons (preliminary figure), down 110,000 tons from the previous year. In line with targets set in 2016, JAMA and JABIA members aim to reduce their combined facility-emitted CO2 to 6.43 million tons (a 35% reduction from the 1990 level) by 2020 and to 6.16 million tons (a 38% reduction from 1990) by 2030.
CO2 emissions(x 1 million tons)
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
5
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1990Fiscal year
2008Year
09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
9.90
544
2008 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 2020(Target)
2030(Target)
6.70
354
5.87
376
6.14
371
6.50
387
7.36
417
7.47
383
7.16
358
6.66
323
6.76
328
6.65
308
6.436.16
CO2 emissions/productionvalue(x 1,000 tons CO2
per 1 trillion yen)
RestrictionsSubstance Compliance Status
As of January 2006, a 90% decrease or more from the 1996 level of 1,850 grams (i.e., a maximum permissible level of 185 grams).* For large commercial vehicles including buses, a 75% decrease or more from the 1996 level. *Batteries are exempt.
As of January 2005, banned except for trace amounts in safety-related components such as: - Instrument panel displays - Liquid crystal displays in navigation devices - Discharge lamps - Fluorescent cabin lamps
Banned as of January 2008.
Banned as of January 2007.
All models have complied since January 2006.
All models have complied since January 2003. Components listed here in the left column are now mercury-free in all models, except for fluorescent cabin lamps which will be mercury-free in the near future.
All models have complied since January 2008.
All models have complied since January 2006.
Lead
Mercury
Hexavalent chromium
Cadmium
● RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF FOUR HEAVY METALS IN NEW VEHICLES & COMPLIANCE STATUS● NEXT-GENERATION PASSENGER CAR NEW REGISTRATIONS, 2008-2018
In %
● TRENDS IN NEXT-GENERATION VEHICLE SHARE IN NEW PASSENGER CAR REGISTRATIONS
Voluntary Initiatives to Eliminate the Use of Four Heavy Metals in Motor Vehicles
● TARGET VALUES FOR INDOOR CONCENTRATION LEVELS OF 13 SUBSTANCES (VOCs) (established in January 2002)
Target Value forIndoor Concentration Level
Substance Principal Sources
100 μg/m3 (0.08 ppm) 260 μg/m3 (0.07 ppm) 870 μg/m3 (0.20 ppm) 240 μg/m3 (0.04 ppm)3,800 μg/m3 (0.88 ppm) 220 μg/m3 (0.05 ppm) 1 μg/m3 (0.07 ppb) 220 μg/m3 (0.02 ppm) 330 μg/m3 (0.04 ppm) 120 μg/m3 (7.6 ppb) 0.29 μg/m3 (0.02 ppb) 48 μg/m3 (0.03 ppm) 33 μg/m3 (3.8 ppb)
Adhesives for plywood, wallpaper, etc.Adhesives/paints for interior finishing materials, furniture, etc.Adhesives/paints for interior finishing materials, furniture, etc.Moth repellents, lavatory air freshenersAdhesives/paints for plywood, furniture, etc.Insulation materials, bath units, tatami-mat core materialsInsecticides (esp. ant exterminators)Paints, pigments, adhesivesKerosene, paintsWallpaper, flooring materials, wire-coating materialsPesticidesAdhesives for construction materials, wallpaper, etc.Insecticides (esp. termite exterminators)
FormaldehydeTolueneXyleneParadichlorobenzeneEthylbenzeneStyreneChlorpyrifosDi-n-butyl phthalateTetradecaneDi-2-ethylhexyl phthalateDiazinonAcetaldehydeFenobucarb
A Voluntary Approach to Reducing Vehicle Cabin VOCsNew-model passenger cars marketed in and after 2007 and new-model commercial vehicles sold in and after 2008 have met the target values established in January 2002 by Japan’s Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare for indoor concentration levels of 13 volatile organic compounds (VOCs; see table below). To measure VOC concentration levels in vehicle cabin air, JAMA-developed in-cabin test procedures covering passenger cars as well as trucks and buses were introduced in 2005. However, JAMA’s test procedure for passenger cars was replaced by ISO 12219-1 when the latter was established, in July 2012, as the global standard for testing in-cabin VOCs in passenger cars. On the other hand, JASO test methods based on the JAMA procedure for measuring in-cabin VOC concentration levels in trucks and buses (which are not covered by the ISO standard) remain in application. Meanwhile, automakers are continuously working to achieve further reductions in in-cabin VOC concentration levels. This voluntary initiative applies only to vehicles that are manufactured and sold in Japan.
Attention to the Environment Hazardous SubstancesAttention to the Environment Next-Generation Vehicles and CO2 Reductions at Manufacturers’ Facilities
JAMA member manufacturers have, on a voluntary basis, eliminated the use of four heavy metals—lead, mercury, hexavalent chromium and cadmium—in new vehicles to lessen their environmental impact, particularly when they are dismantled and processed at the end of their service life. Restrictions on the use of these substances in motorcycles have been established separately.
108,518347,999481,221451,308887,863921,045
1,058,4021,074,9261,275,5601,385,3431,431,980
000
1510,96814,12216,17814,1889,390
36,00423,230
01,0782,442
12,60713,46914,75616,11010,46715,29918,09226,533
0000007
4111,054
849612
04,3648,9278,797
40,20175,43078,822
153,768143,468154,803176,725
108,518353,441492,590472,727952,501
1,025,3531,169,5191,253,7601,444,7711,595,0911,659,080
20082009201020112012201320142015201620172018
2.6
24.9
29.7
34.8 36.4 37.8
9.011.7 13.4
20.8 22.5
32 33
In-Use Status of Next-Generation VehiclesSince 2009, when the government’s tax incentive/subsidy programs for the purchase of eco-friendly vehicles were first introduced, new registrations of (so-called in Japan) next-generation vehicles—including hybrid, plug-in hybrid, electric, fuel cell, clean diesel, and other new-energy vehicles—have been steadily increasing. As a result of each automaker’s efforts to develop a range of such models, the share of next-generation vehicles in new passenger car registrations in 2018 reached nearly 38%. The more widespread use of these vehicles requires not only further advances in vehicle and related technologies, but also, among other government initiatives, the establishment of the necessary fuel/energy supply infrastructures and the continued provision of purchasing incentives.
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
In vehicle units
Plug-in hybrid
vehicles
Electricvehicles
Fuel cellvehicles
Clean diesel
vehiclesTotal
Hybridvehicles
Year
● FACILITY-GENERATED CO2 EMISSION VOLUMES, 1990-2017
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
CO2 Reductions at Manufacturers’ FacilitiesJapan’s automakers, together with the member companies of the Japan Auto-Body Industries Association (JABIA), have for years taken measures to reduce energy consumption and otherwise cut CO2 emissions at their production plants. Having more recently expanded their voluntary CO2 reduction activities to also include administrative and research facilities, their combined facility-emitted CO2 in 2017 totalled 6.65 million tons (preliminary figure), down 110,000 tons from the previous year. In line with targets set in 2016, JAMA and JABIA members aim to reduce their combined facility-emitted CO2 to 6.43 million tons (a 35% reduction from the 1990 level) by 2020 and to 6.16 million tons (a 38% reduction from 1990) by 2030.
CO2 emissions(x 1 million tons)
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
5
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1990Fiscal year
2008Year
09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
9.90
544
2008 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 2020(Target)
2030(Target)
6.70
354
5.87
376
6.14
371
6.50
387
7.36
417
7.47
383
7.16
358
6.66
323
6.76
328
6.65
308
6.436.16
CO2 emissions/productionvalue(x 1,000 tons CO2
per 1 trillion yen)
RestrictionsSubstance Compliance Status
As of January 2006, a 90% decrease or more from the 1996 level of 1,850 grams (i.e., a maximum permissible level of 185 grams).* For large commercial vehicles including buses, a 75% decrease or more from the 1996 level. *Batteries are exempt.
As of January 2005, banned except for trace amounts in safety-related components such as: - Instrument panel displays - Liquid crystal displays in navigation devices - Discharge lamps - Fluorescent cabin lamps
Banned as of January 2008.
Banned as of January 2007.
All models have complied since January 2006.
All models have complied since January 2003. Components listed here in the left column are now mercury-free in all models, except for fluorescent cabin lamps which will be mercury-free in the near future.
All models have complied since January 2008.
All models have complied since January 2006.
Lead
Mercury
Hexavalent chromium
Cadmium
● RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF FOUR HEAVY METALS IN NEW VEHICLES & COMPLIANCE STATUS● NEXT-GENERATION PASSENGER CAR NEW REGISTRATIONS, 2008-2018
In %
● TRENDS IN NEXT-GENERATION VEHICLE SHARE IN NEW PASSENGER CAR REGISTRATIONS
Voluntary Initiatives to Eliminate the Use of Four Heavy Metals in Motor Vehicles
● TARGET VALUES FOR INDOOR CONCENTRATION LEVELS OF 13 SUBSTANCES (VOCs) (established in January 2002)
Target Value forIndoor Concentration Level
Substance Principal Sources
100 μg/m3 (0.08 ppm) 260 μg/m3 (0.07 ppm) 870 μg/m3 (0.20 ppm) 240 μg/m3 (0.04 ppm)3,800 μg/m3 (0.88 ppm) 220 μg/m3 (0.05 ppm) 1 μg/m3 (0.07 ppb) 220 μg/m3 (0.02 ppm) 330 μg/m3 (0.04 ppm) 120 μg/m3 (7.6 ppb) 0.29 μg/m3 (0.02 ppb) 48 μg/m3 (0.03 ppm) 33 μg/m3 (3.8 ppb)
Adhesives for plywood, wallpaper, etc.Adhesives/paints for interior finishing materials, furniture, etc.Adhesives/paints for interior finishing materials, furniture, etc.Moth repellents, lavatory air freshenersAdhesives/paints for plywood, furniture, etc.Insulation materials, bath units, tatami-mat core materialsInsecticides (esp. ant exterminators)Paints, pigments, adhesivesKerosene, paintsWallpaper, flooring materials, wire-coating materialsPesticidesAdhesives for construction materials, wallpaper, etc.Insecticides (esp. termite exterminators)
FormaldehydeTolueneXyleneParadichlorobenzeneEthylbenzeneStyreneChlorpyrifosDi-n-butyl phthalateTetradecaneDi-2-ethylhexyl phthalateDiazinonAcetaldehydeFenobucarb
A Voluntary Approach to Reducing Vehicle Cabin VOCsNew-model passenger cars marketed in and after 2007 and new-model commercial vehicles sold in and after 2008 have met the target values established in January 2002 by Japan’s Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare for indoor concentration levels of 13 volatile organic compounds (VOCs; see table below). To measure VOC concentration levels in vehicle cabin air, JAMA-developed in-cabin test procedures covering passenger cars as well as trucks and buses were introduced in 2005. However, JAMA’s test procedure for passenger cars was replaced by ISO 12219-1 when the latter was established, in July 2012, as the global standard for testing in-cabin VOCs in passenger cars. On the other hand, JASO test methods based on the JAMA procedure for measuring in-cabin VOC concentration levels in trucks and buses (which are not covered by the ISO standard) remain in application. Meanwhile, automakers are continuously working to achieve further reductions in in-cabin VOC concentration levels. This voluntary initiative applies only to vehicles that are manufactured and sold in Japan.
Attention to the Environment Hazardous SubstancesAttention to the Environment Next-Generation Vehicles and CO2 Reductions at Manufacturers’ Facilities
JAMA member manufacturers have, on a voluntary basis, eliminated the use of four heavy metals—lead, mercury, hexavalent chromium and cadmium—in new vehicles to lessen their environmental impact, particularly when they are dismantled and processed at the end of their service life. Restrictions on the use of these substances in motorcycles have been established separately.
108,518347,999481,221451,308887,863921,045
1,058,4021,074,9261,275,5601,385,3431,431,980
000
1510,96814,12216,17814,1889,390
36,00423,230
01,0782,442
12,60713,46914,75616,11010,46715,29918,09226,533
0000007
4111,054
849612
04,3648,9278,797
40,20175,43078,822
153,768143,468154,803176,725
108,518353,441492,590472,727952,501
1,025,3531,169,5191,253,7601,444,7711,595,0911,659,080
20082009201020112012201320142015201620172018
2.6
24.9
29.7
34.8 36.4 37.8
9.011.7 13.4
20.8 22.5
32 33
● INDUSTRY MEASURES IN LINE WITH NATIONAL LEGISLATION
● THE ELV RECYCLING FLOW (as per the provisions of the End-of-Life Vehicle Recycling Law)
Under Japan’s End-of-Life Vehicle (ELV) Recycling Law which entered into force in January 2005, automobile manufacturers and importers are responsible for recovery, recycling and appropriate disposal with respect to fluorocarbons, airbags, and automobile shredder residue (ASR). Compliance with the law was anticipated to enable ASR to be recycled at a rate of 70% by 2015, resulting in an automobile recycling rate, by vehicle weight, of 95% (as compared with the 80% rate prevailing prior to the introduction of the law); those rates were in fact surpassed in 2008. Japan’s vehicle recycling infrastructure as mandated by its ELV Recycling Law is the first in the world to administer the entire process of auto recycling—from ELV recovery to final disposal—on the basis of electronic “manifests” (or compliance checklists). In line with legislative provisions promoting the so-called 3R initiatives (“reduce, reuse, and recycle”), Japan’s automakers are also striving to design vehicles using lightweight materials that are easy to dismantle and recycle, and to reduce and recycle waste generated in the manufacturing process. In 2017 the volume of auto plant-generated waste destined for landfill disposal totalled 300 tons. Having long surpassed the target of 1,000 tons set for 2020, JAMA members will nevertheless continue to promote the reduction of plant-generated waste for landfill disposal.
2018
3,378,995
2,935,936
2,764,427
3,546,868
2017
3,304,942
2,861,858
2,639,270
3,197,796
Fiscal Year
No. of ELVs recovered
Appropriate disposal of
three designated
items
(1) Through recovery/appropriate disposal of inflators or through onboard deactivation. (2) Covers all categories of processors, whether for direct disposal or for transfer to other markets.
(1) Nineteen products including automobiles have been designated in this legislation as requiring “reduce” initiatives in their design. (2) Twenty-three products including automobiles have been designated in this legislation as requiring “reuse” and “recycle” initiatives in their design.
Sources: Japan Automobile Recycling Promotion Center;Japan Auto Recycling Partnership; Toyotsu Recycle Corporation; “ART” group of companies Sources: Government-affiliated entities
Vehicle Recycling and Waste Reduction
Promotion of Effective Utilizationof Resources Law (the “3R” Law)
Product Design Waste Management ELV Recycling
End-of-Life VehicleRecycling Law
For designated areas of activity:- Reduction/recycling of designated waste products generated in vehicle manufacturing operations: 1) Scrap metals 2) Casting sand residue
- Total waste volume*: 1990 (baseline): 352,000 tons
↓ 2017: 300 tons JAMA target: 1,000 tons by fiscal 2020
*For landfill disposal, including scrap metals, casting sand residue, and other waste
Basic premise:- Environmentally responsible vehicle design on the part of automobile manufacturers
- Recovery and recycling of: 1) Fluorocarbons 2) Airbags 3) ASR
Note: Motorcycles are not covered by the ELV Recycling Law.
For designated products (1):- Weight reduction/ Downsizing- Longer product life- Reduced use of hazardous substances
For designated products (2):
- Use of reusable/recyclable materials
- Ease of dismantling
- Ease of sorting
- Non-hazardous recycling
- Materials identification
Dis
trib
uti
on
, Ser
vici
ng
an
d U
se
“Reduce” initiatives
“Reuse” initiatives
“Recycle” initiatives
● ELV RECOVERY IN NUMBERS In vehicle units
Fluorocarbons
Airbags (1)
ASR (2)
Achieved
2.97 million vehicle units (2017)
94% (2017)
97.9-98.9% (2017)
Target
Destruction
85%
2005: 30%2010: 50%2015: 70%
Three DesignatedItems
Fluorocarbons
Airbags
ASR
● RECYCLING RATES: TARGETED & ACHIEVED
Delegated Funds Management Entity (Japan Automobile Recycling Promotion Center)
Delegated Information Management Entity (Japan Automobile Recycling Promotion Center)
Automobile Manufacturers/Importers/Delegated Organization(Japan Automobile Recycling Promotion Center)
Recoverymanifests
Deliverymanifests
Recoverymanifests
Deliverymanifests
Recoverymanifests
Deliverymanifests
Recoverymanifests
Deliverymanifests
*Fluorocarbons are destroyed.
Payment of recovery, recycling and disposal costs
Note: The Japan Automobile Recycling Promotion Center assumes the same responsibilities as automobile manufacturers and importers when an ELV has no manufacturer representation under the provisions of this law. It also assumes transport-to-mainland costs for ELVs turned in on Japan’s smallest islands.
FluorocarbonDisposal* Facilities
Purchasers ofNew Vehicles
Purchasers ofUsed Vehicles
Final Owners
DismantlersFluorocarbon
RecoveryOperators
ELVCollectors
Inspection & registration verification (MOTAS) Mini-vehicle inspection
AirbagDisposal Facilities
Shredder ResidueRecycling Facilities
Shredder ResidueRecycling Facilities
Shredder Residue Processors
Press & ShearOperators
To markets for recyclable parts, metals, etc.
Shredderresidue
Fluorocarbons Payment
for recoveryPaymentfor recovery
Shredding & Sorting Operators
Fluorocarbon & airbag disposal managed byJapan Auto Recycling Partnership (JARP)
Designated Handling Agent
Designated Handling Agent
MOTAS: Japanese-derived acronym for “motor vehicle inspection and registration system”
Vehiclecarcasses
ELVsELVsELVs
ELV flow
Information flow
Fee remittance/payment flows
Recycling feeremittances
● REDUCTIONS IN PRODUCTION PLANT-GENERATED WASTE
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
Waste for landfill disposal(x 1,000 tons)
0
25
20
15
10
5
0
500
400
300
200
100
1990Fiscal year
2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 2020Target
352
18.6
5133 20 18 12 8 6 2 1.4 1 1.1 1.3 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 1
16.617.218.818.8 19.5
21.022.7
24.3
19.8
16.9
17.718.119.1
20.821.6
20.019.9
17
0.3
21.0Total value of vehicle production including motorcycles(x 1 billion yen)
Attention to the Environment Recycling
Disposal/RecyclingFacilities
(14)
● THE MOTORCYCLE RECYCLING FLOW
Notes: 1. The only cost to final owners (where applicable) is for the delivery by ELV dealers of end-of-life motorcycles to certified collection centers. 2. The disposal of municipally-owned end-of-life motorcycles requires advance approval by the Japan Automobile Recycling Promotion Center.
FinalOwners
Source: Japan Automobile Recycling Promotion Center
Certified Collection
Centers (170)
Deliveryto certifiedcollection
centers
End-of-Life Motorcycle Dealers
ELV Motorcycle Dealer Designation
Digits represent dealer’s ID code.
Verificationof ownership
Verificationof recycling
documentation
Delivery of end-of-lifemotorcycle to
an ELV motorcycle dealer
Delivery of end-of-life motorcycle directly to a certified collection
center
End-of-Life Motorcycle Processing(nationwide operations)
Airbags
Motorcycle Recycling Mark
Verificationof ownership
Verificationof recycling
documentation
34 35
● MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS REGULATIONS IN JAPAN
Global Harmonization in the Regulation of Vehicle Exhaust EmissionsJapan’s vehicle exhaust emissions regulations have always been among the world’s most stringent, and its automakers have worked very hard to develop the advanced technologies required to comply with them. As a result, NOx and other atmospheric pollutant levels have been, even in large urban areas, on a steady decline. Japan has participated in international discussions on the global harmonization of emission test cycles and in 2010 introduced the UN test cycle for motorcycle emissions. In 2018 Japan adopted the UN “WLTC” to measure emissions from new gasoline-powered passenger cars and light commercial vehicles, following its adoption in 2016 of the UN “WHTC” for measuring diesel exhaust emissions from new heavy-duty vehicles (see corresponding notes below).
Test cycle
WLTC (g/km) (1)
WLTC (g/km) (1)
WLTC (g/km) (1)
WLTC (g/km) (1)
WLTC (g/km) (1)
WLTC (g/km) (1)
WLTC (g/km) (1)
WLTC (g/km) (1)
JE05 (g/kWh)
WLTC (g/km) (1)
WLTC (g/km) (1)
WLTC (g/km) (1)
WHTC (g/kWh)(4)
Passenger cars
Trucks and buses
Passenger cars (3)
Trucks and buses
Mini
Light-duty(GVW≤1.7t)
Medium-duty (1.7t<GVW≤3.5t)
Heavy-duty(GVW>3.5t)
Light-duty(GVW≤1.7t)
Medium-duty (1.7t<GVW≤3.5t)
Heavy-duty(GVW>3.5t)
Gasolineand
LPG Vehicles
Diesel Vehicles
Motorcycles
2018
20182019
20192018
20182019
20192009
2018
2018
2019
2016
CONMHCNOxPM (2)
CONMHCNOxPM (2)
CONMHCNOxPM (2)
CONMHCNOxPM (2)
CONMHCNOxPM (2)
CONMHCNOxPMCONMHCNOxPMCONMHCNOxPMCONMHCNOx (5)
PM
1.150.100.050.0054.020.100.050.0051.150.100.050.0052.550.150.070.007
16.0 0.230.70.010.630.0240.150.0050.630.0240.150.0050.630.0240.240.0072.220.170.40.01
Yearenforced
EmissionRegulatory
value (Average)
Current Regulations
Vehicle Type
(1) WLTC: Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Cycle, on the basis of values measured in cold-start state. (2) PM values apply only to direct-injection, lean-burn vehicles equipped with absorption-type NOx reduction catalysts. (3) Small-sized diesel passenger cars have an equivalent inertia weight (EIW) of 1.25t (GVW of 1.265t) or less, and mid-sized diesel passenger cars have an E|W over 1.25t. (4) WHTC: World Harmonized Transient Cycle, on the basis of (values measured in cold-start state) x 0.14 + (values measured in warm-start state) x 0.86. (5) Enforcement: 2016 for GVW>7.5t; 2017 for tractors; 2018 for 3.5t<GVW≤7.5t. (6) WMTC: World Motorcycle Test Cycle. (7) 2017 enforcement for in-production models first launched prior to 2016.Note: CO: Carbon monoxide; NMHC: Non-methane hydrocarbons; THC: Total hydrocarbons; NOx: Nitrogen oxides; PM: Particulate matter.
Sources: Ministry of the Environment; Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
Class motorcycles*Under 0.150L in engine capacity with a maximum speed of 50km/h, or under 0.150L in engine capacity with a maximum speed of 99km/h.*Equivalent to motor-driven cycles, Class 1 and Class 2.
WMTC (g/km)(6)
2016 (7) CO
THC
NOx
1.14
0.30
0.07
WMTC (g/km)(6)
2016 (7)CO
THC
NOx
1.14
0.20
0.07
WMTC (g/km)(6)
2016 (7) CO
THC
NOx
1.14
0.17
0.09
Class motorcycles*Under 0.150L in engine capacity with a maximum speed of <130km/h, or 0.150L or over in engine capacity with a maximum speed of <130km/h. *Equivalent to mini-sized and small-sized motorcycles with a maximum speed of <130km/h.
Class motorcycles*With a maximum speed of ≥130km/h.*Equivalent to mini-sized and small-sized motorcycles with a maximum speed of ≥130km/h.
Japan’s Test Cycles for Measuring Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Emissions
Japan not only promotes the international standardization of test cycles for measuring motor vehicle fuel consumption and CO2 and other emissions but has actively contributed to the development of the Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Cycle (also referred to as the Worldwide Harmonized Light-Duty Test Cycle), or WLTC, under the United Nations’ World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations. In line with that initiative, Japan is now in the process of replacing its JC08 test cycle for passenger cars and other non-heavy-duty vehicles with WLTC. WLTC incorporates three driving cycles: the “urban, rural and expressway modes,” as they are called in Japanese. The indication wherever necessary of fuel consumption rates measured in the three driving “modes” as well as their certified mean (i.e., average) rate has been required since October 2018.
● COMPARISON OF THE JC08 TEST CYCLE AND WLTC FOR LIGHT VEHICLES
● HOW LIGHT-VEHICLE FUEL CONSUMPTION RATES (EXAMPLES) ARE INDICATED IN JAPAN
Measured on the basis of the JC08 test cycle
0 1,600Time (sec)
1,4001,2001,000800600400200
100
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
(1) Fuel consumption rates are obtained on the basis of designated test conditions. In real-world on-road driving, rates will vary as a result of multiple factors (weather and traffic conditions, driving behavior, use of air conditioner, etc.).
Vehiclespeed(km/h)
The JC08 Test Cycle
0 1,600Time (sec)
1,4001,2001,000800600400200
WLTC
Urban mode Rural mode Expressway mode
Fuel consumption rate (1) certifiedby the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure,
Transport and Tourism
21.4km/L (1) Fuel consumption rates are obtained on the basis of designated test conditions. In real-world on-road driving, rates will vary as a result of multiple factors (weather and traffic conditions, driving behavior, use of air conditioner, etc.).
(2) WLTC is an international test cycle incorporating urban, rural and expressway driving cycles or “modes” with specific time durations designated for each mode.Urban mode: (Assumptions) Low-speed driving characterized by frequent stops and starts
owing to numerous traffic signals and congestionRural mode: (Assumptions) Steady driving characterized by fewer stops and starts owing to
fewer traffic signals and less congestion than in urban drivingExpressway driving mode: (Assumptions) High-speed driving typical of highway driving
Fuel consumption rate (1) certifiedby the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
20.4km/L
Measured on the basis of WLTC
Urban mode (2) 15.2km/LRural mode (2) 21.4km/LExpressway mode (2) 23.2km/L
(2)
100
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Vehiclespeed(km/h)
Attention to the Environment Measuring Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption and EmissionsAttention to the Environment Emissions
36 37
● MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS REGULATIONS IN JAPAN
Global Harmonization in the Regulation of Vehicle Exhaust EmissionsJapan’s vehicle exhaust emissions regulations have always been among the world’s most stringent, and its automakers have worked very hard to develop the advanced technologies required to comply with them. As a result, NOx and other atmospheric pollutant levels have been, even in large urban areas, on a steady decline. Japan has participated in international discussions on the global harmonization of emission test cycles and in 2010 introduced the UN test cycle for motorcycle emissions. In 2018 Japan adopted the UN “WLTC” to measure emissions from new gasoline-powered passenger cars and light commercial vehicles, following its adoption in 2016 of the UN “WHTC” for measuring diesel exhaust emissions from new heavy-duty vehicles (see corresponding notes below).
Test cycle
WLTC (g/km) (1)
WLTC (g/km) (1)
WLTC (g/km) (1)
WLTC (g/km) (1)
WLTC (g/km) (1)
WLTC (g/km) (1)
WLTC (g/km) (1)
WLTC (g/km) (1)
JE05 (g/kWh)
WLTC (g/km) (1)
WLTC (g/km) (1)
WLTC (g/km) (1)
WHTC (g/kWh)(4)
Passenger cars
Trucks and buses
Passenger cars (3)
Trucks and buses
Mini
Light-duty(GVW≤1.7t)
Medium-duty (1.7t<GVW≤3.5t)
Heavy-duty(GVW>3.5t)
Light-duty(GVW≤1.7t)
Medium-duty (1.7t<GVW≤3.5t)
Heavy-duty(GVW>3.5t)
Gasolineand
LPG Vehicles
Diesel Vehicles
Motorcycles
2018
20182019
20192018
20182019
20192009
2018
2018
2019
2016
CONMHCNOxPM (2)
CONMHCNOxPM (2)
CONMHCNOxPM (2)
CONMHCNOxPM (2)
CONMHCNOxPM (2)
CONMHCNOxPMCONMHCNOxPMCONMHCNOxPMCONMHCNOx (5)
PM
1.150.100.050.0054.020.100.050.0051.150.100.050.0052.550.150.070.007
16.0 0.230.70.010.630.0240.150.0050.630.0240.150.0050.630.0240.240.0072.220.170.40.01
Yearenforced
EmissionRegulatory
value (Average)
Current Regulations
Vehicle Type
(1) WLTC: Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Cycle, on the basis of values measured in cold-start state. (2) PM values apply only to direct-injection, lean-burn vehicles equipped with absorption-type NOx reduction catalysts. (3) Small-sized diesel passenger cars have an equivalent inertia weight (EIW) of 1.25t (GVW of 1.265t) or less, and mid-sized diesel passenger cars have an E|W over 1.25t. (4) WHTC: World Harmonized Transient Cycle, on the basis of (values measured in cold-start state) x 0.14 + (values measured in warm-start state) x 0.86. (5) Enforcement: 2016 for GVW>7.5t; 2017 for tractors; 2018 for 3.5t<GVW≤7.5t. (6) WMTC: World Motorcycle Test Cycle. (7) 2017 enforcement for in-production models first launched prior to 2016.Note: CO: Carbon monoxide; NMHC: Non-methane hydrocarbons; THC: Total hydrocarbons; NOx: Nitrogen oxides; PM: Particulate matter.
Sources: Ministry of the Environment; Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
Class motorcycles*Under 0.150L in engine capacity with a maximum speed of 50km/h, or under 0.150L in engine capacity with a maximum speed of 99km/h.*Equivalent to motor-driven cycles, Class 1 and Class 2.
WMTC (g/km)(6)
2016 (7) CO
THC
NOx
1.14
0.30
0.07
WMTC (g/km)(6)
2016 (7)CO
THC
NOx
1.14
0.20
0.07
WMTC (g/km)(6)
2016 (7) CO
THC
NOx
1.14
0.17
0.09
Class motorcycles*Under 0.150L in engine capacity with a maximum speed of <130km/h, or 0.150L or over in engine capacity with a maximum speed of <130km/h. *Equivalent to mini-sized and small-sized motorcycles with a maximum speed of <130km/h.
Class motorcycles*With a maximum speed of ≥130km/h.*Equivalent to mini-sized and small-sized motorcycles with a maximum speed of ≥130km/h.
Japan’s Test Cycles for Measuring Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Emissions
Japan not only promotes the international standardization of test cycles for measuring motor vehicle fuel consumption and CO2 and other emissions but has actively contributed to the development of the Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Cycle (also referred to as the Worldwide Harmonized Light-Duty Test Cycle), or WLTC, under the United Nations’ World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations. In line with that initiative, Japan is now in the process of replacing its JC08 test cycle for passenger cars and other non-heavy-duty vehicles with WLTC. WLTC incorporates three driving cycles: the “urban, rural and expressway modes,” as they are called in Japanese. The indication wherever necessary of fuel consumption rates measured in the three driving “modes” as well as their certified mean (i.e., average) rate has been required since October 2018.
● COMPARISON OF THE JC08 TEST CYCLE AND WLTC FOR LIGHT VEHICLES
● HOW LIGHT-VEHICLE FUEL CONSUMPTION RATES (EXAMPLES) ARE INDICATED IN JAPAN
Measured on the basis of the JC08 test cycle
0 1,600Time (sec)
1,4001,2001,000800600400200
100
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
(1) Fuel consumption rates are obtained on the basis of designated test conditions. In real-world on-road driving, rates will vary as a result of multiple factors (weather and traffic conditions, driving behavior, use of air conditioner, etc.).
Vehiclespeed(km/h)
The JC08 Test Cycle
0 1,600Time (sec)
1,4001,2001,000800600400200
WLTC
Urban mode Rural mode Expressway mode
Fuel consumption rate (1) certifiedby the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure,
Transport and Tourism
21.4km/L (1) Fuel consumption rates are obtained on the basis of designated test conditions. In real-world on-road driving, rates will vary as a result of multiple factors (weather and traffic conditions, driving behavior, use of air conditioner, etc.).
(2) WLTC is an international test cycle incorporating urban, rural and expressway driving cycles or “modes” with specific time durations designated for each mode.Urban mode: (Assumptions) Low-speed driving characterized by frequent stops and starts
owing to numerous traffic signals and congestionRural mode: (Assumptions) Steady driving characterized by fewer stops and starts owing to
fewer traffic signals and less congestion than in urban drivingExpressway driving mode: (Assumptions) High-speed driving typical of highway driving
Fuel consumption rate (1) certifiedby the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
20.4km/L
Measured on the basis of WLTC
Urban mode (2) 15.2km/LRural mode (2) 21.4km/LExpressway mode (2) 23.2km/L
(2)
100
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Vehiclespeed(km/h)
Attention to the Environment Measuring Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption and EmissionsAttention to the Environment Emissions
36 37
x 100 million yen
Since the initial earmarking of funds for road construction and road maintenance programs in line with Japan’s first five-year road improvement plan in 1954, there has been a steady increase both in the number of automobile-related taxes assessed on users and in their respective rates. Currently, the automobile tax structure consists of nine different taxes, creating a very heavy tax burden for motor vehicle owners in Japan. Under the government’s budget for fiscal 2019, the total value of tax revenue from these automobile-related taxes has been estimated at 8.6 trillion yen, or 8.1% of Japan’s projected total tax revenue of 106.6 trillion yen in fiscal 2019.
Taxes Taxes on Automobiles
9 Trillion Yen in Annual Automobile-Related Tax Revenue
Notes: 1. Automobile-related consumption tax revenue is not included in the “Consumption tax” segment in the chart on the left, but is included in the breakdown of automobile-related tax revenue appearing in the chart on the right. 2. Automobile-related consumption tax revenue values (including the consumption tax revenue from automobile servicing, not shown but included in figures here) have been calculated by JAMA. 3. The consumption tax is a national sales tax, of which 1.7% of the revenue is redistributed as revenue to local governments.
Sources: Ministry of Finance; Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications
Stamp tax10,490(1.0%)
Consumptiontax
217,409(20.4%)
Fixedasset tax91,648(8.6%)
Tonnagetax
6,510
Automobiletax
15,902
Mini-vehicle tax2,699
Gasolinetax
23,030
Dieselhandling
tax9,537
LPG tax140
Regionalgasoline
excise tax2,464
Consumptiontax (on fuels)
8,807
Corporate tax203,710(19.1%)
Other244,252 (22.9%)
Liquor tax12,710(1.2%)
Income tax199,340(18.7%)
Taxes on Automobiles Total42,309
Taxes onFuelsTotal
43,978
Total Tax Revenue
(national andlocal taxes)1,065,846
(100%)During
ownershipWhilein use
Onacquisition
Consumption tax(on automobiles)
16,328
Assessed on the purchase price of fuels
National and local tax
8% of the purchase price of fuels (of which 1.7% is a local tax)
[For light oil, imposed on the light oil price excluding the diesel handling tax]
HowAssessed
National/Local Tax
Tax Rate/Amount
Assessed on the purchase price of the automobile
National and local tax
8% (of which 1.7% is a local tax)
On Acquisition During OwnershipTax Category
Consumption Tax
Assessed on the acquisition of an automobile, whether new or used, based on the purchase price
Prefectural tax
(Private use)- 3% of purchase price
(2% for commercial vehicles and mini-vehicles)
- Exempted for vehicles purchased for ¥500,000 or less
Acquisition Tax
Assessed according to vehicle weight at each mandatory vehicle inspection
National tax
1) Eco-friendly vehicles:¥2,500/0.5t/year (= base rate) for private-use passenger cars
2) Vehicles on the road 18 years or longer since first registration: ¥6,300/0.5t/year for private-use passenger cars
3) Vehicles on the road 13 years or longer since first registration: ¥5,700/0.5t/year for private-use passenger cars
4) Other vehicles for private use: - Passenger cars: ¥4,100/0.5t/year- Trucks (GVW>2.5t): ¥4,100/t/year; Trucks (GVW≤2.5t): ¥3,300/t/year- Buses: ¥4,100/t/year; Mini-vehicles: ¥3,300/year- Motorcycles (251cc and over): ¥1,900/year- Motorcycles (126 to 250cc): ¥4,900 upon registration
Note: For eco-friendly vehicles, reductions/exemptions apply to the tonnage tax from May 2019 through April 2021 (see page 40).
Tonnage Tax
Fixed amount assessed on the owner each year as of April 1
Prefectural tax
Passenger cars for private use:- Up to 1,000cc ¥29,500/year- 1,001 to 1,500cc ¥34,500/year- 1,501 to 2,000cc ¥39,500/year- 2,001 to 2,500cc ¥45,000/year- 2,501 to 3,000cc ¥51,000/year- 3,001 to 3,500cc ¥58,000/year- 3,501 to 4,000cc ¥66,500/year- 4,001 to 4,500cc ¥76,500/year- 4,501 to 6,000cc ¥88,000/year- Over 6,000cc ¥111,000/year
Automobile Tax
Fixed amount assessed on the owner each year as of April 1
Municipal tax
1) Mini-vehicles for private use:- Passenger cars ¥10,800/year- Trucks ¥5,000/year
2) Motorcycles- Up to 50cc ¥2,000/year- 51 to 90cc ¥2,000/year- 91 to 125cc ¥2,400/year- 126 to 250cc ¥3,600/year- 251cc and over ¥6,000/year
Mini-Vehicle Tax
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
While in Use
GasolineTax
¥5.2/L
Regional GasolineExcise Tax
Assessed on light oil
Prefectural tax
¥32.1/L (light oil)
Diesel Handling Tax
Assessed on LPG
National tax
¥17.5/kg (LPG)
LPG TaxConsumption
Tax
Note: Above tax rates apply to new private-use passenger cars registered on or after October 1, 2019 (see page 42).
Assessed on gasoline
Included in the fuel price National tax
¥48.6/L
Note: Above tax rates apply to new vehicles registered in or after fiscal 2015 and took effect from fiscal 2016.
Note: For some eco-friendly mini-vehicles, reductions apply to the mini-vehicle tax (see page 41).
[Commercial and mini-vehicles excluded]
3%
5%
3%3%
1.00
AcquisitionTax
FiscalYear“Five-Year” PlanDuration
[In the case of a passenger car for private use]
2,5005,0006,300
6,3005,000
4,100 (2,500)
4,100 (2,500*)
1.64
TonnageTax
¥/0.5t/year13.011.0
14.8
19.2
22.124.3
29.236.545.6
48.6
48.6
2.00
GasolineTax¥/L
2.0
3.5
4.04.4
5.36.68.2
5.2
5.2
1.18
Regional GasolineExcise Tax
¥/L
6.08.0
10.4
12.515.0
19.524.3
32.1
32.1
2.14
DieselHandling Tax
¥/L
510
17.5
17.5
1.00
LPG Tax¥/kg
1954195519561957
1959
1961196419661967196819701971197419761979
19931998
1954-57
1958-60
1961-63
1964-66
1967-69
1970-72
1973-77
1978-821983-871988-921993-971998-20022003-07
2008-
2010-112012-132014-18
2019-Comparison with base tax rate
(multiplier value)
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Sixth
Seventh
Eighth NinthTenthEleventhTwelfthAs per the national priority infrastructure development planAs per the national medium-term road infrastructure plan————
Notes: 1. Consumption tax revenue values (including the consumption tax revenue from automobile servicing, not shown but included in figures here) have been calculated by JAMA. 2. Current tax rates effective as of May 1, 2019.
Acquisition taxConsumption tax (on automobiles)Tonnage tax
Automobile tax
Mini-vehicle taxTotal Gasoline taxRegional gasoline excise taxDiesel handling taxLPG taxConsumption tax (on fuels)Total
87016,328
6,510
15,902
2,69942,30923,030
2,4649,537
1408,807
43,97886,287
3%8%
¥2,500/0.5t/year(e.g., passenger car for private use)
Based on engine capacity(e.g., for 1,001≤1,500cc passenger cars, ¥34,500/year; see below)
¥10,800/year (passenger cars for private use)
¥24.3/L ¥4.4/L¥15.0/L
¥17.5/kg8%
3% (commercial and mini-vehicles excluded)
¥4,100/0.5t/year(e.g., passenger car for private use)
¥48.6/L¥5.2/L
¥32.1/L
Current Tax Rate
1.00
1.64
2.001.182.141.00
Comparison with Base Tax Rate (multiplier value)
Taxes on Automobiles
Taxes on Fuels
Grand Total
Tax Revenue(x 100 million yen)
Base Tax Rate(for reference)
On acquisitionDuring ownership
While in use
● AUTOMOBILE-RELATED TAXES IN JAPAN (as of May 1, 2019)
● JAPAN’S ESTIMATED AUTOMOBILE-RELATED TAX REVENUE IN FISCAL 2019
● TAX RATES IN EFFECT (Examples), 1954-2019, TO SUPPORT ROAD NETWORK IMPROVEMENTS
Note: For eco-friendly vehicles, reductions/exemptions apply to the acquisition tax from April through September 2019 (see page 40).
*The base tonnage tax rate (¥2,500/0.5t/year as of May 1, 2019) is applied only to eco-friendly vehicles.Base tax rate
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
● TAX REVENUE (Estimated) BY SOURCE IN FISCAL 2019 (as per Japan’s fiscal 2019 budget)
Breakdown of Automobile-Related
Tax Revenue (estimated)86,287 (8.1%)
Acquisition tax870
38 39
(1) Only vehicles complying with 2009 emission standards. (2) With NOx emissions down by 10% from 2009 emission standards. (3) With NOx emissions down by 10% from 2009 emission standards, or complying with 2018 emission standards. (4) Reductions effective on initial inspection mandated for new vehicle purchase are applied in the fiscal year following the year of purchase.Notes: 1. This scheme also mandates a yearly 15% (10% for trucks and buses) surcharge on the automobile tax for gasoline and LPG-powered vehicles on the road 13 years or longer, and for diesel vehicles on the road 11 years or longer, since first registration; electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, natural gas vehicles, methanol vehicles, gasoline hybrid vehicles, public transport buses and trailers are exempt. 2. In and after 2021, only electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, plug-in hybrid vehicles, natural gas vehicles, and clean diesel passenger cars will be eligible for the tax reduction.
To help expedite the shift to low-carbon road transport in the interest of curbing global warming and to help improve air quality, the Japanese government has, since April 2009, applied auto-related tax incentives to promote the wider use of eco-friendly vehicles. Updated incentives and eligibility requirements came into effect in April and May 2019 and their effective periods were extended for two years with the exception of the incentives for the acquisition tax, which were extended for six months until October 2019, when the acquisition tax is to be abolished in tandem with the scheduled rise in the consumption tax.
Tax Incentives to Promote the Wider Use of Eco-Friendly Vehicles
(1) An initial inspection is mandated for a new vehicle purchase; exemption at the time of first vehicle inspection post-purchase applies only when the new inspection certificate is issued within 15 days following expiration of the old certificate. (2) For vehicles compliant +90% with 2020 fuel efficiency standards, exemption applies on initial inspection mandated for new vehicle purchase and at the time of first vehicle inspection post-purchase (only when the new inspection certificate is issued within 15 days following expiration of the old certificate).
INCENTIVES & ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS
● ACQUISITION AND TONNAGE TAX REDUCTIONS/EXEMPTIONSPeriod in effect: April 1, 2019 through September 30, 2019 for the acquisition tax; May 1, 2019 through April 30, 2021 for the tonnage tax.
• Electric vehicles • Fuel cell vehicles• Natural gas vehicles (with NOx emissions down by 10% from
2009 emission standards, or complying with 2018 emission standards)
• Plug-in hybrid vehicles• Clean diesel passenger cars (complying with 2009 or 2018
emission standards)
+10%25%
reduction
+20% +30% +40% +90%Compliant20%
reduction@ Initial vehicle
inspectionTonnage
Tax
Acquisition Tax
@ Initial & first vehicle inspections
TonnageTax
Acquisition Tax
Exempt (1)
Exempt
2020 Fuel Efficiency StandardsFuel efficiencyEmissions level
25% reduction
50% reduction
50% reduction
Down by 75% from 2005 standards or Down by 50% from 2018 standards
Exempt
Exempt (2)
Reductions/ExemptionsTax Category
1. Passenger CarsRequirements
Gasoline vehicles/LPG vehicles (including hybrids)
• Electric vehicles • Fuel cell vehicles• Natural gas vehicles (with NOx emissions down by 10% from
2009 emission standards, or complying with 2018 emission standards)
• Plug-in hybrid vehicles
+5%20%
reduction
+10%40%
reduction
+15%60%
reduction50%
reduction
+20%80%
reduction75%
reduction
+25%
Exempt
Exempt@ Initial vehicle
inspectionTonnage
Tax
Acquisition Tax
@ Initial & first vehicle inspections
TonnageTax
Acquisition Tax
Exempt (1)
Exempt
2015 Fuel Efficiency StandardsFuel efficiencyEmissions level
25% reduction
Down by 75% from 2005 standards or Down by 50% from 2018 standards
Reductions/ExemptionsTax Category
2. Small Trucks and Buses (GVW≤2.5t)Requirements
Gasoline vehicles(including hybrids)
• Electric vehicles • Fuel cell vehicles• Natural gas vehicles (with NOx emissions down by 10% from 2009
emission standards, or complying with 2018 emission standards)
• Plug-in hybrid vehicles @ Initial & first vehicle inspectionsTonnage Tax
Acquisition Tax
Exempt (1)
Exempt
2015 Fuel Efficiency StandardsFuel efficiencyEmissions level
Down by 75% from 2005 standards or Down by 50% from 2018 standardsDown by 50% from 2005 standards or Down by 25% from 2018 standardsNOx and PM emissions down by 10% from 2009 standards or Compliant with 2018 emission standardsCompliant with 2009 emission standards
Reductions/ExemptionsTax Category
3. Mid-Sized Trucks and Buses (2.5t GVW≤3.5t)Requirements
Gasoline vehicles(including hybrids)
Diesel vehicles(including hybrids)
+5%50%
reductionNo
incentive50%
reductionNo
incentive
+10%75%
reduction50%
reduction75%
reduction50%
reduction
+15%ExemptExempt75%
reductionExemptExempt75%
reduction
@ Initial vehicle inspectionTonnage TaxAcquisition Tax
@ Initial vehicle inspectionTonnage TaxAcquisition Tax
@ Initial vehicle inspectionTonnage TaxAcquisition Tax
@ Initial vehicle inspectionTonnage TaxAcquisition Tax
• Electric vehicles • Fuel cell vehicles• Natural gas vehicles (with NOx emissions down by 10% from 2009 emission standards)
• Plug-in hybrid vehicles @ Initial & first vehicle inspectionsTonnage Tax
Acquisition Tax
Exempt (1)
Exempt
2015 Fuel Efficiency StandardsFuel efficiencyEmissions level
NOx and PM emissions down by 10% from 2009 standards or Compliant with 2016 emission standards
Reductions/ExemptionsTax Category
4. Heavy-Duty Trucks and Buses (GVW 3.5t)Requirements
Diesel vehicles(including hybrids) +5%
50% reduction
+10%75%
reduction
+15%ExemptExempt@ Initial vehicle inspectionTonnage Tax
Acquisition Tax
● ADDITIONAL ACQUISITION AND TONNAGE TAX REDUCTIONS/EXEMPTIONS (For Vehicles Equipped with Advanced Safety Features [ASVs] and Public-Use Assisted-Mobility Vehicles [AMVs])Period in effect (ASVs): April 1, 2019 through September 30, 2019 for the acquisition tax; May 1, 2018 through April 30, 2021 for the tonnage tax.Period in effect (AMVs): April 1, 2019 through September 30, 2019 for the acquisition tax; May 1, 2018 through March 31, 2021 for the tonnage tax.
Low-floor (“non-step”) buses (for use in public/charter transport)
Buses equipped with an electric lift (for use in public/charter transport)
Universal design-based taxis (for use in public transport)
Collision-mitigation braking system
Electronic stability control system
Lane departure warning system
¥3.5 million deduction from purchase price (1), (3)
¥1.75 million deduction from purchase price (1), (3)
Up to ¥5.25 million deduction from purchase price (1), (3)
¥10 million deduction from purchase price (3)
· For large buses (occupancy≥30 persons), ¥6.5 million deduction from purchase price (3)
· For small buses (occupancy<30 persons), ¥2 million deduction from purchase price (3)
¥1.0 million deduction from purchase price (3)
50% reduction (1), (2)
25% reduction (1), (2)
Up to 75% reduction (1), (2)
Exempt (2)
Exempt (2)
Exempt (2)
Vehicle Type
Electric vehicles/Fuel cell vehicles/Plug-in hybrid vehicles/Clean diesel passenger cars (1)/Natural gas vehicles (2)
Compliant +30% with 2020 fuel efficiency standards, with emissions down by 75% from 2005 standards or down by 50% from 2018 standards
Compliant +10% with 2020 fuel efficiency standards,with emissions down by 75% from 2005 standards or down by 50% from 2018 standards
Electric vehicles/Fuel cell vehicles/Plug-in hybrid vehicles/Natural gas vehicles (3)
75% reduction (4)
50% reduction (4)
75% reduction (4)
Reduction
Acquisition Tax
Reductions/Exemptions
Tonnage Tax
ASVsequipped with one of three systems
ASVs equipped with more than one of the above systems
AMVs
Requirements
Electric vehicles/Fuel cell vehicles/Natural gas vehicles (1)
Compliant +30% with 2020 fuel efficiency standards,with emissions down by 75% from 2005 standards or down by 50% from 2018 standards
Compliant +10% with 2020 fuel efficiency standards,with emissions down by 75% from 2005 standards or down by 50% from 2018 standards
Electric vehicles/Fuel cell vehicles/Natural gas vehicles (1)
Compliant +35% with 2015 fuel efficiency standards,with emissions down by 75% from 2005 standards or down by 50% from 2018 standards
Compliant +15% with 2015 fuel efficiency standards,with emissions down by 75% from 2005 standards or down by 50% from 2018 standards
75% reduction (2)
50% reduction (2)
25% reduction (2)
75% reduction (2)
50% reduction (2)
25% reduction (2)
ReductionRequirements
*Applies only to three- or four-wheeled mini-vehicles at the time of new vehicle registration.(1) With NOx emissions down by 10% from 2009 emission standards, or complying with 2018 emission standards. (2) Reductions effective on initial inspection mandated for new vehicle purchase are applied in the fiscal year following the year of purchase.Notes: 1. This scheme also mandates a yearly 20% surcharge on the mini-vehicle tax for mini-vehicles on the road 13 years or longer since first registration; electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, natural gas vehicles, methanol vehicles, gasoline hybrid vehicles and trailers are exempt. 2. In and after 2021, only electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, and natural gas vehicles will be eligible for the tax reduction.
Minicars
Mini-Trucks
● FISCAL 2019 & 2020 SPECIAL MINI-VEHICLE TAX REDUCTIONS (Minicars and Mini-Trucks) *
● FISCAL 2019 & 2020 SPECIAL AUTOMOBILE TAX REDUCTIONS (Passenger Cars and Trucks & Buses)
(1) Eligible vehicles are trucks (3.5t<GVW≤22t) and buses (including 10-person occupancy vehicles); buses with GVW>12t are required to be equipped with a lane departure warning system; electronic stability control systems are not included in the eligibility requirements for buses with GVW<5t. (2) Applied once, on initial inspection mandated for new vehicle purchase. (3) Applied once, at the time of new vehicle registration.Notes: 1. The acquisition tax is assessed on the amount remaining after deduction. 2. When vehicles targeted by this scheme are also covered by the eco-friendly vehicle tax incentives scheme (see page 40), vehicle owners can opt either for one of the acquisition tax deductions shown here or for one of the acquisition tax reductions/exemptions prescribed in the eco-friendly vehicle tax incentives scheme. 3. When vehicles targeted by this scheme are also covered by the eco-friendly vehicle tax incentives scheme, the most favorable tonnage tax incentive between the two schemes is applied; when the tonnage tax incentive is identical in both schemes, it is implemented under the eco-friendly vehicle tax incentives scheme. 4. With the abolition of the acquisition tax taking effect on October 1, 2019, the incentives listed above under “Acquisition Tax” will remain in force from that date through March 31, 2021 as part of the new framework of automotive environmental performance-based tax measures (see page 43 for more information on those measures).
Passenger Cars
Trucks & Buses
Taxes Tax Incentive Measures for Eco-Friendly Vehicles
40 41
110,000
29,500
Mini-vehicles
(passenger carsfor private use)
In tandem with the scheduled increase in the consumption tax rate to 10% in October 2019, reductions in the automobile tax on private-use passenger cars registered for the first time on or after October 1, 2019 will go into effect, to ease the tax burden on vehicle owners and help balance market demand prior to and following the consumption tax hike. In addition, a provisional reduction of 1% on the automotive environmental performance-based tax (see opposite page) will be accorded to private-use passenger vehicles, including mini- and used vehicles, purchased within one year from October 1, 2019, as a further measure to prevent the demand for automobiles, which are major consumer durables, from spiking before, and consequently plunging after, the increase in the consumption tax.
Tax Reform Measures Implemented to Ease the Burden on Motor Vehicle Owners and Help Balance Demand before/after Consumption Tax Hike
Reductions (of which exact amounts are determined by engine capacity) in the automobile tax will be applied to all private-use passenger cars registered
for the first time on or after October 1, 2019. These reductions, which are permanent, are the first to be applied across the board, to passenger cars of
any engine capacity, since the establishment of Japan’s automobile tax regimen in 1950. Purchasers of a passenger car with an engine capacity of
2,000cc or less, for example, will enjoy a 10-15% tax break every year throughout their ownership of the vehicle.
● REDUCTIONS IN THE AUTOMOBILE TAX (permanent tax cuts)
The acquisition tax imposed at the time of new or used vehicle purchase will be abolished effective from October 1, 2019, in tandem with the
scheduled rate increase (to 10%) in the consumption tax.
● ABOLITION OF THE ACQUISITION TAX
● IMPLEMENTATION OF TAXATION ON AUTOMOTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE–
–
–
–
From October 1, 2019, an automotive environmental performance-based tax will come into effect as an adjunct provision to the automobile tax and
the mini-vehicle tax. It will be imposed at the time of vehicle (passenger car, mini-vehicle, heavy-duty vehicle, etc.) purchase and calculated on the
basis of the vehicle’s environmental (i.e., fuel efficiency, emissions) performance and its purchase price.
The new tax will apply to both new and used vehicles, with the exception of vehicles purchased for ¥500,000 or less, which are exempted from the tax.
The fuel efficiency and other environmental performance criteria on the basis of which the tax’s varying rates (e.g., from 0% to 3% for passenger
vehicles and from 0% to 2% for commercial vehicles and mini-vehicles) have been determined are in line with criteria established in Japan’s Energy
Conservation Law. Highly fuel-efficient vehicles as well as alternative-energy vehicles are exempted from the tax.
For vehicles purchased within 12 months from October 1, 2019, a provisional 1% reduction on this tax will be applied.
Provisional Automotive Environmental Performance-Based Tax Reduction (in effect from October 1, 2019 through September 30, 2020)To help balance market demand prior to and following the scheduled increase in the consumption tax in October 2019, a 1% reduction on the
automotive environmental performance-based tax will be in effect for private-use passenger vehicles (including mini- and used vehicles)
purchased within 12 months from October 1, 2019.
Passenger cars
Mini-vehicles
Exempt from tax
Exempt from tax
1% of VPP 2% of VPP
1% of VPP
3%
2%
2020Fuel Efficiency Standards
Other
Alternative-energy
vehicles*+20% +10% Compliant
*Electric, fuel cell, plug-in hybrid and natural gas vehicles and clean diesel passenger carsVPP: Vehicle purchase priceNote: Above tax rates will be applied to vehicles registered on or after October 1, 2020, following the expiration of the provisional 1% reduction on these rates.
Environmental Performance-Based Tax for Private-Use Passenger Vehicles (including mini- and used vehicles)
Current acquisition tax rates (applicable through September 30, 2019)
Heavy-duty vehicles
Not compliant
1% of VPP 2% of VPPExempt from tax 3% of VPP
2015Fuel Efficiency Standards
Alternative-energy
vehicles*Compliant+5%+10%
Basic rate
Exempt
1%
2%
3%
Exempt
Exempt
1%
2%
Reductions for Passenger Cars
Annual Automobile Tax Amounts Assessed,Current & Reduced (from October 1, 2019)
Reduced rate(2019/10 through 2020/9)
Basic rate
Exempt
1%
2%
Exempt
Exempt
1%
Reductions for Mini-Vehicles
Reduced rate(2019/10 through 2020/9)
*Electric, fuel cell, plug-in hybrid and natural gas vehiclesVPP: Vehicle purchase price
Environmental Performance-Based Tax for Private-Use Heavy-Duty Vehicles
Passenger vehicles (for private use)
Commercial vehicles, mini-vehiclesAcquisition Tax
To be abolishedon October 1, 2019
3%
2%
¥25,000¥30,500¥36,000¥43,500¥50,000¥57,000¥65,500¥75,500¥87,000
¥110,000
¥29,500¥34,500¥39,500¥45,000¥51,000¥58,000¥66,500¥76,500¥88,000
¥111,000
In yen
120,000
110,000
100,000
90,000
80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
5000 15001000 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 ... 6000 6500Engine capacity (cc)
30,500
36,000
43,500
50,000
57,000
65,500
75,500
87,000
110,000
25,000
29,500
34,500
39,500
45,000
51,000
58,000
66,500
76,500
88,000
111,000
10,800
Mini-vehicles
(passenger carsfor private use)
Automobile Tax
Passenger cars (for private use)
ReducedCurrentEngine capacity
Mini-VehicleTax
Mini-VehicleTax
Up to 1000cc1001 to 1500cc1501 to 2000cc2001 to 2500cc2501 to 3000cc3001 to 3500cc3501 to 4000cc4001 to 4500cc4501 to 6000cc Over 6000cc
Taxes Auto Tax Reform Measures
42 43
The 46th edition of the Tokyo Motor Show will be held from October 24 (October 25 for the general public) through November 4, 2019 at Tokyo Big Sight and multiple venues in the Odaiba area (Ariake, Koto-ku), exhibiting passenger cars, commercial vehicles, motorcycles, carrozzeria, vehicle bodies, parts, machinery and tools and mobility-related services.
With “Open Future” as its expansive theme, the show will set its sights on what mobility will look like in coming years within the broader context of the living experience of the future. Visitors will be able to see and feel the excitement of the mobility world of tomorrow and its potentialities.
Tokyo Motor Show 2019’s venue is Tokyo Waterfront City, including Tokyo Big Sight and the Odaiba area. With the cooperation of the authorities concerned, the Symbol Promenade Park stretching from Tokyo Big Sight’s West/South Exhibition Halls and Aomi Exhibition Hall to the Mega Web automobile theme park will serve as an open avenue along which hands-on, interactive exhibits featuring future mobility will take place. The 46th Tokyo Motor Show 2019 will offer programs, events, and activities that can be enjoyed not only by car and motorcycle enthusiasts but by visitors of all ages including young people and families.
TOKYO BIG SIGHTWest/South Exhibition Halls
Section G1
MEGA WEB
TOKYO BIG SIGHTAomi Exhibition Halls
Symbol Promenade
Automobile-Related Taxes Are OnerousConsider the case of a passenger car costing 2.40 million yen when purchased new and providing 13 years of service to the original owner for private use. During that period, six different categories of taxes (including consumption tax at the time of vehicle purchase and on fuel) will be assessed on the owner/user, amounting to a grand total of roughly 1.8 million yen. In addition to these various taxes, the user will also be required to pay onerous expressway tolls, automobile insurance premiums (mandatory and optional), a recycling fee, periodic inspection fees, and maintenance costs.
● INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF TAXES ASSESSED ON AUTOMOBILE OWNERSHIP
x 10,000 yen (Vehicle service life: 13 years)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
● TAXES ASSESSED ON PASSENGER CAR OWNERSHIP AND USE (PRIVATE) IN JAPAN (assuming a 13-year service life) Yen
1,400,000
1,200,000
1,000,000
800,000
600,000
400,000
200,000
0
Tonnage tax
16.0
Total during ownership
62.8
Total during ownership
28.7
Total during ownership
12.8
Total duringownership
2.2
Total during ownership
18.3
Automobile (engine
capacity-based) tax
46.8
Japan (Minicar)U.S.A.FranceGermanyUKJapan
(During ownership)
(Onacquisition)
(During ownership)
(Onacquisition)
(During ownership)
(Onacquisition)
(During ownership)
(Onacquisition)
(During ownership)
(Onacquisition)
(During ownership)
(Onacquisition)
x 2.2
x 4.9
Automobile tax
12.8
x 29
Retail tax21.3
Environmental performance-
based tax1.1
Environmental performance-
based tax2.2
Registration tax4.8
Minicartax
14.0
Consumption tax
12.7
Assumptions: 1) Engine capacity: 2000cc. 2) GVW≤1.5t. 3) Purchase price: ¥2.40 million (¥1.27 million for a minicar). 4) Fuel consumption (JC08 test cycle-based): 20.5km/L (CO2 emissions: 113g/km). 5) France = Paris; U.S.A. = New York City. 6) France: Vehicle in no. 8 horsepower “class.” 7) Service life: 13 years. 8) Currency exchange rates: EUR 1 = JPY 130, GBP 1 = JPY 150, USD 1 = JPY 112 (averaged April 2018-March 2019).Notes: 1. Figures here are based on tax rates in effect from October 2019. 2. Figures here do not take into account applicable incentives/surcharges, such as tax incentives for eco-friendly vehicles in Japan, if any. Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
Assumptions: 1) A passenger car with 2000cc engine capacity and purchase price of ¥2.40 million (retail price, excluding consumption tax). 2) GVW≤1.5t. 3) Annual fuel consumption: 1,000 liters. 4) Tonnage tax imposed yearly, but collected only at time of mandatory vehicle inspection. 5) Tax amounts reflect rates in effect from October 1, 2019. 6) Consumption tax = 10% of retail price. 7) The recycling fee indicated is the average rate for a 2000cc passenger car.Notes: 1. Estimated expressway tolls, mandatory insurance premium payments and recycling fee are included here because they can be considered similar to taxes. (Mandatory insurance premium values indicated in effect at October 1, 2019.) 2. Value of expressway tolls was estimated by JAMA based on expressway toll revenue in 2017.
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
Consu
mptio
n tax
(on a
utom
obile)
Environmental
perform
ance-base
d tax
Automobile (e
ngine
capaci
ty-base
d) tax
Tonnag
e ta
x
Gasolin
e ta
xReg
ional
gasolin
e exc
ise ta
x
Consum
ption ta
x(o
n fuel
)
Exp
ressw
ay to
llsM
andat
oryin
sura
nce R
ecyc
ling fe
e
Tota
l
Basel
ine
=
New
vehicl
e
purchas
e pric
e
240,000(240,000)
21,600(21,600)
159,900(36,900)
468,000(36,000)
631,800(48,600)
67,600(5,200)
174,200(13,400)
470,600(36,200)
2,409,800 (484,850) 2,400,000
165,100(35,950)
11,000(11,000)
2nd to 13th year1st year (on acquisition)
Consumption tax
24.0
Value added tax
48.0
Value added tax
45.6
Value added tax
48.0Tonnage
tax4.3
Automobile tax2.2
Automobile tax
28.7
The show’s striking, colorful logo is a visual representation of its theme, the openness of mobility’s potentialities in the future.
The Tokyo Motor Show The 46th Tokyo Motor Show 2019
● SHOW THEME
● SHOW LOGO
At This Year’s Show, Seeing the Exciting Mobility World of Tomorrow
Symbol Promenade
Section G1
MEGA WEB
TOKYO BIG SIGHTAomi Exhibition Halls
TOKYO BIG SIGHTWest/South Exhibition Halls
Taxes The Burden on Motor Vehicle Users
44 45
The 46th edition of the Tokyo Motor Show will be held from October 24 (October 25 for the general public) through November 4, 2019 at Tokyo Big Sight and multiple venues in the Odaiba area (Ariake, Koto-ku), exhibiting passenger cars, commercial vehicles, motorcycles, carrozzeria, vehicle bodies, parts, machinery and tools and mobility-related services.
With “Open Future” as its expansive theme, the show will set its sights on what mobility will look like in coming years within the broader context of the living experience of the future. Visitors will be able to see and feel the excitement of the mobility world of tomorrow and its potentialities.
Tokyo Motor Show 2019’s venue is Tokyo Waterfront City, including Tokyo Big Sight and the Odaiba area. With the cooperation of the authorities concerned, the Symbol Promenade Park stretching from Tokyo Big Sight’s West/South Exhibition Halls and Aomi Exhibition Hall to the Mega Web automobile theme park will serve as an open avenue along which hands-on, interactive exhibits featuring future mobility will take place. The 46th Tokyo Motor Show 2019 will offer programs, events, and activities that can be enjoyed not only by car and motorcycle enthusiasts but by visitors of all ages including young people and families.
TOKYO BIG SIGHTWest/South Exhibition Halls
Section G1
MEGA WEB
TOKYO BIG SIGHTAomi Exhibition Halls
Symbol Promenade
Automobile-Related Taxes Are OnerousConsider the case of a passenger car costing 2.40 million yen when purchased new and providing 13 years of service to the original owner for private use. During that period, six different categories of taxes (including consumption tax at the time of vehicle purchase and on fuel) will be assessed on the owner/user, amounting to a grand total of roughly 1.8 million yen. In addition to these various taxes, the user will also be required to pay onerous expressway tolls, automobile insurance premiums (mandatory and optional), a recycling fee, periodic inspection fees, and maintenance costs.
● INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF TAXES ASSESSED ON AUTOMOBILE OWNERSHIP
x 10,000 yen (Vehicle service life: 13 years)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
● TAXES ASSESSED ON PASSENGER CAR OWNERSHIP AND USE (PRIVATE) IN JAPAN (assuming a 13-year service life) Yen
1,400,000
1,200,000
1,000,000
800,000
600,000
400,000
200,000
0
Tonnage tax
16.0
Total during ownership
62.8
Total during ownership
28.7
Total during ownership
12.8
Total duringownership
2.2
Total during ownership
18.3
Automobile (engine
capacity-based) tax
46.8
Japan (Minicar)U.S.A.FranceGermanyUKJapan
(During ownership)
(Onacquisition)
(During ownership)
(Onacquisition)
(During ownership)
(Onacquisition)
(During ownership)
(Onacquisition)
(During ownership)
(Onacquisition)
(During ownership)
(Onacquisition)
x 2.2
x 4.9
Automobile tax
12.8
x 29
Retail tax21.3
Environmental performance-
based tax1.1
Environmental performance-
based tax2.2
Registration tax4.8
Minicartax
14.0
Consumption tax
12.7
Assumptions: 1) Engine capacity: 2000cc. 2) GVW≤1.5t. 3) Purchase price: ¥2.40 million (¥1.27 million for a minicar). 4) Fuel consumption (JC08 test cycle-based): 20.5km/L (CO2 emissions: 113g/km). 5) France = Paris; U.S.A. = New York City. 6) France: Vehicle in no. 8 horsepower “class.” 7) Service life: 13 years. 8) Currency exchange rates: EUR 1 = JPY 130, GBP 1 = JPY 150, USD 1 = JPY 112 (averaged April 2018-March 2019).Notes: 1. Figures here are based on tax rates in effect from October 2019. 2. Figures here do not take into account applicable incentives/surcharges, such as tax incentives for eco-friendly vehicles in Japan, if any. Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
Assumptions: 1) A passenger car with 2000cc engine capacity and purchase price of ¥2.40 million (retail price, excluding consumption tax). 2) GVW≤1.5t. 3) Annual fuel consumption: 1,000 liters. 4) Tonnage tax imposed yearly, but collected only at time of mandatory vehicle inspection. 5) Tax amounts reflect rates in effect from October 1, 2019. 6) Consumption tax = 10% of retail price. 7) The recycling fee indicated is the average rate for a 2000cc passenger car.Notes: 1. Estimated expressway tolls, mandatory insurance premium payments and recycling fee are included here because they can be considered similar to taxes. (Mandatory insurance premium values indicated in effect at October 1, 2019.) 2. Value of expressway tolls was estimated by JAMA based on expressway toll revenue in 2017.
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
Consu
mptio
n tax
(on a
utom
obile)
Environmental
perform
ance-base
d tax
Automobile (e
ngine
capaci
ty-base
d) tax
Tonnag
e ta
x
Gasolin
e ta
xReg
ional
gasolin
e exc
ise ta
x
Consum
ption ta
x(o
n fuel
)
Exp
ressw
ay to
llsM
andat
oryin
sura
nce R
ecyc
ling fe
e
Tota
l
Basel
ine
=
New
vehicl
e
purchas
e pric
e
240,000(240,000)
21,600(21,600)
159,900(36,900)
468,000(36,000)
631,800(48,600)
67,600(5,200)
174,200(13,400)
470,600(36,200)
2,409,800 (484,850) 2,400,000
165,100(35,950)
11,000(11,000)
2nd to 13th year1st year (on acquisition)
Consumption tax
24.0
Value added tax
48.0
Value added tax
45.6
Value added tax
48.0Tonnage
tax4.3
Automobile tax2.2
Automobile tax
28.7
The show’s striking, colorful logo is a visual representation of its theme, the openness of mobility’s potentialities in the future.
The Tokyo Motor Show The 46th Tokyo Motor Show 2019
● SHOW THEME
● SHOW LOGO
At This Year’s Show, Seeing the Exciting Mobility World of Tomorrow
Symbol Promenade
Section G1
MEGA WEB
TOKYO BIG SIGHTAomi Exhibition Halls
TOKYO BIG SIGHTWest/South Exhibition Halls
Taxes The Burden on Motor Vehicle Users
44 45
82.31 Million People Hold Driver’s Licenses
Year
Men
Women
Total
45,539,419
35,272,526
80,811,945
45,487,010
35,523,236
81,010,246
2009
45,448,263
35,767,003
81,215,266
2010
45,437,260
36,050,586
81,487,846
2011
45,463,791
36,396,221
81,860,012
2012
45,430,245
36,645,978
82,076,223
2013
45,344,259
36,805,749
82,150,008
2014
45,255,994
36,949,917
82,205,911
2015
45,133,771
37,121,424
82,255,195
2016 2017
44,994,702
37,320,222
82,314,924
2018
● GENDER TRENDS IN DRIVER’S LICENSE HOLDERS (at end of every calendar year) Number of persons
Large motor vehicle
Middle-category motor vehicle
Ordinary motor vehicle
Large special-purpose vehicle
Traction vehicle
Subtotal
Large motor vehicle
Middle-category motor vehicle
Quasi-middle-category motor vehicle
Ordinary motor vehicle
Large special-purpose vehicle
Traction vehicle
Large two-wheeler
Ordinary two-wheeler
Small special-purpose vehicle
Motorized bicycle
Subtotal
Class 2Licenses
Class 1Licenses
Total
Year
1,026,180
1,042,120
214,555
45,463
51,035
2,379,353
5,337,727
72,070,665
—
6,749,966
2,454,123
1,160,509
10,938,930
9,310,786
503,338
16,977,729
125,503,773
127,883,126
2012
1,007,743
1,002,043
220,403
45,041
50,473
2,325,703
5,299,480
71,409,459
—
7,936,169
2,465,978
1,168,205
10,703,691
9,472,692
477,296
16,905,848
125,838,818
128,164,521
2013
986,518
960,304
224,823
44,330
49,665
2,265,640
5,253,880
70,632,500
—
9,113,940
2,473,823
1,174,267
10,430,075
9,619,692
450,123
16,784,700
125,933,000
128,198,640
2014
964,383
917,142
229,494
43,605
48,844
2,203,468
5,198,185
69,732,685
—
10,297,590
2,476,598
1,178,790
10,112,584
9,752,541
422,020
16,618,061
125,789,054
127,992,522
2015
942,526
873,879
234,070
42,997
48,134
2,141,606
5,143,533
68,813,808
—
11,473,646
2,475,520
1,182,806
9,799,816
9,877,616
394,952
16,450,534
125,612,231
127,753,837
2016
919,242
1,055,123
13,318
42,302
47,325
2,077,310
5,086,713
67,870,730
11,739,992
905,528
2,471,164
1,187,003
9,466,072
9,994,091
367,603
16,291,972
125,380,868
127,458,178
2017
896,127
1,001,038
29,358
41,560
46,446
2,014,529
5,027,351
66,958,774
11,707,930
2,067,271
2,466,107
1,191,690
9,126,995
10,116,497
341,013
16,142,848
125,146,476
127,161,005
2018
● TOTAL NUMBER OF LICENSES HELD, BY YEAR & LICENSE/VEHICLE CATEGORY Number of licenses held
Note: In the above figures, one count is allotted to each vehicle category covered, whenever a license covers multiple vehicle categories.
Large motor vehicle
Middle-category motor vehicle
Quasi-middle-category motor vehicle
Ordinary motor vehicle
Large special-purpose vehicle
Large two-wheeler (over 400cc)
Ordinarytwo-wheeler
Small special-purpose vehicle
Motorized bicycle (50cc & under)
Vehicle Category
●
●
●
●
●
●
Class 1 Licenses
● CLASS 1 LICENSES AND THE VEHICLE CATEGORIES THEY COVER
Note: The ordinary motor vehicle and large two-wheeler license categories include licenses restricted to automatic transmission (AT) cars/motorcycles; the ordinary two-wheeler license category includes licenses restricted, respectively, to AT motorcycles, to small-sized (over 250cc) motorcycles, and to small-sized AT motorcycles.
Source for all statistical data on this page: National Police Agency
Largemotor vehicle
●
●
●
●
●
Middle-category
motor vehicle
●
●
●
●
Quasi-middle-category
motor vehicle
●
●
●
Ordinary motor vehicle
●
●
●
Large special-purpose vehicle
●
●
●
●
●
Largetwo-
wheeler
●
●
●
●
Ordinarytwo-
wheeler
●
●
●
Ordinarytwo-wheeler(51cc-125cc)
●
Small special-purpose vehicle
●
Motorizedbicycle
126cc-400cc
51cc-125cc
At the end of 2018 there were 82.31 million people, or 44.99 million men and 37.32 million women, holding valid driver’s licenses in Japan. The number of driver’s licenses held totalled 127.16 million (with one count allotted to each vehicle category covered, whenever a license covers multiple vehicle categories). By license category, Class 2 licenses were held by 2.01 million people, or 1.95 million men and 65,000 women, and Class 1 licenses by 125.15 million people, or 80.21 million men and 44.94 million women.
● SIGNIFICANCE OF VEHICLE REGISTRATION DATA & NUMBER PLATE TYPES
● CLASSIFICATION OF MOTORCYCLES
● CLASSIFICATION UNDER THE ROAD TRAFFIC ACT (for driver’s license issuance)
Classifications According to the Road Vehicles Act and the Road Traffic Act
Japan classifies motor vehicles according to the provisions of two basic laws: the Road Vehicles Act and the Road Traffic Act. Road Vehicles Act classifications are used for registration statistics, vehicle inspection, and related maintenance and repair, while Road Traffic Act classifications determine the different categories of driver’s licenses. Vehicle registration number/character combinations are determined by vehicle type and usage in accordance with Road Vehicles Act designations. “Vanity” number plates are obtainable nationwide, as are specially designed number plates commemorating the Japan-held 2019 Rugby World Cup and the 2020 Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics, and illustrated vanity plates are obtainable in designated regions.
Vehicle-Based Systems Motor Vehicle ClassificationVehicle-Based Systems Driver’s Licenses and the Driving Population
Usage Designations
Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
品川 500さ 23－45
Large-Sized Number PlatesLarger-than-standard-size plates are issued to vehicles weighing 8 tons or more, with payload of 5 tons or more, or 30-person or more occupancy.Mid-Sized Number PlatesStandard-size plates are issued to standard and small vehicles and mini-vehicles with engine capacity of more than 360cc, whether for private or commercial business use. Small-Sized Number PlatesSmall-size plates are issued to small- and mini-sized motorcycles and mini-vehicles with engine capacity of 360cc or less, excluding those designated with any one of the 40-to-49, 50-to-59 or 80-to-89 number categories.
22cmx
44cm
16.5cmx
33cm
12.5cmx
23cm
Ordinary and large motor vehiclesPrivate use
Commercial business useRental vehicleForeign military vehicle Mini-vehiclesPrivate use
Commercial business useRental vehicleForeign military vehicleHiragana character indicates vehicle usage category: private, commercial business, rental or foreign military vehicle (private or official).
Number Plate Colors
Green characters on white backgroundWhite characters on green background
Black characters on yellow backgroundYellow characters on black background
Ordinary and large motor vehiclesPrivate use or rental vehicleCommercial business useMini-vehiclesPrivate use or rental vehicleCommercial business use
Number Assignment From “1” to “99-99”
Designated Number CategoriesIndicating Vehicle Type
Ordinary trucks
Ordinary buses
Ordinary passenger carsThree- or four-wheeled small trucks
Three- or four-wheeled small passenger cars and small busesSpecial-purpose vehiclesLarge special-purpose vehiclesLarge special-purpose vehicles used as construction machinery
さすせそたちつてとなにぬねのはひふほまみむめもやゆらりるろあいうえかきくけこをわれEHKMTYよ
あいうえかきくけこさすせそたちつてとなにぬねのはひふほまみむめもやゆよらるろをりれわAB
1, 10-19, 100-199, 10A-19Z, 1A0-1Z9, 1AA-1ZZ2, 20-29, 200-299, 20A-29Z, 2A0-2Z9, 2AA-2ZZ3, 30-39, 300-399, 30A-39Z, 3A0-3Z9, 3AA-3ZZ4, 40-49, 400-499, 40A-49Z, 4A0-4Z9, 4AA-4ZZ 6, 60-69, 600-699, 60A-69Z, 6A0-6Z9, 6AA-6ZZ5, 50-59, 500-599, 50A-59Z, 5A0-5Z9, 5AA-5ZZ 7, 70-79, 700-799, 70A-79Z, 7A0-7Z9, 7AA-7ZZ
8, 80-89, 800-899, 80A-89Z, 8A0-8Z9, 8AA-8ZZ9, 90-99, 900-999, 90A-99Z, 9A0-9Z9, 9AA-9ZZ
0, 00-09, 000-099, 00A-09Z, 0A0-0Z9, 0AA-0ZZ
Motor Vehicle Registry Designation: Kanji indicate geographical area of vehicle registration.
Road Vehicles Act
Category
Small-sizedMini-sized
Motor-driven cycle Class 2Motor-driven cycle Class 1
Engine Capacity
Over 250cc126cc to 250cc
51cc to125cc50cc andunder
Rated Output
Over 1.0kWOver 1.0kW
Over 0.6kWto 1.0kW0.6kW andunder
Length
Over 2.5m2.5m and under
2.5m and under2.5m and under
Height
Over 2.0m2.0m and under
2.0m and under2.0m and under
Width
Over 1.3m1.3m and under
1.3m and under1.3m and under
Road Traffic ActEngine
CapacityOver 400cc51cc to400cc
50cc andunder
Category
Large
Ordinary
Motorized bicycle
Quasi-Middle Category
Gross vehicle weight: 3.5≤tons<7.5Payload: 2≤tons<4.5
Middle Category
Gross vehicle weight: 7.5≤tons<11Payload: 4.5≤tons<6.5
or Occupancy: 11≤persons<30
Large/Small Special-Purpose Motor Vehicles
Motor vehicles with caterpillar treads such as bulldozers, steamrollers, graders, snowplows, tractors, etc. Small special-purpose motor vehicles are those of up to 15km/h in maximum speed, up to 4.7m in length, up to 2m in height,* and up to 1.7m in width.
Large
Gross vehicle weight: ≥11 tonsPayload: ≥6.5 tons
or Occupancy: ≥30 persons
Ordinary
Motor vehicles that do not meet the classification requirements for large, middle category, quasi-middle category or large/small special-purpose motor vehicles, or for large or ordinary motorcycles.
Note: A motorcycle that exceeds any one of the requisites above is classified in the higher category.Note: A vehicle that exceeds any one of the requisites above is classified in the higher category.
*Projections on small special-purpose vehicles should not exceed 2.8m.
● CLASSIFICATION UNDER THE ROAD VEHICLES ACT (for registration, inspection, etc.)
Standard Over 2,000cc in engine capacity, excluding diesel engines
Over 4.7mOver 1.7m
Over2m
Small Over 660cc to 2,000cc in engine capacity, excluding diesel engines
Over 1.48m to 1.7m
2m andunder
Over 3.4m to 4.7m
Mini 660cc and under in engine capacity
1.48m and under
2m andunder
3.4m and under
46 47
82.31 Million People Hold Driver’s Licenses
Year
Men
Women
Total
45,539,419
35,272,526
80,811,945
45,487,010
35,523,236
81,010,246
2009
45,448,263
35,767,003
81,215,266
2010
45,437,260
36,050,586
81,487,846
2011
45,463,791
36,396,221
81,860,012
2012
45,430,245
36,645,978
82,076,223
2013
45,344,259
36,805,749
82,150,008
2014
45,255,994
36,949,917
82,205,911
2015
45,133,771
37,121,424
82,255,195
2016 2017
44,994,702
37,320,222
82,314,924
2018
● GENDER TRENDS IN DRIVER’S LICENSE HOLDERS (at end of every calendar year) Number of persons
Large motor vehicle
Middle-category motor vehicle
Ordinary motor vehicle
Large special-purpose vehicle
Traction vehicle
Subtotal
Large motor vehicle
Middle-category motor vehicle
Quasi-middle-category motor vehicle
Ordinary motor vehicle
Large special-purpose vehicle
Traction vehicle
Large two-wheeler
Ordinary two-wheeler
Small special-purpose vehicle
Motorized bicycle
Subtotal
Class 2Licenses
Class 1Licenses
Total
Year
1,026,180
1,042,120
214,555
45,463
51,035
2,379,353
5,337,727
72,070,665
—
6,749,966
2,454,123
1,160,509
10,938,930
9,310,786
503,338
16,977,729
125,503,773
127,883,126
2012
1,007,743
1,002,043
220,403
45,041
50,473
2,325,703
5,299,480
71,409,459
—
7,936,169
2,465,978
1,168,205
10,703,691
9,472,692
477,296
16,905,848
125,838,818
128,164,521
2013
986,518
960,304
224,823
44,330
49,665
2,265,640
5,253,880
70,632,500
—
9,113,940
2,473,823
1,174,267
10,430,075
9,619,692
450,123
16,784,700
125,933,000
128,198,640
2014
964,383
917,142
229,494
43,605
48,844
2,203,468
5,198,185
69,732,685
—
10,297,590
2,476,598
1,178,790
10,112,584
9,752,541
422,020
16,618,061
125,789,054
127,992,522
2015
942,526
873,879
234,070
42,997
48,134
2,141,606
5,143,533
68,813,808
—
11,473,646
2,475,520
1,182,806
9,799,816
9,877,616
394,952
16,450,534
125,612,231
127,753,837
2016
919,242
1,055,123
13,318
42,302
47,325
2,077,310
5,086,713
67,870,730
11,739,992
905,528
2,471,164
1,187,003
9,466,072
9,994,091
367,603
16,291,972
125,380,868
127,458,178
2017
896,127
1,001,038
29,358
41,560
46,446
2,014,529
5,027,351
66,958,774
11,707,930
2,067,271
2,466,107
1,191,690
9,126,995
10,116,497
341,013
16,142,848
125,146,476
127,161,005
2018
● TOTAL NUMBER OF LICENSES HELD, BY YEAR & LICENSE/VEHICLE CATEGORY Number of licenses held
Note: In the above figures, one count is allotted to each vehicle category covered, whenever a license covers multiple vehicle categories.
Large motor vehicle
Middle-category motor vehicle
Quasi-middle-category motor vehicle
Ordinary motor vehicle
Large special-purpose vehicle
Large two-wheeler (over 400cc)
Ordinarytwo-wheeler
Small special-purpose vehicle
Motorized bicycle (50cc & under)
Vehicle Category
●
●
●
●
●
●
Class 1 Licenses
● CLASS 1 LICENSES AND THE VEHICLE CATEGORIES THEY COVER
Note: The ordinary motor vehicle and large two-wheeler license categories include licenses restricted to automatic transmission (AT) cars/motorcycles; the ordinary two-wheeler license category includes licenses restricted, respectively, to AT motorcycles, to small-sized (over 250cc) motorcycles, and to small-sized AT motorcycles.
Source for all statistical data on this page: National Police Agency
Largemotor vehicle
●
●
●
●
●
Middle-category
motor vehicle
●
●
●
●
Quasi-middle-category
motor vehicle
●
●
●
Ordinary motor vehicle
●
●
●
Large special-purpose vehicle
●
●
●
●
●
Largetwo-
wheeler
●
●
●
●
Ordinarytwo-
wheeler
●
●
●
Ordinarytwo-wheeler(51cc-125cc)
●
Small special-purpose vehicle
●
Motorizedbicycle
126cc-400cc
51cc-125cc
At the end of 2018 there were 82.31 million people, or 44.99 million men and 37.32 million women, holding valid driver’s licenses in Japan. The number of driver’s licenses held totalled 127.16 million (with one count allotted to each vehicle category covered, whenever a license covers multiple vehicle categories). By license category, Class 2 licenses were held by 2.01 million people, or 1.95 million men and 65,000 women, and Class 1 licenses by 125.15 million people, or 80.21 million men and 44.94 million women.
● SIGNIFICANCE OF VEHICLE REGISTRATION DATA & NUMBER PLATE TYPES
● CLASSIFICATION OF MOTORCYCLES
● CLASSIFICATION UNDER THE ROAD TRAFFIC ACT (for driver’s license issuance)
Classifications According to the Road Vehicles Act and the Road Traffic Act
Japan classifies motor vehicles according to the provisions of two basic laws: the Road Vehicles Act and the Road Traffic Act. Road Vehicles Act classifications are used for registration statistics, vehicle inspection, and related maintenance and repair, while Road Traffic Act classifications determine the different categories of driver’s licenses. Vehicle registration number/character combinations are determined by vehicle type and usage in accordance with Road Vehicles Act designations. “Vanity” number plates are obtainable nationwide, as are specially designed number plates commemorating the Japan-held 2019 Rugby World Cup and the 2020 Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics, and illustrated vanity plates are obtainable in designated regions.
Vehicle-Based Systems Motor Vehicle ClassificationVehicle-Based Systems Driver’s Licenses and the Driving Population
Usage Designations
Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
品川 500さ 23－45
Large-Sized Number PlatesLarger-than-standard-size plates are issued to vehicles weighing 8 tons or more, with payload of 5 tons or more, or 30-person or more occupancy.Mid-Sized Number PlatesStandard-size plates are issued to standard and small vehicles and mini-vehicles with engine capacity of more than 360cc, whether for private or commercial business use. Small-Sized Number PlatesSmall-size plates are issued to small- and mini-sized motorcycles and mini-vehicles with engine capacity of 360cc or less, excluding those designated with any one of the 40-to-49, 50-to-59 or 80-to-89 number categories.
22cmx
44cm
16.5cmx
33cm
12.5cmx
23cm
Ordinary and large motor vehiclesPrivate use
Commercial business useRental vehicleForeign military vehicle Mini-vehiclesPrivate use
Commercial business useRental vehicleForeign military vehicleHiragana character indicates vehicle usage category: private, commercial business, rental or foreign military vehicle (private or official).
Number Plate Colors
Green characters on white backgroundWhite characters on green background
Black characters on yellow backgroundYellow characters on black background
Ordinary and large motor vehiclesPrivate use or rental vehicleCommercial business useMini-vehiclesPrivate use or rental vehicleCommercial business use
Number Assignment From “1” to “99-99”
Designated Number CategoriesIndicating Vehicle Type
Ordinary trucks
Ordinary buses
Ordinary passenger carsThree- or four-wheeled small trucks
Three- or four-wheeled small passenger cars and small busesSpecial-purpose vehiclesLarge special-purpose vehiclesLarge special-purpose vehicles used as construction machinery
さすせそたちつてとなにぬねのはひふほまみむめもやゆらりるろあいうえかきくけこをわれEHKMTYよ
あいうえかきくけこさすせそたちつてとなにぬねのはひふほまみむめもやゆよらるろをりれわAB
1, 10-19, 100-199, 10A-19Z, 1A0-1Z9, 1AA-1ZZ2, 20-29, 200-299, 20A-29Z, 2A0-2Z9, 2AA-2ZZ3, 30-39, 300-399, 30A-39Z, 3A0-3Z9, 3AA-3ZZ4, 40-49, 400-499, 40A-49Z, 4A0-4Z9, 4AA-4ZZ 6, 60-69, 600-699, 60A-69Z, 6A0-6Z9, 6AA-6ZZ5, 50-59, 500-599, 50A-59Z, 5A0-5Z9, 5AA-5ZZ 7, 70-79, 700-799, 70A-79Z, 7A0-7Z9, 7AA-7ZZ
8, 80-89, 800-899, 80A-89Z, 8A0-8Z9, 8AA-8ZZ9, 90-99, 900-999, 90A-99Z, 9A0-9Z9, 9AA-9ZZ
0, 00-09, 000-099, 00A-09Z, 0A0-0Z9, 0AA-0ZZ
Motor Vehicle Registry Designation: Kanji indicate geographical area of vehicle registration.
Road Vehicles Act
Category
Small-sizedMini-sized
Motor-driven cycle Class 2Motor-driven cycle Class 1
Engine Capacity
Over 250cc126cc to 250cc
51cc to125cc50cc andunder
Rated Output
Over 1.0kWOver 1.0kW
Over 0.6kWto 1.0kW0.6kW andunder
Length
Over 2.5m2.5m and under
2.5m and under2.5m and under
Height
Over 2.0m2.0m and under
2.0m and under2.0m and under
Width
Over 1.3m1.3m and under
1.3m and under1.3m and under
Road Traffic ActEngine
CapacityOver 400cc51cc to400cc
50cc andunder
Category
Large
Ordinary
Motorized bicycle
Quasi-Middle Category
Gross vehicle weight: 3.5≤tons<7.5Payload: 2≤tons<4.5
Middle Category
Gross vehicle weight: 7.5≤tons<11Payload: 4.5≤tons<6.5
or Occupancy: 11≤persons<30
Large/Small Special-Purpose Motor Vehicles
Motor vehicles with caterpillar treads such as bulldozers, steamrollers, graders, snowplows, tractors, etc. Small special-purpose motor vehicles are those of up to 15km/h in maximum speed, up to 4.7m in length, up to 2m in height,* and up to 1.7m in width.
Large
Gross vehicle weight: ≥11 tonsPayload: ≥6.5 tons
or Occupancy: ≥30 persons
Ordinary
Motor vehicles that do not meet the classification requirements for large, middle category, quasi-middle category or large/small special-purpose motor vehicles, or for large or ordinary motorcycles.
Note: A motorcycle that exceeds any one of the requisites above is classified in the higher category.Note: A vehicle that exceeds any one of the requisites above is classified in the higher category.
*Projections on small special-purpose vehicles should not exceed 2.8m.
● CLASSIFICATION UNDER THE ROAD VEHICLES ACT (for registration, inspection, etc.)
Standard Over 2,000cc in engine capacity, excluding diesel engines
Over 4.7mOver 1.7m
Over2m
Small Over 660cc to 2,000cc in engine capacity, excluding diesel engines
Over 1.48m to 1.7m
2m andunder
Over 3.4m to 4.7m
Mini 660cc and under in engine capacity
1.48m and under
2m andunder
3.4m and under
46 47
Japanese automobile manufacturers have continued to develop local production operations, whether as wholly-owned subsidiaries or as joint ventures, in the United States, Europe, Southeast Asia, China and, more recently, Russia and other countries with emerging markets. These operations contribute to the strengthening of
local economies through employment creation, local parts purchasing and, in many cases, export revenue for the host countries. Locally-produced automobile parts such as engines and transmissions, as well as finished vehicles of some models, are exported to Japan and other destinations.
Global Manufacturing Operations Expand Their Range
11121314151617
1819
20Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
MotorVehicles
(incl. parts)
Country/Territory
Country No.(see map)
Motor-cycles
(incl. parts)
Motor Vehicles& Motorcycles(incl. parts)
PartsOnly
● JAPANESE AUTOMAKERS’ OVERSEAS PRODUCTION BASES: Number of Plants by Country & Items Produced
● GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF JAPANESE AUTOMAKERS’ OVERSEAS PRODUCTION BASES
AfricaAlgeriaEgyptKenyaMauritiusMoroccoNigeriaSouth AfricaAfrica TotalMiddle EastIranSaudi ArabiaMiddle East TotalOceaniaAustraliaOceania Total
12345678910
MotorVehicles
(incl. parts)
Country/Territory
Country No.(see map)
Motor-cycles
(incl. parts)
Motor Vehicles& Motorcycles(incl. parts)
PartsOnly
EuropeCzech RepublicFranceHungaryItalyPolandPortugalRussiaSpainTurkeyUKEurope Total
21222324252627282930313233
MotorVehicles
(incl. parts)
Country/Territory
Country No.(see map)
Motor-cycles
(incl. parts)
Motor Vehicles& Motorcycles(incl. parts)
PartsOnly
AsiaBangladeshCambodiaChinaIndiaIndonesiaLaosMalaysiaMyanmarPakistanPhilippinesTaiwanThailandVietnamAsia Total
3435
36373839404142
MotorVehicles
(incl. parts)
Country/Territory
Country No.(see map)
Motor-cycles
(incl. parts)
Motor Vehicles& Motorcycles(incl. parts)
PartsOnly
North AmericaCanadaU.S.A.North America TotalLatin AmericaArgentinaBrazilColombiaEcuadorMexicoPeruVenezuelaLatin America TotalWorld Total
UK10
Turkey9
Russia7
Italy4
Egypt12Algeria11
Nigeria16
South Africa17
Saudi Arabia19
Iran18
Australia20
Canada34
U.S.A.35
Mexico40
Venezuela42
Colombia38
Brazil37
Argentina36
Peru41
Ecuador39Indonesia25
Philippines30Malaysia27
Myanmar28
Bangladesh21China23
Taiwan31
India24
Pakistan29
Vietnam33Cambodia22
Thailand32Laos26
Kenya13
Morocco15
Spain8
France2
Portugal6
Czech Republic1Poland5
Hungary3
Mauritius14
253112519
112
--
--1--2-3
---
--
--------
---
--
--------
---
11
111--2614319
-1-1------2
-----------
---12--1-15
2-
191215-
123568168
106
2287712-3424345
----1---1---24
--
19215-4--419256
51419
17128-120185
-11
242-11-
1061
----1---1--26
21214
-4-----480
Global Operations Overseas Production
48 49
Japanese Automakers’ Overseas Production Reaches 19.97 Million Units
The global operations of Japanese automobile manufacturers continue to grow, focusing on on-site manufacturing to meet local needs. Whether as independent operations, joint ventures or technical tie-ups, local manufacturing activities are conducted in numerous countries around the world (see pages 48-49). In 2018 Japanese automakers’ overseas production totalled 19.97 million units, with Asia and Africa seeing the most significant increases.
Japanese Automakers Forge Extensive International AlliancesWith economic globalization, Japanese automobile manufacturers have rapidly adapted to the needs of individual markets, not only by shifting production to those markets but also by forging extensive alliances with overseas manufacturers. Various forms of partnership currently exist between Japanese, U.S. and European automakers—including capital and technical tie-ups, joint R&D and production operations, and cooperative sales ties—and such arrangements are expanding yearly. With the rapid growth of motorization in China and Southeast Asia, Japanese automakers have been actively building relationships with local manufacturers there on the basis of capital tie-ups and the supply of production as well as environment- and safety-related technologies.
Global Operations Overseas Production Volumes
● OVERSEAS PRODUCTION BY JAPANESE AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS In vehicle units At March 31, 2019
Notes: 1. Data in principle is for Japanese-brand vehicles only. 2. Until 1997, data was based on statistics supplied by the national automobile trade associations of respective countries. 3. Mexico is included in Latin America and Turkey in Europe. 4. Data excludes vehicles produced with technical assistance only provided by Japanese automakers. 5. The figures reflect the use of a new method, adopted as of January 2007, for computing overseas unit production. 6. Since December 2017, data from one JAMA member manufacturer has not been available. Note: In principle, the tie-ups shown above cover only technical cooperation related to motor vehicle production and exclude sales tie-ups.
891,142
1,123,386
1,433,075
1,734,879
2,339,127
3,264,940
3,481,725
3,804,065
4,339,954
4,896,074
5,559,480
5,784,252
5,991,484
5,371,171
5,780,143
6,288,192
6,679,593
7,652,466
8,607,563
9,797,551
10,606,157
10,972,243
11,859,709
11,651,554
10,117,520
13,181,554
13,383,761
15,823,648
16,756,754
17,476,267
18,094,876
18,979,467
19,741,762
16,965,959
151,574
133,109
127,003
152,334
166,541
169,169
134,051
109,276
106,754
128,213
102,961
118,097
136,107
150,685
125,575
130,933
137,084
135,498
148,471
125,726
134,581
121,635
159,710
143,741
96,836
119,473
93,675
101,381
106,278
90,125
91,616
90,240
60,942
0
99,500
119,000
134,000
145,000
184,500
186,000
172,000
167,500
179,000
168,000
226,000
195,674
182,218
144,181
130,216
146,435
162,825
155,973
162,969
191,537
225,725
259,050
252,332
257,646
168,651
206,476
233,709
248,711
232,191
241,841
218,020
190,724
198,625
216,969
90,252
87,115
104,925
125,531
144,811
160,654
169,001
195,161
211,802
197,325
110,660
140,031
190,596
260,131
246,710
387,732
407,887
445,862
457,467
534,863
645,074
745,827
895,099
920,738
790,794
982,342
1,029,511
1,234,584
1,284,187
1,591,099
1,820,525
1,859,685
1,903,466
1,894,346
296,569
425,644
592,761
672,766
932,242
1,298,878
1,378,907
1,547,361
1,691,239
1,982,209
2,215,657
2,275,525
2,290,685
2,270,516
2,311,163
2,480,691
2,451,496
2,720,449
2,821,723
3,143,603
3,383,277
3,281,073
3,324,326
2,893,466
2,108,161
2,653,231
2,422,152
3,324,703
3,627,226
3,813,351
3,847,517
3,976,482
3,765,364
3,676,823
296,569
426,087
608,446
723,396
1,040,868
1,570,114
1,684,964
1,853,097
2,030,478
2,346,619
2,595,436
2,641,451
2,664,588
2,674,299
2,797,175
2,991,924
3,061,612
3,375,453
3,487,012
3,840,744
4,080,713
4,001,639
4,049,068
3,576,246
2,687,527
3,390,095
3,068,979
4,253,869
4,540,685
4,785,769
4,823,222
4,989,360
4,767,063
4,606,948
43,175
73,903
100,794
130,326
203,215
223,164
282,278
351,296
472,744
477,728
575,852
650,990
714,699
814,847
835,582
837,679
939,034
1,015,748
1,245,469
1,296,516
1,369,556
1,509,402
1,789,875
1,693,151
1,136,145
1,250,226
1,302,277
1,383,583
1,379,733
1,382,052
1,401,521
1,487,994
1,511,800
1,415,747
44,658
75,163
102,943
132,129
205,005
226,613
285,994
358,601
496,574
502,332
641,573
738,378
814,689
920,985
929,303
953,170
1,032,004
1,153,059
1,338,476
1,454,903
1,545,355
1,702,836
1,976,407
1,876,109
1,228,294
1,356,126
1,410,628
1,484,110
1,537,025
1,654,208
1,668,878
1,757,776
1,940,778
1,856,511
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
5,688
3,493
4,258
5,660
6,000
5,820
10,800
10,500
11,400
3,342
0
0
0
0
0
0
596
437
89
0
0
208,589
282,912
355,758
456,489
597,402
952,390
1,035,715
1,120,430
1,315,346
1,553,585
1,882,850
1,950,621
2,003,286
1,215,202
1,547,671
1,673,740
1,872,521
2,380,621
3,007,348
3,638,978
3,964,209
4,129,856
4,523,751
4,877,074
5,145,418
7,127,042
7,547,259
8,500,993
9,056,388
9,112,629
9,472,178
10,091,593
10,870,888
11,391,185
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
MiddleEast
EuropeEU
North America U.S.A.
Latin America
Africa Oceania TotalAsiaYear
Mutual supplyof finished
vehicles
Supply of 50cc-&-under
“scooters”
Supply offinished vehicles
16.82%equity stake
Technicalcooperation
Supply offinished vehicles
Technical cooperationCollaborative developmentof a compact FR sports car
50.1% equity stake
5.05% equity stakeSupply of hybrid technologies under licence
Supply of CVs
0.25% equity stake
50%equity stake
Mutual supplyof CVs
Supply ofCVs
3.58%equity stake
andbusiness tie-up
Supply offinished vehicles
50%equity stake
Mutual supplyof CVs
34%equity stake
Mutualsupply of
finished vehicles
Supply of CVs
Supply of CVs
Supply offinishedvehicles
Supply ofCVs
Jointventurein bus
business
Yamaha
Honda
Daihatsu
ToyotaHino Subaru
SuzukiUD Trucks Mitsubishi
NissanIsuzu NMKV
MazdaMitsubishi
Fuso
Japan
100%equity stake
Supply offinished vehicles
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers AssociationSource: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
Global Operations Global Industry Ties
50 51
Japanese Automakers’ Overseas Production Reaches 19.97 Million Units
The global operations of Japanese automobile manufacturers continue to grow, focusing on on-site manufacturing to meet local needs. Whether as independent operations, joint ventures or technical tie-ups, local manufacturing activities are conducted in numerous countries around the world (see pages 48-49). In 2018 Japanese automakers’ overseas production totalled 19.97 million units, with Asia and Africa seeing the most significant increases.
Japanese Automakers Forge Extensive International AlliancesWith economic globalization, Japanese automobile manufacturers have rapidly adapted to the needs of individual markets, not only by shifting production to those markets but also by forging extensive alliances with overseas manufacturers. Various forms of partnership currently exist between Japanese, U.S. and European automakers—including capital and technical tie-ups, joint R&D and production operations, and cooperative sales ties—and such arrangements are expanding yearly. With the rapid growth of motorization in China and Southeast Asia, Japanese automakers have been actively building relationships with local manufacturers there on the basis of capital tie-ups and the supply of production as well as environment- and safety-related technologies.
Global Operations Overseas Production Volumes
● OVERSEAS PRODUCTION BY JAPANESE AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS In vehicle units At March 31, 2019
Notes: 1. Data in principle is for Japanese-brand vehicles only. 2. Until 1997, data was based on statistics supplied by the national automobile trade associations of respective countries. 3. Mexico is included in Latin America and Turkey in Europe. 4. Data excludes vehicles produced with technical assistance only provided by Japanese automakers. 5. The figures reflect the use of a new method, adopted as of January 2007, for computing overseas unit production. 6. Since December 2017, data from one JAMA member manufacturer has not been available. Note: In principle, the tie-ups shown above cover only technical cooperation related to motor vehicle production and exclude sales tie-ups.
891,142
1,123,386
1,433,075
1,734,879
2,339,127
3,264,940
3,481,725
3,804,065
4,339,954
4,896,074
5,559,480
5,784,252
5,991,484
5,371,171
5,780,143
6,288,192
6,679,593
7,652,466
8,607,563
9,797,551
10,606,157
10,972,243
11,859,709
11,651,554
10,117,520
13,181,554
13,383,761
15,823,648
16,756,754
17,476,267
18,094,876
18,979,467
19,741,762
16,965,959
151,574
133,109
127,003
152,334
166,541
169,169
134,051
109,276
106,754
128,213
102,961
118,097
136,107
150,685
125,575
130,933
137,084
135,498
148,471
125,726
134,581
121,635
159,710
143,741
96,836
119,473
93,675
101,381
106,278
90,125
91,616
90,240
60,942
0
99,500
119,000
134,000
145,000
184,500
186,000
172,000
167,500
179,000
168,000
226,000
195,674
182,218
144,181
130,216
146,435
162,825
155,973
162,969
191,537
225,725
259,050
252,332
257,646
168,651
206,476
233,709
248,711
232,191
241,841
218,020
190,724
198,625
216,969
90,252
87,115
104,925
125,531
144,811
160,654
169,001
195,161
211,802
197,325
110,660
140,031
190,596
260,131
246,710
387,732
407,887
445,862
457,467
534,863
645,074
745,827
895,099
920,738
790,794
982,342
1,029,511
1,234,584
1,284,187
1,591,099
1,820,525
1,859,685
1,903,466
1,894,346
296,569
425,644
592,761
672,766
932,242
1,298,878
1,378,907
1,547,361
1,691,239
1,982,209
2,215,657
2,275,525
2,290,685
2,270,516
2,311,163
2,480,691
2,451,496
2,720,449
2,821,723
3,143,603
3,383,277
3,281,073
3,324,326
2,893,466
2,108,161
2,653,231
2,422,152
3,324,703
3,627,226
3,813,351
3,847,517
3,976,482
3,765,364
3,676,823
296,569
426,087
608,446
723,396
1,040,868
1,570,114
1,684,964
1,853,097
2,030,478
2,346,619
2,595,436
2,641,451
2,664,588
2,674,299
2,797,175
2,991,924
3,061,612
3,375,453
3,487,012
3,840,744
4,080,713
4,001,639
4,049,068
3,576,246
2,687,527
3,390,095
3,068,979
4,253,869
4,540,685
4,785,769
4,823,222
4,989,360
4,767,063
4,606,948
43,175
73,903
100,794
130,326
203,215
223,164
282,278
351,296
472,744
477,728
575,852
650,990
714,699
814,847
835,582
837,679
939,034
1,015,748
1,245,469
1,296,516
1,369,556
1,509,402
1,789,875
1,693,151
1,136,145
1,250,226
1,302,277
1,383,583
1,379,733
1,382,052
1,401,521
1,487,994
1,511,800
1,415,747
44,658
75,163
102,943
132,129
205,005
226,613
285,994
358,601
496,574
502,332
641,573
738,378
814,689
920,985
929,303
953,170
1,032,004
1,153,059
1,338,476
1,454,903
1,545,355
1,702,836
1,976,407
1,876,109
1,228,294
1,356,126
1,410,628
1,484,110
1,537,025
1,654,208
1,668,878
1,757,776
1,940,778
1,856,511
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
5,688
3,493
4,258
5,660
6,000
5,820
10,800
10,500
11,400
3,342
0
0
0
0
0
0
596
437
89
0
0
208,589
282,912
355,758
456,489
597,402
952,390
1,035,715
1,120,430
1,315,346
1,553,585
1,882,850
1,950,621
2,003,286
1,215,202
1,547,671
1,673,740
1,872,521
2,380,621
3,007,348
3,638,978
3,964,209
4,129,856
4,523,751
4,877,074
5,145,418
7,127,042
7,547,259
8,500,993
9,056,388
9,112,629
9,472,178
10,091,593
10,870,888
11,391,185
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
MiddleEast
EuropeEU
North America U.S.A.
Latin America
Africa Oceania TotalAsiaYear
Mutual supplyof finished
vehicles
Supply of 50cc-&-under
“scooters”
Supply offinished vehicles
16.82%equity stake
Technicalcooperation
Supply offinished vehicles
Technical cooperationCollaborative developmentof a compact FR sports car
50.1% equity stake
5.05% equity stakeSupply of hybrid technologies under licence
Supply of CVs
0.25% equity stake
50%equity stake
Mutual supplyof CVs
Supply ofCVs
3.58%equity stake
andbusiness tie-up
Supply offinished vehicles
50%equity stake
Mutual supplyof CVs
34%equity stake
Mutualsupply of
finished vehicles
Supply of CVs
Supply of CVs
Supply offinishedvehicles
Supply ofCVs
Jointventurein bus
business
Yamaha
Honda
Daihatsu
ToyotaHino Subaru
SuzukiUD Trucks Mitsubishi
NissanIsuzu NMKV
MazdaMitsubishi
Fuso
Japan
100%equity stake
Supply offinished vehicles
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers AssociationSource: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
Global Operations Global Industry Ties
50 51
Japan U.S.A.
Supply ofdiesel engines
50%equitystake
100%equitystake
Isuzu
GeneralMotors
FC co-development50%equitystake
Honda
Fuel Cell SystemManufacturing, LLC
GM Japan
Japan China
47.73%equitystake
30.5% equity stake;Production of
Camry, Camry Hybrid,Highlander, LEVIN, C-HR, LEVIN Hybrid, and Yaris
40% equitystake;
Productionof Vios, Corolla,Corolla Hybrid,Crown and Izoa
50% equity stake;Production of
Coaster and Prado
Production outsourcing ofMazda6 and CX-4
50%equity stake;Productionof Mazda3and CX-5
50%equitystake
50%equitystake
35%equitystake
50% equity stake15% equity stake
Mitsubishi
Mazda
Toyota
Japan Europe
3.1%equitystake
1.55%equitystake
67.13%equitystake
50%equitystake
43.4%equitystake
15%equitystake
89.29% equitystake
Daimler AG
Toyota PeugeotCitroën Automobile
Czech (TPCA)
MitsubishiFuso
Renault
BMW
Alliance RostecAuto BV
Nissan
Toyota
3.1%equitystake
1.55%equitystake
Supply ofdiesel engines
in Europe
50%equity stake
Groupe PSA
Supply offinishedvehicles
Mazda
Cooperative salesties on
Japanese market
Porsche
Subaru
100%equity stake
Supply offinished vehicles
Supply ofdiesel engines
on Indian market
Volvo
UD Trucks
Strategicpartnership
TRATON
Hino
Fiat ChryslerAutomobiles
Suzuki Mitsubishi
Supply offinished vehicles
in Europe
Supply offinishedvehicles
Environmentaltechnologiescollaboration
At March 31, 2019
GACToyota Motor
Co., Ltd.
Changan MazdaAutomobile
Co., Ltd.
Tianjin FAWToyota Motor
Co., Ltd.
Sichuan FAW Toyota Motor
Co., Ltd.
HondaAutomobile
(China) Co., Ltd.
Dongfeng MotorGroup Co., Ltd.
Tianjin FAW XialiAutomobile
Co., Ltd.
Changan Mazda Engine
Co., Ltd.
50% equity stake
Chongqing ChanganAutomobile
Co., Ltd.
30% equity stake;Production and sales
GAC MitsubishiMotors Co., Ltd.
25% equity stake;Production and sales
Southeast (Fujian)Motor Co., Ltd.
50% equity stake
Jiangling MotorsGroup
Co., Ltd.
Isuzu
20% equity stake; Production of
Elf, Forward and Giga
50.1% equity stake
Qingling MotorsGroup
Co., Ltd.
Qingling MotorsCo., Ltd.
Jiangxi-IsuzuMotors Co., Ltd.
FAW CarsCo., Ltd.
FAW GroupCorporation
10%equitystake
Dongfeng HondaAutomobile
Co., Ltd.
50%equitystake
Dongfeng MotorCo., Ltd.
Zhengzhou NissanAutomobile
Co., Ltd.
Guangqi HondaAutomobile
Co., Ltd.
Guangqi HinoMotors Co., Ltd.
ShanghaiHino Engine
Co., Ltd.
ShanghaiElectric Group
Corp.
GuangzhouAutomobile Group
Co., Ltd.
50%equitystake
Nissan
Honda
Hino
50%equitystake
65%equitystake
50%equitystake
50% equity stake30% equity stake
50% equity stake25% equity stake
50%equitystake
20%equitystake
50% equity stake; Production of CR-V
and Civic
50% equitystake;
Productionof NV200
and Navara
50% equitystake;
Productionof Accord,Odyssey,
Vezel and Fit
50% equity stake
Global Operations Global Industry Ties
52 53
● GLOBAL MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION (BY COUNTRY/REGION/TERRITORY) In vehicle units
AustriaBelgiumFinlandFranceGermanyItalyNetherlandsPortugalSpainSwedenUKCzech RepublicHungaryPolandRomaniaSlovakiaSloveniaDouble Counts Portugal/WorldDouble Counts Eastern Europe/World
European Union (EU27*)
TurkeySerbiaRussiaAzerbaijanBelarusKazakhstanUkraineUzbekistanDouble Counts CIS/World
CIS
Europe
CanadaU.S.A.
North America
MexicoArgentinaBrazilColombiaEcuadorVenezuelaDouble Counts South America/World
Latin America
North and Latin America
AustraliaBangladeshChinaIndiaIndonesiaIranJapanMalaysiaPakistanPhilippinesSouth KoreaTaiwanThailandVietnamDouble Counts Asia/World
Asia-Oceania
AlgeriaEgyptMoroccoSouth AfricaTunisiaDouble Counts South Africa/World
Africa
Grand Totals
91,300354,00348,000
1,636,0005,746,808
712,97187,60999,200
2,354,117205,374
1,722,6981,344,182
523,000554,600358,861
1,040,000133,702
0-125,200
16,887,225
950,88879,360
1,124,3100
10,0908,3974,340
88,152-101,090
1,134,199
19,051,672
803,2303,916,584
4,719,814
1,993,178241,315
1,778,46477,946
0849
-32,790
4,058,962
8,778,776
149,000580
24,420,7443,707,348
968,4761,188,0727,873,886
503,771178,71845,853
3,859,991251,087805,033145,571
-213,830
43,884,300
42,00810,930
313,868335,539
0-28,660
673,685
72,388,433
18,43045,424
0454,279
0390,334
2,28043,896
531,8050
93,9245,7143,500
127,234445
00
-8,5050
1,708,760
535,039960
179,234247
7,1802,254
92400
189,839
2,434,598
1,567,4268,263,717
9,831,143
1,607,187231,461377,892
1,0902,7002,001
-10,580
2,211,751
12,042,894
12,2940
3,698,050811,993209,32194,100
1,330,81641,56235,93271,015
368,51858,435
1,139,38490,590
0
7,962,010
025,30031,238
263,4651,940
-92,060
229,883
22,669,385
109,730399,42748,000
2,090,2795,746,8081,103,305
89,889143,096
2,885,922205,374
1,816,6221,349,896
526,500681,834359,306
1,040,000133,702
-8,505-125,200
18,595,985
1,485,92780,320
1,303,544247
17,27010,6515,264
88,152-101,090
1,324,038
21,486,270
2,370,65612,180,301
14,550,957
3,600,365472,776
2,156,35679,0362,7002,850
-43,370
6,270,713
20,821,670
161,294580
28,118,7944,519,3411,177,7971,282,1729,204,702
545,333214,650116,868
4,228,509309,522
1,944,417236,161
-213,830
51,846,310
42,00836,230
345,106599,004
1,940-120,720
903,568
95,057,818
2016
PassengerCars
Trucks& Buses
Total
78,000332,979108,839
1,754,2005,645,584
742,6420
126,4262,291,474
01,671,1661,305,865
418,435514,700363,654
1,032,445189,852
00
16,576,261
1,142,90678,950
1,349,0170
3,58016,7897,296
140,247-116,000
1,400,929
19,083,046
751,0483,033,216
3,784,264
1,906,899203,694
2,307,44374,000
00
-40,000
4,452,036
8,236,300
00
24,806,6873,961,327
982,3371,418,5508,347,836
460,000204,500
03,735,399
230,356818,440145,571
-221,000
44,892,003
60,6069,500
307,318321,358
0-27,000
671,782
72,883,131
19,20044,023
0471,000
0399,568
049,118
556,8430
78,21900
175,0833400
-11,6430
1,781,445
552,825174
202,8920
9,8482,2821,290
00
216,312
2,550,703
1,442,9558,156,769
9,599,724
2,187,933269,714429,359
3,00000
-12,000
2,878,006
12,477,730
00
4,208,747830,904235,769837,849
1,342,83840,70046,300
0379,51461,207
1,170,38390,590
0
9,244,801
026,50034,484
268,5931,900
0
331,477
24,604,711
97,200377,002108,839
2,225,7005,645,5841,142,210
0175,544
2,848,3170
1,749,3851,305,865
418,435689,783363,688
1,032,445189,852-11,643
0
18,358,206
1,695,73179,124
1,551,9090
13,42819,0718,586
140,247-116,000
1,617,241
21,634,302
2,194,00311,189,985
13,383,988
4,094,832473,408
2,736,80277,000
00
-52,000
7,330,042
20,714,030
00
29,015,4344,792,2311,218,1061,515,3969,690,674
501,700250,800
04,114,913
291,5631,988,823
236,571-221,000
53,395,211
60,60636,000
341,802589,951
1,900-27,000
1,003,259
96,746,802
2017
PassengerCars
Trucks& Buses
Total
144,500265,958112,104
1,763,3005,120,409
670,9320
234,1512,267,396
01,519,4401,345,041
430,988451,600476,769
1,090,000209,378
00
16,101,966
1,026,46156,303
1,563,5720
10,94130,016
5,660220,667
-139,000
1,691,856
18,737,586
655,8962,795,971
3,451,867
1,575,808208,573
2,386,75869,000
00
-42,000
4,198,139
7,650,006
00
23,529,4234,064,7741,055,7741,027,3138,359,286
522,400223,500
03,661,730
190,052877,015146,000
-224,000
43,433,267
70,59718,500
368,601321,097
0-31,007
747,788
70,568,647
20,40042,535
0506,000
0389,136
060,215
552,1690
84,88800
208,046000
-10,3470
1,853,042
523,689146
204,1020
12,2941,529
96300
218,888
2,595,765
1,364,9448,518,734
9,883,678
2,524,717258,076493,051
3,80000
-13,000
3,266,644
13,150,322
00
4,279,7731,109,871
287,940504,710
1,257,11141,80047,300
0367,104
63,1891,290,679
91,0000
9,340,477
050,50733,484
289,7571,700
0
375,448
25,462,012
164,900308,493112,104
2,269,6005,120,4091,060,068
0294,366
2,819,5650
1,604,3281,345,041
430,988659,646476,769
1,090,000209,378-10,347
0
17,955,308
1,550,15056,449
1,767,6740
23,23531,545
6,623220,667
-139,000
1,910,744
21,333,651
2,020,84011,314,705
13,335,545
4,100,525466,649
2,879,80972,800
00
-55,000
7,464,783
20,800,328
00
27,809,1965,174,6451,343,7141,095,5269,729,594
565,000269,700
04,028,834
253,2412,167,694
237,000-224,000
52,450,144
70,59769,007
402,085610,854
1,700-31,007
1,123,236
95,707,359
2018
PassengerCars
Trucks& Buses
Total
Country/Region/Territory
Motor Vehicle Production Worldwide Totals 95.7 Million UnitsIn 2018 worldwide motor vehicle production (excluding motorcycles) slipped 1.1% from the previous year to a total of 95.71 million units. By region, production increased in Latin America (up 1.8% to 7.46 million units) and Africa (up 12.0% to 1.12 million units).
● MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION EXCLUDING MOTORCYCLES (MAJOR PRODUCING COUNTRIES) x 10,000 units
16
17
18
182175160
0 700
UK16
17
18
575565
512
0 700
Germany
16
17
18
209223227
0 700
France16
17
18
110114106
0 700
Italy
16
17
18
289285282
0 700
Spain16
17
18
452479517
0 700
India
16
17
18
605961
0 700
South Africa16
17
18
194199217
0 700
Thailand16
17
18
1600
0 700
Australia16
17
18
216274288
0 700
Brazil
16
17
18
360409410
0 700
Mexico16
17
18
423411403
0 700
South Korea16
17
18
920969973
0 1,000
Japan
16
17
18
130155177
0 700
Russia
16
17
18
2,8122,902
2,781
0 3,000
China
16
17
18
237219202
0 700
Canada16
17
18
1,2181,1191,131
0 1,300
U.S.A.
*“EU27” is as per OICA (see “Sources” below) listings. Notes: 1. Includes preliminary figures. 2. Some EU and Latin American countries do not release truck and bus production data.Sources: International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA); for Japan, Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
● GLOBAL MOTORCYCLE PRODUCTION (BY COUNTRY/TERRITORY) In vehicle units
AustriaCzech RepublicFranceGermanyItalySpainUKBrazilChinaIndiaJapanMalaysiaPakistanPhilippinesTaiwanThailand
—16——
60,314—————0
—————
—1,711
——
228,425——
1,262,70816,617,298
—522,394
—————
Sources: Motorcycle manufacturers’ associations of individual countries, etc.
Mopeds Motorcycles Total
2015
Mopeds Motorcycles Total
2016Country/Territory
—1,727
——
288,739——
1,262,70818,832,19118,830,227
522,394382,218
1,255,770806,594
1,118,8481,807,325
—9
——
60,699——0
——0
—————
—1,219
——
240,914——
887,65314,734,442
—560,536
—————
—1,228
——
302,323——
887,65316,820,80219,933,739
560,536395,938
1,496,9071,040,6261,217,4421,820,358
Mopeds Motorcycles Total
2017
Note: “—” means data is not available at the end of March 2019.
Motor Vehicles Worldwide Global Production (Including Motorcycles)
————
74,996——0
——0
—————
————
249,356——
882,87615,093,566
—646,983
—————
—1,331
——
325,885——
882,87617,145,74623,147,057
646,983440,673
1,781,8561,173,8831,237,0802,055,193
54 55
● NEW REGISTRATIONS OF PASSENGER CARS AND COMMERCIAL VEHICLES (BY COUNTRY)In vehicle units
2015
PassengerCars
Commercial Vehicles
Total
2016
PassengerCars
Commercial Vehicles
Total
2017
PassengerCars
Commercial Vehicles
TotalCountry
A Total of 96.8 Million New Motor Vehicles Sold GloballyIn 2017 new motor vehicle registrations (excluding motorcycles) increased 3.1% over the previous year to a global total of 96.80 million units. Vehicle sales rose in Russia (up 14.1% to 1.60 million units), India (up 9.5% to 4.02 million units), and Brazil (up 9.2% to 2.24 million units).To our readers: Worldwide new registrations data for 2018 was not available at this publication’s press time.
● NEW REGISTRATIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES EXCLUDING MOTORCYCLES (SELECTED COUNTRIES) x 10,000 units
Sources: International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA); for Japan, Japan Automobile Dealers Association; Japan Mini Vehicles Association; Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
15
16
17
306312296
0 800
UK
15
16
17
404344
0 800
Sweden
15
16
17
354371381
0 800
Germany15
16
17
144140160
0 800
Russia15
16
17
194198208
0 800
Canada
15
16
17
139165157
0 800
Mexico
15
16
17
257205224
0 800
Brazil15
16
17
116118119
0 800
Australia
15
16
17
524751
0 800
Netherlands
15
16
17
235248260
0 800
France15
16
17
173205219
0 800
Italy
15
16
17
183182180
0 800
South Korea15
16
17
505497523
0 800
Japan
15
16
17
2,4662,803
2,912
0 3,000
China
15
16
17
1,7851,787
1,758
0 1,800
U.S.A.
15
16
17
128135145
0 800
Spain
15
16
17
625556
0 800
South Africa15
16
17
342367402
0 800
India
Austria
Belgium
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Hungary
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Spain
Sweden
UK
Russia
Switzerland
Turkey
Canada
U.S.A.
Mexico
Brazil
Argentina
China
India
Japan
South Korea
Malaysia
Indonesia
Thailand
Australia
Egypt
South Africa
Other
Grand Totals
308,555
501,066
230,857
207,717
108,819
1,917,226
3,206,042
77,171
1,575,737
449,350
150,686
354,975
178,503
98,325
77,968
1,094,077
345,108
2,633,503
1,282,740
323,783
725,596
712,322
7,516,826
892,194
2,123,009
480,952
21,210,339
2,772,270
4,215,889
1,533,670
591,275
755,566
356,063
924,154
258,400
412,670
5,723,730
66,327,133
41,042
70,458
29,213
37,767
14,664
427,866
333,783
23,762
150,342
71,828
39,420
77,464
35,151
22,266
12,123
182,982
51,585
427,903
158,183
38,867
285,598
1,227,195
10,328,798
497,280
445,967
163,069
3,451,263
652,566
830,621
300,116
75,402
275,856
443,569
231,254
73,700
205,079
1,646,187
23,380,189
349,597
571,524
260,070
245,484
123,483
2,345,092
3,539,825
100,933
1,726,079
521,178
190,106
432,439
213,654
120,591
90,091
1,277,059
396,693
3,061,406
1,440,923
362,650
1,011,194
1,939,517
17,845,624
1,389,474
2,568,976
644,021
24,661,602
3,424,836
5,046,510
1,833,786
666,677
1,031,422
799,632
1,155,408
332,100
617,749
7,369,917
89,707,322
329,604
539,519
259,693
222,924
118,991
2,015,177
3,351,607
96,552
1,824,968
382,825
154,603
416,123
207,345
115,004
88,165
1,147,007
372,318
2,692,786
1,239,680
317,318
756,938
661,088
6,872,729
1,065,912
1,676,722
525,757
24,376,902
2,966,637
4,146,458
1,533,813
514,545
834,920
328,053
927,274
214,800
361,289
5,850,835
69,506,881
44,941
78,335
31,315
42,462
17,439
463,295
357,260
27,255
225,324
86,585
43,388
88,427
39,998
27,016
12,435
200,337
59,500
430,969
164,784
38,564
250,919
1,322,657
10,993,044
581,811
373,599
183,725
3,651,273
702,640
823,800
289,228
65,579
213,215
440,735
250,859
49,300
186,117
1,540,621
24,398,751
374,545
617,854
291,008
265,386
136,430
2,478,472
3,708,867
123,807
2,050,292
469,410
197,991
504,550
247,343
142,020
100,600
1,347,344
431,818
3,123,755
1,404,464
355,882
1,007,857
1,983,745
17,865,773
1,647,723
2,050,321
709,482
28,028,175
3,669,277
4,970,258
1,823,041
580,124
1,048,135
768,788
1,178,133
264,100
547,406
7,391,456
93,905,632
353,335
546,533
271,899
221,586
118,634
2,109,890
3,442,100
116,249
1,969,140
414,599
158,623
485,199
222,066
130,415
96,100
1,235,327
379,392
2,539,297
1,393,400
314,145
722,876
639,272
6,096,111
1,016,880
1,844,394
662,980
24,961,948
3,227,701
4,386,377
1,495,468
519,690
824,901
401,537
915,219
133,391
369,599
6,108,470
70,844,743
50,244
87,579
30,210
41,775
19,741
495,052
369,146
25,565
221,263
93,772
43,272
90,945
42,838
29,393
12,572
215,763
63,443
415,885
208,870
41,765
257,518
1,437,728
11,487,731
553,884
394,521
237,423
4,160,583
789,838
847,788
303,328
71,406
235,993
471,969
273,458
47,610
186,117
1,598,937
25,954,924
403,580
634,111
302,109
263,361
138,375
2,604,942
3,811,246
141,814
2,190,403
508,371
201,895
576,144
264,904
159,808
108,672
1,451,089
442,835
2,955,182
1,602,270
355,910
980,394
2,077,000
17,583,842
1,570,764
2,238,915
900,403
29,122,531
4,017,539
5,234,165
1,798,796
591,096
1,060,894
873,506
1,188,677
181,001
555,716
7,707,407
96,799,667
Motor Vehicles Worldwide New Registrations
56 57
● NEW REGISTRATIONS OF PASSENGER CARS AND COMMERCIAL VEHICLES (BY COUNTRY)In vehicle units
2015
PassengerCars
Commercial Vehicles
Total
2016
PassengerCars
Commercial Vehicles
Total
2017
PassengerCars
Commercial Vehicles
TotalCountry
A Total of 96.8 Million New Motor Vehicles Sold GloballyIn 2017 new motor vehicle registrations (excluding motorcycles) increased 3.1% over the previous year to a global total of 96.80 million units. Vehicle sales rose in Russia (up 14.1% to 1.60 million units), India (up 9.5% to 4.02 million units), and Brazil (up 9.2% to 2.24 million units).To our readers: Worldwide new registrations data for 2018 was not available at this publication’s press time.
● NEW REGISTRATIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES EXCLUDING MOTORCYCLES (SELECTED COUNTRIES) x 10,000 units
Sources: International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA); for Japan, Japan Automobile Dealers Association; Japan Mini Vehicles Association; Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
15
16
17
306312296
0 800
UK
15
16
17
404344
0 800
Sweden
15
16
17
354371381
0 800
Germany15
16
17
144140160
0 800
Russia15
16
17
194198208
0 800
Canada
15
16
17
139165157
0 800
Mexico
15
16
17
257205224
0 800
Brazil15
16
17
116118119
0 800
Australia
15
16
17
524751
0 800
Netherlands
15
16
17
235248260
0 800
France15
16
17
173205219
0 800
Italy
15
16
17
183182180
0 800
South Korea15
16
17
505497523
0 800
Japan
15
16
17
2,4662,803
2,912
0 3,000
China
15
16
17
1,7851,787
1,758
0 1,800
U.S.A.
15
16
17
128135145
0 800
Spain
15
16
17
625556
0 800
South Africa15
16
17
342367402
0 800
India
Austria
Belgium
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Hungary
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Spain
Sweden
UK
Russia
Switzerland
Turkey
Canada
U.S.A.
Mexico
Brazil
Argentina
China
India
Japan
South Korea
Malaysia
Indonesia
Thailand
Australia
Egypt
South Africa
Other
Grand Totals
308,555
501,066
230,857
207,717
108,819
1,917,226
3,206,042
77,171
1,575,737
449,350
150,686
354,975
178,503
98,325
77,968
1,094,077
345,108
2,633,503
1,282,740
323,783
725,596
712,322
7,516,826
892,194
2,123,009
480,952
21,210,339
2,772,270
4,215,889
1,533,670
591,275
755,566
356,063
924,154
258,400
412,670
5,723,730
66,327,133
41,042
70,458
29,213
37,767
14,664
427,866
333,783
23,762
150,342
71,828
39,420
77,464
35,151
22,266
12,123
182,982
51,585
427,903
158,183
38,867
285,598
1,227,195
10,328,798
497,280
445,967
163,069
3,451,263
652,566
830,621
300,116
75,402
275,856
443,569
231,254
73,700
205,079
1,646,187
23,380,189
349,597
571,524
260,070
245,484
123,483
2,345,092
3,539,825
100,933
1,726,079
521,178
190,106
432,439
213,654
120,591
90,091
1,277,059
396,693
3,061,406
1,440,923
362,650
1,011,194
1,939,517
17,845,624
1,389,474
2,568,976
644,021
24,661,602
3,424,836
5,046,510
1,833,786
666,677
1,031,422
799,632
1,155,408
332,100
617,749
7,369,917
89,707,322
329,604
539,519
259,693
222,924
118,991
2,015,177
3,351,607
96,552
1,824,968
382,825
154,603
416,123
207,345
115,004
88,165
1,147,007
372,318
2,692,786
1,239,680
317,318
756,938
661,088
6,872,729
1,065,912
1,676,722
525,757
24,376,902
2,966,637
4,146,458
1,533,813
514,545
834,920
328,053
927,274
214,800
361,289
5,850,835
69,506,881
44,941
78,335
31,315
42,462
17,439
463,295
357,260
27,255
225,324
86,585
43,388
88,427
39,998
27,016
12,435
200,337
59,500
430,969
164,784
38,564
250,919
1,322,657
10,993,044
581,811
373,599
183,725
3,651,273
702,640
823,800
289,228
65,579
213,215
440,735
250,859
49,300
186,117
1,540,621
24,398,751
374,545
617,854
291,008
265,386
136,430
2,478,472
3,708,867
123,807
2,050,292
469,410
197,991
504,550
247,343
142,020
100,600
1,347,344
431,818
3,123,755
1,404,464
355,882
1,007,857
1,983,745
17,865,773
1,647,723
2,050,321
709,482
28,028,175
3,669,277
4,970,258
1,823,041
580,124
1,048,135
768,788
1,178,133
264,100
547,406
7,391,456
93,905,632
353,335
546,533
271,899
221,586
118,634
2,109,890
3,442,100
116,249
1,969,140
414,599
158,623
485,199
222,066
130,415
96,100
1,235,327
379,392
2,539,297
1,393,400
314,145
722,876
639,272
6,096,111
1,016,880
1,844,394
662,980
24,961,948
3,227,701
4,386,377
1,495,468
519,690
824,901
401,537
915,219
133,391
369,599
6,108,470
70,844,743
50,244
87,579
30,210
41,775
19,741
495,052
369,146
25,565
221,263
93,772
43,272
90,945
42,838
29,393
12,572
215,763
63,443
415,885
208,870
41,765
257,518
1,437,728
11,487,731
553,884
394,521
237,423
4,160,583
789,838
847,788
303,328
71,406
235,993
471,969
273,458
47,610
186,117
1,598,937
25,954,924
403,580
634,111
302,109
263,361
138,375
2,604,942
3,811,246
141,814
2,190,403
508,371
201,895
576,144
264,904
159,808
108,672
1,451,089
442,835
2,955,182
1,602,270
355,910
980,394
2,077,000
17,583,842
1,570,764
2,238,915
900,403
29,122,531
4,017,539
5,234,165
1,798,796
591,096
1,060,894
873,506
1,188,677
181,001
555,716
7,707,407
96,799,667
Motor Vehicles Worldwide New Registrations
56 57
Motor Vehicle Exports Increase in Brazil, China, and FranceMotor vehicle exports (excluding motorcycles) in 2017 increased over the previous year in Brazil (up 46.0% to 785,000 units), China (up 25.8% to 891,000 units), and France (up 18.9% to 6.37 million units).
● MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORTS (MAJOR EXPORTING COUNTRIES)● MOTOR VEHICLE DENSITY: INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS (at end of 2017)
x 10,000 units
x 1 person
● MOTOR VEHICLES IN USE WORLDWIDE (at end of 2017) In vehicle units
In vehicle units
15
16
17
128140138
0 600
UK15
16
17
465465459
0 600
Germany
15
16
17
472535
637
0 700
France
15
16
17
687274
0 600
Italy
15
16
17
737189
0 600
China
15
16
17
458463471
0 600
Japan
15
16
17
220234232
0 600
Spain15
16
17
768784
0 600
India
15
16
17
297262253
0 600
South Korea
● MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORTS (MAJOR EXPORTING COUNTRIES) In vehicle units
JapanU.S.A.GermanyUKFranceItalySpainBrazilSouth KoreaChinaIndia
3,970,0032,206,7014,406,2061,227,8814,159,198
385,7381,821,806
316,7772,821,832
427,727653,053
608,075487,591244,01547,179
563,013297,217380,008125,236152,282300,505103,124
4,578,0782,694,2924,650,2211,275,0604,722,211
682,9552,201,814
442,0132,974,114
728,232756,177
4,118,4322,114,6064,411,1521,349,4434,735,057
398,2771,923,102
409,2512,506,505
477,088758,727
515,601539,082239,90154,842
617,832318,045421,153128,175115,210231,173108,271
4,634,0332,653,6884,651,0531,404,2855,352,889
716,3222,344,255
537,4262,621,715
708,261866,998
Passenger Cars
CommercialVehicles
TotalPassenger
CarsCommercial
VehiclesTotal
2015 2016
4,218,4292,221,8754,378,1081,334,5385,695,129
418,3241,866,931
625,1552,415,948
639,167747,287
487,419617,586210,417
48,899670,038324,094451,286159,563114,246251,730
96,867
4,705,8482,839,4614,588,5251,383,4376,365,167
742,4182,318,217
784,7182,530,194
890,897844,154
Passenger Cars
CommercialVehicles
Total
2017Country
Sources: Ward’s, etc.; for Japan, Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
● MOTORCYCLE EXPORTS (MAJOR EXPORTING COUNTRIES/TERRITORY) In vehicle units
JapanChinaTaiwanIndonesiaIndia
417,6497,402,466
454,743228,229
2,482,876
428,6196,657,949
427,392284,065
2,340,277
2015 2016Country/Territory
Sources: Automobile/motorcycle manufacturers’ associations of individual countries; for Japan, Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
15
16
17
269265284
0 600
U.S.A.
15
16
17
445478
0 600
Brazil
More than 1.37 Billion Motor Vehicles in Use WorldwideThere were over 1.37 billion motor vehicles (excluding motorcycles) in use worldwide in 2017, equivalent to 182 motor vehicles per 1,000 inhabitants or one vehicle for every 5.5 persons. Motorcycle density in recent years has been particularly high in Indonesia, with one motorcycle in use for every two persons; in Malaysia and Thailand, with one in use for every three persons; in Greece, with one in use for every six persons; and in Italy, with one in use for every seven persons. In Japan, one motorcycle is in use for every 12 persons.
Sources: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; Ward’s, etc.;for population data, OECD, UN
No. of Motor Vehicles per 1,000 InhabitantsTotal Motor VehiclesPassenger Cars
No. of Persons per Motor Vehicle(No. of Persons per Passenger Car)Country
U.S.A.
Australia
Italy
Canada
Japan
Austria
Germany
Spain
France
Switzerland
UK
Belgium
World Average
● MOTORCYCLE DENSITY: INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS (No. of Persons per Motorcycle)
x 1 person
Note: Data for Japan is as at March 31.Sources: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism;
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications; Federation of Asian Motorcycle Industries (FAMI);European Association of Motorcycle Manufacturers (ACEM), etc.; for population data, OECD, UN
2017
2014
2015
2014
2017
2014
2014
2014
2017
2017
2014
2017
2
3
3
6
7
9
10
11
12
13
14
19
Passenger Cars
Commercial Vehicles
Total Country
GermanyItalyFranceUKSpainNetherlandsBelgiumAustriaSwedenPolandSwitzerlandTurkeyRussiaU.S.A.CanadaMexicoArgentinaBrazilJapanChinaSouth KoreaIndiaThailandIndonesiaAustraliaSouth AfricaOther
Grand Totals
46,474,594 38,520,321 32,614,400 34,686,328 23,623,627
8,594,600 5,735,280 4,898,578 4,845,609
22,573,400 4,570,823
12,035,978 46,747,100
124,141,000 22,678,328 30,089,169 10,689,885 36,189,608 61,803,118
184,644,000 18,034,540 35,890,300
9,260,152 14,160,100 14,275,000
7,810,200 160,057,169
1,015,643,207
3,617,895 5,077,594 6,770,200 4,989,234 5,020,085 1,121,556
852,405 484,734 661,723
3,909,300 576,021
5,241,945 6,213,700
151,878,000 1,167,819
11,221,858 3,419,019 7,407,750
16,274,751 30,956,000
4,493,755 10,629,600
7,686,809 9,458,000 4,038,000 5,578,300
49,017,891
357,763,944
50,092,489 43,597,915 39,384,600 39,675,562 28,643,712 9,716,156 6,587,685 5,383,312 5,507,332
26,482,700 5,146,844
17,277,923 52,960,800
276,019,000 23,846,147 41,311,027 14,108,904 43,597,358 78,077,869
215,600,000 22,528,295 46,519,900 16,946,961 23,618,100 18,313,000 13,388,500
209,075,060
1,373,407,151
Sources: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; Ward’s, etc.
● MOTORCYCLES IN USE WORLDWIDE
In vehicle units
Country/Territory TotalYear201720142014201420142014201420142014201720142014201520172017201720172017
ItalySpainFranceUKNetherlandsSwitzerlandAustriaPolandCzech RepublicGermanyGreeceMalaysiaThailandTaiwanIndonesiaChinaJapanPhilippines
8,639,9115,033,2093,015,2231,328,3001,228,147
852,567755,447
1,311,1841,016,9786,119,4921,802,929
11,734,52720,541,72413,755,582
111,470,87874,254,83910,955,9606,174,345
Sources: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism;Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications;Federation of Asian Motorcycle Industries (FAMI);
European Association of Motorcycle Manufacturers (ACEM), etc.
851
747
734
652
612
619
610
617
606
606
599
578
182
383
583
648
620
485
563
566
509
502
538
524
503
135
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
5.5
(2.6)
(1.7)
(1.5)
(1.6)
(2.1)
(1.8)
(1.8)
(2.0)
(2.0)
(1.9)
(1.9)
(2.0)
(7.4)
Indonesia
Malaysia
Thailand
Greece
Italy
Spain
Switzerland
Austria
Japan
Germany
Netherlands
China
Total Total463,123
7,413,732337,490431,187
2,815,016
2017
Total
Motor Vehicles Worldwide Motor Vehicles & Motorcycles in Use/Motor Vehicle & Motorcycle Density Motor Vehicles Worldwide Exports (Including Motorcycles)
58 59
Motor Vehicle Exports Increase in Brazil, China, and FranceMotor vehicle exports (excluding motorcycles) in 2017 increased over the previous year in Brazil (up 46.0% to 785,000 units), China (up 25.8% to 891,000 units), and France (up 18.9% to 6.37 million units).
● MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORTS (MAJOR EXPORTING COUNTRIES)● MOTOR VEHICLE DENSITY: INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS (at end of 2017)
x 10,000 units
x 1 person
● MOTOR VEHICLES IN USE WORLDWIDE (at end of 2017) In vehicle units
In vehicle units
15
16
17
128140138
0 600
UK15
16
17
465465459
0 600
Germany
15
16
17
472535
637
0 700
France
15
16
17
687274
0 600
Italy
15
16
17
737189
0 600
China
15
16
17
458463471
0 600
Japan
15
16
17
220234232
0 600
Spain15
16
17
768784
0 600
India
15
16
17
297262253
0 600
South Korea
● MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORTS (MAJOR EXPORTING COUNTRIES) In vehicle units
JapanU.S.A.GermanyUKFranceItalySpainBrazilSouth KoreaChinaIndia
3,970,0032,206,7014,406,2061,227,8814,159,198
385,7381,821,806
316,7772,821,832
427,727653,053
608,075487,591244,01547,179
563,013297,217380,008125,236152,282300,505103,124
4,578,0782,694,2924,650,2211,275,0604,722,211
682,9552,201,814
442,0132,974,114
728,232756,177
4,118,4322,114,6064,411,1521,349,4434,735,057
398,2771,923,102
409,2512,506,505
477,088758,727
515,601539,082239,90154,842
617,832318,045421,153128,175115,210231,173108,271
4,634,0332,653,6884,651,0531,404,2855,352,889
716,3222,344,255
537,4262,621,715
708,261866,998
Passenger Cars
CommercialVehicles
TotalPassenger
CarsCommercial
VehiclesTotal
2015 2016
4,218,4292,221,8754,378,1081,334,5385,695,129
418,3241,866,931
625,1552,415,948
639,167747,287
487,419617,586210,417
48,899670,038324,094451,286159,563114,246251,730
96,867
4,705,8482,839,4614,588,5251,383,4376,365,167
742,4182,318,217
784,7182,530,194
890,897844,154
Passenger Cars
CommercialVehicles
Total
2017Country
Sources: Ward’s, etc.; for Japan, Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
● MOTORCYCLE EXPORTS (MAJOR EXPORTING COUNTRIES/TERRITORY) In vehicle units
JapanChinaTaiwanIndonesiaIndia
417,6497,402,466
454,743228,229
2,482,876
428,6196,657,949
427,392284,065
2,340,277
2015 2016Country/Territory
Sources: Automobile/motorcycle manufacturers’ associations of individual countries; for Japan, Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
15
16
17
269265284
0 600
U.S.A.
15
16
17
445478
0 600
Brazil
More than 1.37 Billion Motor Vehicles in Use WorldwideThere were over 1.37 billion motor vehicles (excluding motorcycles) in use worldwide in 2017, equivalent to 182 motor vehicles per 1,000 inhabitants or one vehicle for every 5.5 persons. Motorcycle density in recent years has been particularly high in Indonesia, with one motorcycle in use for every two persons; in Malaysia and Thailand, with one in use for every three persons; in Greece, with one in use for every six persons; and in Italy, with one in use for every seven persons. In Japan, one motorcycle is in use for every 12 persons.
Sources: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; Ward’s, etc.;for population data, OECD, UN
No. of Motor Vehicles per 1,000 InhabitantsTotal Motor VehiclesPassenger Cars
No. of Persons per Motor Vehicle(No. of Persons per Passenger Car)Country
U.S.A.
Australia
Italy
Canada
Japan
Austria
Germany
Spain
France
Switzerland
UK
Belgium
World Average
● MOTORCYCLE DENSITY: INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS (No. of Persons per Motorcycle)
x 1 person
Note: Data for Japan is as at March 31.Sources: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism;
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications; Federation of Asian Motorcycle Industries (FAMI);European Association of Motorcycle Manufacturers (ACEM), etc.; for population data, OECD, UN
2017
2014
2015
2014
2017
2014
2014
2014
2017
2017
2014
2017
2
3
3
6
7
9
10
11
12
13
14
19
Passenger Cars
Commercial Vehicles
Total Country
GermanyItalyFranceUKSpainNetherlandsBelgiumAustriaSwedenPolandSwitzerlandTurkeyRussiaU.S.A.CanadaMexicoArgentinaBrazilJapanChinaSouth KoreaIndiaThailandIndonesiaAustraliaSouth AfricaOther
Grand Totals
46,474,594 38,520,321 32,614,400 34,686,328 23,623,627
8,594,600 5,735,280 4,898,578 4,845,609
22,573,400 4,570,823
12,035,978 46,747,100
124,141,000 22,678,328 30,089,169 10,689,885 36,189,608 61,803,118
184,644,000 18,034,540 35,890,300
9,260,152 14,160,100 14,275,000
7,810,200 160,057,169
1,015,643,207
3,617,895 5,077,594 6,770,200 4,989,234 5,020,085 1,121,556
852,405 484,734 661,723
3,909,300 576,021
5,241,945 6,213,700
151,878,000 1,167,819
11,221,858 3,419,019 7,407,750
16,274,751 30,956,000
4,493,755 10,629,600
7,686,809 9,458,000 4,038,000 5,578,300
49,017,891
357,763,944
50,092,489 43,597,915 39,384,600 39,675,562 28,643,712 9,716,156 6,587,685 5,383,312 5,507,332
26,482,700 5,146,844
17,277,923 52,960,800
276,019,000 23,846,147 41,311,027 14,108,904 43,597,358 78,077,869
215,600,000 22,528,295 46,519,900 16,946,961 23,618,100 18,313,000 13,388,500
209,075,060
1,373,407,151
Sources: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; Ward’s, etc.
● MOTORCYCLES IN USE WORLDWIDE
In vehicle units
Country/Territory TotalYear201720142014201420142014201420142014201720142014201520172017201720172017
ItalySpainFranceUKNetherlandsSwitzerlandAustriaPolandCzech RepublicGermanyGreeceMalaysiaThailandTaiwanIndonesiaChinaJapanPhilippines
8,639,9115,033,2093,015,2231,328,3001,228,147
852,567755,447
1,311,1841,016,9786,119,4921,802,929
11,734,52720,541,72413,755,582
111,470,87874,254,83910,955,9606,174,345
Sources: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism;Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications;Federation of Asian Motorcycle Industries (FAMI);
European Association of Motorcycle Manufacturers (ACEM), etc.
851
747
734
652
612
619
610
617
606
606
599
578
182
383
583
648
620
485
563
566
509
502
538
524
503
135
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
5.5
(2.6)
(1.7)
(1.5)
(1.6)
(2.1)
(1.8)
(1.8)
(2.0)
(2.0)
(1.9)
(1.9)
(2.0)
(7.4)
Indonesia
Malaysia
Thailand
Greece
Italy
Spain
Switzerland
Austria
Japan
Germany
Netherlands
China
Total Total463,123
7,413,732337,490431,187
2,815,016
2017
Total
Motor Vehicles Worldwide Motor Vehicles & Motorcycles in Use/Motor Vehicle & Motorcycle Density Motor Vehicles Worldwide Exports (Including Motorcycles)
58 59
IwateToyota Motor East Japan(Iwate)
GunmaSubaru (Main Plant)
Subaru (Yajima)Subaru (Oizumi)
Hino (Nitta)
TochigiIsuzu (Tochigi)
Nissan (Tochigi)Honda (Tochigi)
ShigaDaihatsu (Shiga)
Mitsubishi (Shiga)
KyotoDaihatsu (Kyoto)
Mitsubishi (Kyoto)
OsakaDaihatsu (Ikeda)
HyogoKawasaki (Akashi)
■ Locations of Auto Manufacturing Plants At April 1, 2019
● Vehicle Assembly Plants● Parts Plants
FukushimaNissan (Iwaki)
SaitamaUD Trucks (Ageo)Honda (Sayama)Honda (Yorii)Honda (Ogawa)
TokyoHino (Hino)Hino (Hamura)
KanagawaIsuzu (Fujisawa)Nissan (Yokohama)Nissan (Oppama)Mitsubishi Fuso (Kawasaki)Mitsubishi Fuso (Nakatsu)
MieHonda (Suzuka)
Toyota Auto Body (Inabe)
GifuPajero Manufacturing
(Sakahogi)
ShizuokaSuzuki (Hamamatsu)Suzuki (Iwata)Suzuki (Osuka)Suzuki (Kosai)Suzuki (Sagara)Toyota Motor East Japan (Higashi-Fuji)Toyota Motor East Japan (Suyama)Honda (Hamamatsu)Yamaha (Iwata Main)Yamaha (Iwata South)Yamaha (Hamakita)Yamaha (Nakaze)Yamaha (Fukuroi)Yamaha (Toyooka)Yamaha (Morimachi)
AichiToyota (Honsha)Toyota (Motomachi)Toyota (Kamigo)Toyota (Takaoka)Toyota (Miyoshi)Toyota (Tsutsumi)Toyota (Myochi)Toyota (Shimoyama)Toyota (Kinu-Ura)Toyota (Tahara)Toyota (Teiho)Toyota (Hirose)Toyota Auto Body (Fujimatsu)Toyota Auto Body (Yoshiwara)Toyota Auto Body (Kariya)Mitsubishi (Okazaki)
OitaDaihatsu Kyushu (Oita)
FukuokaNissan Motor Kyushu (Kanda)Daihatsu Kyushu (Kurume)Toyota Motor Kyushu (Miyata)Toyota Motor Kyushu (Kanda)Toyota Motor Kyushu (Kokura)
KumamotoHonda (Kumamoto)
OkayamaMitsubishi (Mizushima)
HiroshimaMazda (Head Office)
Mazda (Miyoshi)
YamaguchiMazda (Hofu)
IbarakiHino (Koga)
MiyagiToyota Motor East Japan (Miyagi-Ohira) Toyota Motor East Japan (Miyagi-Taiwa)
HokkaidoToyota Motor Hokkaido
Automobile Customs Tariffs, EPAs-FTAsAfter repeated reductions in tariff rates, import tariffs in Japan on finished motor vehicles and auto parts were abolished in 1978. Many other countries continue to impose tariffs on imported vehicles: for example, the United States imposes a 25% tariff on imported trucks and China levies a 15% tariff on finished vehicles. Aiming to abolish customs tariffs and thereby to liberalize and facilitate trade and investment, the Japanese government promotes the establishment of economic partnership agreements (EPAs) and free trade agreements (FTAs). According to the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), which came into force in December 2018 for the countries that had ratified it by that date, automobile customs tariffs in the 11 signatory countries will be progressively reduced, with the goal being, depending on the country, eventual abolition. In line with the economic partnership agreement between Japan and the European Union that took effect on February 1, 2019, tariff rates on Japanese passenger cars imported into the EU will be lowered annually until their abolition in 2026. Also, with the enforcement of that agreement, more than 90% of the tariffs (in value terms) on imported Japanese auto parts were immediately abolished.
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
● AUTOMOBILE CUSTOMS TARIFFS, JAPAN/U.S.A./CHINA As of March 2019
● STATUS OF JAPAN’S ENGAGEMENT IN EPAs/FTAsAs of March 2019
Auto Parts, Etc.(including vehicle bodies)BusesTrucksPassenger Cars
Auto Parts, Etc.(including vehicle bodies)BusesTrucksPassenger Cars
None
2.5%
6%
None
2%
15%
None
25%Cab chassis, from 5t up to 20t in GVW: 4%
15%
None
2.5%
15%
Japan
U.S.A.
China
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
● AUTOMOBILE CUSTOMS TARIFFS under the Japan-EU EPA and CPTPP
[3-4.5%]Immediately abolished for more than 90% (in value terms).
[6.0%]Immediately abolished for 87.5% (in value terms).
[3-30%]Immediately abolished, or to be abolished within 11 years depending on the product, for tires, vehicle bodies, parts, and accessories.
Gasoline buses≥2800cc, Diesel buses≥2500cc: [16%]Gasoline buses<2800cc, Diesel buses<2500cc: [10%] To be abolished in 13 years.
[6.1%]To be abolished in 11 years.
[5%]To be abolished in 13 years.
Gasoline trucks≥2800cc, Diesel trucks≥2500cc: [22%] Gasoline trucks<2800cc, Diesel trucks<2500cc: [10%] To be abolished in 8 years.
[6.1%]Large-sized gasoline trucks: To be abolished in 6 years.Other trucks:To be abolished in 11 years.
[20-70%]To be abolished in 12-13 years.
[10%]To be abolished in 8 years.
[6.1%]To be abolished in 5 years.
[77%]Over 3000cc:To be abolished in 10 years.3000cc or under:To be abolished in 13 years.
Japan-EU EPA(in effect as of Feb. 2019)
CPTPP (in effect as of Dec. 2018)
Motor Vehicles Worldwide Customs Tariffs, EPAs-FTAs
Note: Figures in brackets represent tariff rates imposed prior to reduction/abolition.
Switzerland
India MyanmarLaos
China
Korea
ThailandCambodia
Vietnam
Japan
Mexico
Peru
Colombia
Chile
Canada
RCEP
CPTPP
ASEAN
Japan-China-KoreaEU
GCCMalaysiaBrunei
Singapore
Australia
New Zealand
IndonesiaPhilippines
MongoliaTurkey
EPA/FTA in force EPA/FTA under negotiation/other
Notes: 1. Japan-ASEAN EPA investment services negotiations have been substantively concluded. 2. Negotiations are postponed/suspended with GCC, Korea, and Canada.Source: Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Example: Canada
Example: Vietnam
60 61
IwateToyota Motor East Japan(Iwate)
GunmaSubaru (Main Plant)
Subaru (Yajima)Subaru (Oizumi)
Hino (Nitta)
TochigiIsuzu (Tochigi)
Nissan (Tochigi)Honda (Tochigi)
ShigaDaihatsu (Shiga)
Mitsubishi (Shiga)
KyotoDaihatsu (Kyoto)
Mitsubishi (Kyoto)
OsakaDaihatsu (Ikeda)
HyogoKawasaki (Akashi)
■ Locations of Auto Manufacturing Plants At April 1, 2019
● Vehicle Assembly Plants● Parts Plants
FukushimaNissan (Iwaki)
SaitamaUD Trucks (Ageo)Honda (Sayama)Honda (Yorii)Honda (Ogawa)
TokyoHino (Hino)Hino (Hamura)
KanagawaIsuzu (Fujisawa)Nissan (Yokohama)Nissan (Oppama)Mitsubishi Fuso (Kawasaki)Mitsubishi Fuso (Nakatsu)
MieHonda (Suzuka)
Toyota Auto Body (Inabe)
GifuPajero Manufacturing
(Sakahogi)
ShizuokaSuzuki (Hamamatsu)Suzuki (Iwata)Suzuki (Osuka)Suzuki (Kosai)Suzuki (Sagara)Toyota Motor East Japan (Higashi-Fuji)Toyota Motor East Japan (Suyama)Honda (Hamamatsu)Yamaha (Iwata Main)Yamaha (Iwata South)Yamaha (Hamakita)Yamaha (Nakaze)Yamaha (Fukuroi)Yamaha (Toyooka)Yamaha (Morimachi)
AichiToyota (Honsha)Toyota (Motomachi)Toyota (Kamigo)Toyota (Takaoka)Toyota (Miyoshi)Toyota (Tsutsumi)Toyota (Myochi)Toyota (Shimoyama)Toyota (Kinu-Ura)Toyota (Tahara)Toyota (Teiho)Toyota (Hirose)Toyota Auto Body (Fujimatsu)Toyota Auto Body (Yoshiwara)Toyota Auto Body (Kariya)Mitsubishi (Okazaki)
OitaDaihatsu Kyushu (Oita)
FukuokaNissan Motor Kyushu (Kanda)Daihatsu Kyushu (Kurume)Toyota Motor Kyushu (Miyata)Toyota Motor Kyushu (Kanda)Toyota Motor Kyushu (Kokura)
KumamotoHonda (Kumamoto)
OkayamaMitsubishi (Mizushima)
HiroshimaMazda (Head Office)
Mazda (Miyoshi)
YamaguchiMazda (Hofu)
IbarakiHino (Koga)
MiyagiToyota Motor East Japan (Miyagi-Ohira) Toyota Motor East Japan (Miyagi-Taiwa)
HokkaidoToyota Motor Hokkaido
Automobile Customs Tariffs, EPAs-FTAsAfter repeated reductions in tariff rates, import tariffs in Japan on finished motor vehicles and auto parts were abolished in 1978. Many other countries continue to impose tariffs on imported vehicles: for example, the United States imposes a 25% tariff on imported trucks and China levies a 15% tariff on finished vehicles. Aiming to abolish customs tariffs and thereby to liberalize and facilitate trade and investment, the Japanese government promotes the establishment of economic partnership agreements (EPAs) and free trade agreements (FTAs). According to the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), which came into force in December 2018 for the countries that had ratified it by that date, automobile customs tariffs in the 11 signatory countries will be progressively reduced, with the goal being, depending on the country, eventual abolition. In line with the economic partnership agreement between Japan and the European Union that took effect on February 1, 2019, tariff rates on Japanese passenger cars imported into the EU will be lowered annually until their abolition in 2026. Also, with the enforcement of that agreement, more than 90% of the tariffs (in value terms) on imported Japanese auto parts were immediately abolished.
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
● AUTOMOBILE CUSTOMS TARIFFS, JAPAN/U.S.A./CHINA As of March 2019
● STATUS OF JAPAN’S ENGAGEMENT IN EPAs/FTAsAs of March 2019
Auto Parts, Etc.(including vehicle bodies)BusesTrucksPassenger Cars
Auto Parts, Etc.(including vehicle bodies)BusesTrucksPassenger Cars
None
2.5%
6%
None
2%
15%
None
25%Cab chassis, from 5t up to 20t in GVW: 4%
15%
None
2.5%
15%
Japan
U.S.A.
China
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
● AUTOMOBILE CUSTOMS TARIFFS under the Japan-EU EPA and CPTPP
[3-4.5%]Immediately abolished for more than 90% (in value terms).
[6.0%]Immediately abolished for 87.5% (in value terms).
[3-30%]Immediately abolished, or to be abolished within 11 years depending on the product, for tires, vehicle bodies, parts, and accessories.
Gasoline buses≥2800cc, Diesel buses≥2500cc: [16%]Gasoline buses<2800cc, Diesel buses<2500cc: [10%] To be abolished in 13 years.
[6.1%]To be abolished in 11 years.
[5%]To be abolished in 13 years.
Gasoline trucks≥2800cc, Diesel trucks≥2500cc: [22%] Gasoline trucks<2800cc, Diesel trucks<2500cc: [10%] To be abolished in 8 years.
[6.1%]Large-sized gasoline trucks: To be abolished in 6 years.Other trucks:To be abolished in 11 years.
[20-70%]To be abolished in 12-13 years.
[10%]To be abolished in 8 years.
[6.1%]To be abolished in 5 years.
[77%]Over 3000cc:To be abolished in 10 years.3000cc or under:To be abolished in 13 years.
Japan-EU EPA(in effect as of Feb. 2019)
CPTPP (in effect as of Dec. 2018)
Motor Vehicles Worldwide Customs Tariffs, EPAs-FTAs
Note: Figures in brackets represent tariff rates imposed prior to reduction/abolition.
Switzerland
India MyanmarLaos
China
Korea
ThailandCambodia
Vietnam
Japan
Mexico
Peru
Colombia
Chile
Canada
RCEP
CPTPP
ASEAN
Japan-China-KoreaEU
GCCMalaysiaBrunei
Singapore
Australia
New Zealand
IndonesiaPhilippines
MongoliaTurkey
EPA/FTA in force EPA/FTA under negotiation/other
Notes: 1. Japan-ASEAN EPA investment services negotiations have been substantively concluded. 2. Negotiations are postponed/suspended with GCC, Korea, and Canada.Source: Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Example: Canada
Example: Vietnam
60 61
■ JAMA Member Manufacturers
Note: Manufacturers are listed in alphabetical order.
Daihatsu Motor Co., Ltd.
Head Office :1-1 Daihatsu-cho, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8651 Tel: (072) 751-8811Tokyo Branch Office :2-10 Nihonbashi Honcho 2-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0023
http://www.daihatsu.co.jp/http://www.daihatsu.com
Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.
Global Headquarters : 1-1 Takashima 1-chome, Nishi-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 220-8686Tel: (045) 523-5523
http://www.nissan.co.jp/http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/
UD Trucks Corporation
Head Office :1-1 Ageo, Saitama 362-8523 Tel: (0120) 67-2301
https://www.udtrucks.com/ja-jp/homehttps://www.udtrucks.com/
YAMAHA MOTOR CO., Ltd.
Head Office :2500 Shingai, Iwata, Shizuoka 438-8501 Tel: (0538) 32-1115Tokyo Office : Marunouchi My Plaza 15F, 1-1 Marunouchi 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0005Tel: (03) 5220-7200
http://global.yamaha-motor.com/
General Motors Japan Ltd.
Head Office :12-8 Higashi-Shinagawa 4-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8687Tel: (03) 6711-5600
http://www.gmjapan.co.jp/
Suzuki Motor Corporation
Head Office :300 Takatsuka-cho, Minami-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8611Tel: (053) 440-2061Tokyo Branch Office : Suzuki Bldg. Higashi-Shimbashi 2F, 2-8 Higashi-Shimbashi 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0021 Tel: (03) 5425-2158
http://www.suzuki.co.jp/http://www.globalsuzuki.com/
TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION
Head Office : 1 Toyota-cho, Toyota, Aichi 471-8571 Tel: (0565) 28-2121Tokyo Head Office :4-18 Koraku 1-chome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8701 Tel: (03) 3817-7111Nagoya Office :7-1 Meieki 4-chome, Nakamura-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 450-8711Tel: (052) 552-2111
https://global.toyota/en
Subaru Corporation
Head Office :Ebisu Subaru Bldg., 20-8 Ebisu 1-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8554 Tel: (03) 6447-8000
https://www.subaru.co.jp/
HONDA MOTOR CO., LTD.
Head Office :1-1 Minami-Aoyama 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-8556Tel: (03) 3423-1111
https://www.honda.co.jp/
Isuzu Motors Limited
Head Office :26-1 Minami-Oi 6-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8722Tel: (03) 5471-1141
http://www.isuzu.co.jp/world/
MITSUBISHI MOTORS CORPORATION
Head Office :1-21 Shibaura 3-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8410 Tel: (03) 3456-1111
http://www.mitsubishi-motors.co.jp/http://www.mitsubishi-motors.com/en/
Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.
Kobe Head Office :Kobe Crystal Tower, 1-3 Higashi Kawasaki-cho 1-chome, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-8680 Tel: (078) 371-9530Tokyo Head Office :14-5 Kaigan 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8315 Tel: (03) 3435-2111
http://www.khi.co.jp/
MAZDA MOTOR CORPORATION
Head Office :3-1 Shinchi, Fuchu-cho, Aki-Gun, Hiroshima 730-8670 Tel: (082) 282-1111Tokyo Head Office : NBF Hibiya Bldg., 1-7 Uchisaiwai-cho 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0011Tel: (03) 3508-5031
http://www.mazda.co.jp/http://www.mazda.com/
HINO Motors, Ltd.
Head Office :1-1 Hinodai 3-chome, Hino, Tokyo 191-8660 Tel: (042) 586-5111
http://www.hino-global.com
Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation
Head Office :10 Ohkura-cho, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 211-8522Tel: (044) 330-7700
http://www.mitsubishi-fuso.com/
Former Member & Friend of JAMA:
62 63
■ Related Automotive Associations At April 1, 2019
Japan Auto Parts Industries Association (JAPIA)
Japan Auto-Body Industries Association Inc. (JABIA)
Japan Automotive Machinery and Tool Manufacturers Association (JAMTA)
Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, Inc. (JSAE)
Japan Automobile Research Institute (JARI) [Tsukuba]
Japan Automobile Research Institute (JARI) [Tokyo]
Automotive Dispute Resolution Center (ADR)
Japan Automobile Recycling Promotion Center (JARC)
Japan Auto Recycling Partnership (JARP)
Automobile Inspection & Registration Information Association (AIRIA)
Automobile Business Association of Japan
Japan Automobile Dealers Association (JADA)
Japan Light Motor Vehicle and Motorcycle Association
Japan Used Car Dealers Association
Japan Automobile Importers Association (JAIA)
Japan Automobile Federation (JAF)
Japan Auto Appraisal Institute (JAAI)
Automobile Fair Trade Council (AFTC)
Japan Automobile Service Promotion Association (JASPA)
Japan Automotive Leasing Association (JALA)
Motorcycle Federation of Japan (MFJ)
16-15, Takanawa 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0074 (03) 3445-4211
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 3578-1681
5-8, Shiba-Koen 3-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0011 (03) 3431-3773
10-2, Goban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076 (03) 3262-8211
2530, Karima, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0822 (029) 856-1112
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 5733-7921
2-3, Uchisaiwaicho 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0011 (0120) 028-222
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 5733-8300
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 5405-6150
11-6, Iwamoto-cho 3-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0032 (03) 5825-3671
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 3578-3880
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8530 (03) 5733-3100
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 5472-7861
25-3, Yoyogi 3-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-0053 (03) 5333-5881
1-15, Shiba 3-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0014 (03) 5765-6811
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 3436-2811
34-4, Nishi-Shinbashi 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003 (03) 5776-0901
11-30, Nagata-cho 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0014 (03) 5511-2111
10-1, Roppongi 6-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-6117 (03) 3404-6141
23-1, Shiba 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0014 (03) 5484-7037
11-6, Tsukiji 3-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 (03) 5565-0900
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Japan Motorcycle Promotion & Safety Association
Japan Automobile Education Foundation (JAEF)
The General Insurance Association of Japan (GIAJ)
Institute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis (ITARDA)
Japan Automobile Transport Technology Association (JATA)
Japan Automobile Standards Internationalization Center (JASIC)
ITS Japan
Japan Industrial Vehicles Association (JIVA)
Japan Trucking Association
Nihon Bus Association (NBA)
All Japan Railway-Freight Forwarders Association
Japan Federation of Hire-Taxi Associations
All Japan Rent-A-Car Association
Japan Federation of Authorized Drivers School Associations
Japan Automobile Tyre Manufacturers Association, Inc. (JATMA)
Auto-Parts & Accessories Retail Association (APARA)
Japan Traffic Safety Association
The Japan Research Center for Transport Policy
Japan Road Association (JARA)
Express Highway Research Foundation of Japan (EHRF)
Vehicle Information and Communication System Center (VICS)
25-15, Minami-Otsuka 2-chome, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170-0005 (03) 6902-8190
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 5733-3841
9, Kanda-Awajicho 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8335 (03) 3255-1844
7-8, Sarugaku-cho 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0064 (03) 5577-3977
2-5, Yotsuya 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0004 (03) 6836-1201
2-5, Yotsuya 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0004 (03) 5362-7751
6-8, Shiba-Koen 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0011 (03) 5777-1011
5-26, Moto-Akasaka 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-0051 (03) 3403-5556
2-5, Yotsuya 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0004 (03) 3354-1009
4-1, Marunouchi 3-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0005 (03) 3216-4011
21, Kanda-Awajicho 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0063 (03) 5296-1670
8-13, Kudan-Minami 4-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0074 (03) 3239-1531
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 5472-7328
3-9, Kudan-Minami 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0074 (03) 3556-0070
8-21, Toranomon 3-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0001 (03) 3435-9091
1-7, Shiba 5-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0014 (03) 3454-1427
8-13, Kudan-Minami 4-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0074 (03) 3264-2641
12-6, Kudan-Kita 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0073 (03) 3263-1945
3-1, Kasumigaseki 3-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8955 (03) 3581-2211
11-10, Minami-Azabu 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-0047 (03) 6436-2100
5-7, Kyobashi 2-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0031 (03) 3562-1720
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■ Related Automotive Associations At April 1, 2019
Japan Auto Parts Industries Association (JAPIA)
Japan Auto-Body Industries Association Inc. (JABIA)
Japan Automotive Machinery and Tool Manufacturers Association (JAMTA)
Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, Inc. (JSAE)
Japan Automobile Research Institute (JARI) [Tsukuba]
Japan Automobile Research Institute (JARI) [Tokyo]
Automotive Dispute Resolution Center (ADR)
Japan Automobile Recycling Promotion Center (JARC)
Japan Auto Recycling Partnership (JARP)
Automobile Inspection & Registration Information Association (AIRIA)
Automobile Business Association of Japan
Japan Automobile Dealers Association (JADA)
Japan Light Motor Vehicle and Motorcycle Association
Japan Used Car Dealers Association
Japan Automobile Importers Association (JAIA)
Japan Automobile Federation (JAF)
Japan Auto Appraisal Institute (JAAI)
Automobile Fair Trade Council (AFTC)
Japan Automobile Service Promotion Association (JASPA)
Japan Automotive Leasing Association (JALA)
Motorcycle Federation of Japan (MFJ)
16-15, Takanawa 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0074 (03) 3445-4211
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 3578-1681
5-8, Shiba-Koen 3-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0011 (03) 3431-3773
10-2, Goban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076 (03) 3262-8211
2530, Karima, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0822 (029) 856-1112
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 5733-7921
2-3, Uchisaiwaicho 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0011 (0120) 028-222
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 5733-8300
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 5405-6150
11-6, Iwamoto-cho 3-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0032 (03) 5825-3671
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 3578-3880
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8530 (03) 5733-3100
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 5472-7861
25-3, Yoyogi 3-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-0053 (03) 5333-5881
1-15, Shiba 3-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0014 (03) 5765-6811
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 3436-2811
34-4, Nishi-Shinbashi 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003 (03) 5776-0901
11-30, Nagata-cho 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0014 (03) 5511-2111
10-1, Roppongi 6-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-6117 (03) 3404-6141
23-1, Shiba 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0014 (03) 5484-7037
11-6, Tsukiji 3-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 (03) 5565-0900
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Japan Motorcycle Promotion & Safety Association
Japan Automobile Education Foundation (JAEF)
The General Insurance Association of Japan (GIAJ)
Institute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis (ITARDA)
Japan Automobile Transport Technology Association (JATA)
Japan Automobile Standards Internationalization Center (JASIC)
ITS Japan
Japan Industrial Vehicles Association (JIVA)
Japan Trucking Association
Nihon Bus Association (NBA)
All Japan Railway-Freight Forwarders Association
Japan Federation of Hire-Taxi Associations
All Japan Rent-A-Car Association
Japan Federation of Authorized Drivers School Associations
Japan Automobile Tyre Manufacturers Association, Inc. (JATMA)
Auto-Parts & Accessories Retail Association (APARA)
Japan Traffic Safety Association
The Japan Research Center for Transport Policy
Japan Road Association (JARA)
Express Highway Research Foundation of Japan (EHRF)
Vehicle Information and Communication System Center (VICS)
25-15, Minami-Otsuka 2-chome, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170-0005 (03) 6902-8190
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 5733-3841
9, Kanda-Awajicho 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8335 (03) 3255-1844
7-8, Sarugaku-cho 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0064 (03) 5577-3977
2-5, Yotsuya 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0004 (03) 6836-1201
2-5, Yotsuya 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0004 (03) 5362-7751
6-8, Shiba-Koen 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0011 (03) 5777-1011
5-26, Moto-Akasaka 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-0051 (03) 3403-5556
2-5, Yotsuya 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0004 (03) 3354-1009
4-1, Marunouchi 3-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0005 (03) 3216-4011
21, Kanda-Awajicho 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0063 (03) 5296-1670
8-13, Kudan-Minami 4-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0074 (03) 3239-1531
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 5472-7328
3-9, Kudan-Minami 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0074 (03) 3556-0070
8-21, Toranomon 3-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0001 (03) 3435-9091
1-7, Shiba 5-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0014 (03) 3454-1427
8-13, Kudan-Minami 4-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0074 (03) 3264-2641
12-6, Kudan-Kita 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0073 (03) 3263-1945
3-1, Kasumigaseki 3-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8955 (03) 3581-2211
11-10, Minami-Azabu 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-0047 (03) 6436-2100
5-7, Kyobashi 2-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0031 (03) 3562-1720
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©JAMA. All rights reserved. Printed with vegetable oil ink.
THE MOTOR INDUSTRY OF JAPAN 2019 Published July 2019
Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc.Jidosha Kaikan, 1-30 Shiba Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 JapanFor inquiries about this booklet, write or telephone: Public Relations Office, JAMA Tel: +81 (3) 5405-6119http://www.jama.or.jp/
