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Plan de Iguala “Plan of
the Three Guarantees”
1. Independence
2. Equality of all citizens
3. Catholicism as official religion
-Mexico will be a constitutional
monarchy—crown offered to Spanish
royal family!
-No distinctions based on race/
ethnicity
-All government jobs open to merit
-Church will be protected
Causes of the Mexican
War for Independence
• Bourbon Reforms (1760-1800)
– Alcabala (sales tax)
– Royal Monopolies on liquor, stamps,
salt, mercury
– Increasing numbers of Peninsulare
administrators
– Greater presence of royal military
• Social/Ethnic hierarchy stifled
advancement of mestizoes, Native
Americans and enslaved persons
• Unequal relationship between
mother country and colony
Agents of War for
Independence
• Napoleon Bonaparte
• Father Miguel Hidalgo—Grito
de Dolores
– Father Jose Maria Morelos
– Mestizo followers
– Virgine de Guadalupe?
• Vicente Guerrero
• Agustin de Iturbide
– Criollo followers
Results
• Violent oppression of Hidalgo’s revolt by criollo military
• Iturbide’s “top down” revolution in 1821
• “Age of Caudillos” (1822-1870s)
• La Riforma tries to break power of caudillos
• Emperor Maximilien I
• Porfirio Diaz “El Presidente” (1876-1910)
Causes of Mexican
Revolution 1910-1920
• Persistence of Colonial
Inequalities
• Caudillos—Santa Anna
– Loses Texas
– Loses ‘Far North’=US Southwest
• La Riforma —Benito Juarez
• Foreign Invasion-Maximilien I
• Porfirio Diaz, pres. 1876-1910
• Creelman Interview, 1908
Agents of the Mexican
Revolution
• Creelman Interview
• Porfirio Diaz
• Francisco Madero
• Huerta
• Pancho Villa
• Emiliano Zapata
• Venustiano Carranza
• peones