The Methods of Teaching

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Teaching Methods

Audio Lingual method Communicative method a

Introduction:

In the process of teaching languages ,there are many types of methods

rank high in its space, these methods are widely recognized, because of

there role in the history of ideas surrounding this subject .we have the

Grammar Translation Method which focuses the written language and

L1 is used to explain L2,and Direct Method which focuses in the spoken

language and didnt use L2 , but what we are dealing with is the latest

and the most important tow methods which are the Audio-Lingual

Method and the Communicative Method.

Audio-Lingual Method:

This approach is also referred to as " The Army Methods," because it was

developed through a U.S Army called ASTP , standing for " Army

Specialized Training Program. In this method , oral interaction was

emphasized in pattern drills , and conversation practices .it derives from

the intensive training language which resulted in a high degree of

listening and speaking skills with an emphasis on every day conversation

and particular attention being paid to natural pronunciation and patterns

of dialogue and every day situation .The audio lingual method is based

on the following principles:

1-Speaking and listening competence proceeded reading and writing

competence

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2-The development of language skills is a matter of habit formulation

3-Students practice particular patterns of language through structured

dialogue and drill until response is automatic.

4-Only every day vocabulary and sentence are taught . Concrete

vocabulary is taught through demonstration objects and pictures and

abstract vocabulary is taught through associated ideas.

5-Language skills are learned more affectively if they are presented

orally first.

Types of learning techniques and activity in the Audio Lingual Method:

A- Drills and dialogues

There many types of drills:

1-Repetition drill : the teacher reads the dialogue line by line and

student read and repeat it line by line . then the teacher read the role of

the first person and students read the second person , students read the

first part and the teacher read the other part , after completing this the

class is divided into two parts and each half read their own lines . Theimportant is to repeat the sentences a lot and pronounce them as

accurately and as quickly as possible.

2-Chain drill : Teacher tries to teach grammatical structure but no in

explicate way . Teacher starts with nearest students and asks him

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a question , then that student asks the same question next to him and this

goes in a link like that . Important thing is not to ask difficult question ,

the advantage here is that the teacher is given the opportunity to check

each student's speech.

Transformation drill : the teacher the teacher provides a question which

must be transformed into a statement , and this also enrich there ability to

make a question out of a statement.

Question and Answer drill : the teacher holds up a picture and asks the

questions to the class and the student reply with "yes" or "no " . The aim

of talking that much at class is to have a habit and to overlearn i.e. to

learn automatically without stopping to think . The teacher says " very

good " or " good " when students reply correctly.

Dialogues

1-Dialogue memorization : Students are given a short dialogue to

memorize then they must use mimicry and applied role playing to present

the dialogue.

2-Completing the dialogue : have the students fill in the blanks which is

provided in the dialogue and the proper English word must be inserted

into the text.

objectives:

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-Accurate pronunciation and grammar

-Ability to respond quickly and accurately in speech situation

-knowledge of sufficient vocabulary to use with grammar pattern.

Communicative Method:

Growing dissatisfaction with both Grammar Translation and Audio

Lingual methods and growing distaste for the language laboratory ,

coupled with an ever- growing demand for foreign language learning ,

both in schools and permanent education lead , during the 70s and 80s , to

rethinking of how to teach language . and consequently the foundation of

Communicative Method which considers the language is a tool of

communication and employs the class activities to communicate by the

target language out the class . So in this method we should pay attention

to:

1-Focuses on language as a mediumof communication . Recognizes

that all communication has a social purpose-learner has something to

say or to find out.

2-Communication embraces a whole spectrum of function (e.g.

seeking information /apologizing /expressing likes and dislikes , etc) and

notions (e.g. apologizing for being late /asking where the nearest post

office is. (3-New syllabuses based on communicative method offered some

communicative ability from early stage.

4-Classroom activities maximize opportunities for learners to use target

language in communicative way for meaningful activities . Emphasis

on meaning rather than form as in first language acquisition.

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6-Accent is on functional/ usable language . learners should be able to go

to foreign country , prepared for reality they encounter there . Need to be

able to cope /survive in a variety of every day situation.

7-Class should provide opportunities for rehearsal of real life situations

and provide opportunity for real communication . Emphasis on creative

role-plays/simulations / surveys / projects /play lets all produce

spontaneity and improvisation not just repetition and drills.

8-Communicative approach seeks to personalize and localize language

and adapt it to interests of pupils . Meaningful language is always more

easily retained by learners.

9-Grammar can still be taught , but less systematically , the

communicative approach , then doesnt reject grammar , but sees it as

being only one element amongst others in social use of language .there is

a need to provide learners with principles that will enable them to make a

'bridge' between functional aspects of language and the correct formal

structures.

Communicative method is considered as the most developed method till

these days , but no one can consider it as the last one because in every

next day we may find that this method doesnt satisfy the process of

teaching ,and then we will find another approaches to achieve that.

Edited by : Hayyan Ahmed Ebrahim

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The Methods of Teaching