The material herein is developed under NSF-NUE …gato-docs.its.txstate.edu/nanotechnology-undergraduate... · 2014-01-14 · The material herein is developed under NSF-NUE (Nanotechnology

NSF-NUE

Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education

NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety

http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/

Disclaimer:

The material herein is developed under NSF-NUE (Nanotechnology

Undergraduate Education) award #1242087, NUE: NanoTRA- Texas

Regional Alliance to foster 'Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and

Safety Awareness' in tomorrow's Engineering and Technology Leaders. http://nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1242087

This material is developed pursuant to a National Science Foundation

grant and is to be used strictly for educational purposes. Developers of the

material have used a number of images to enhance understating of

various concepts and they are acknowledged accordingly. Any comments

or concerns over the use of these images should be directed to Dr. Jitendra S Tate [email protected]

http://nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1242087

http://nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1242087

mailto:[email protected]

NSF-NUE




NUE: NanoTRA- Texas Regional Alliance to foster 'Nanotechnology

Environment, Health, and Safety Awareness' in tomorrow's Engineering and Technology Leaders.

• Investigators:

– Dr. Trybula, Walt

– Dr. Fazarro, Dominick

– Dr. Hanks, Craig

– Dr. Tate, Jitendra

– Mr. Dutta, Satyajit

– Dr. Allhoff, Fritz

– Dr. McLean, Robert

• Students: – Mr. Alvarez, Andres

– Mr. Espinoza, Sergio

– Ms. Wilson, Luna

– Mr. Mokhtari, Adam

NSF Program Manager: Ms. Mary Poats

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INTRODUCTION TO

NANOTECHNOLOGY SAFETY

MODULE 7A

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN HEALTH

AND MEDICINE

Developed by Dr. Jitendra Tate and Mr. Andres Alvarez.

For comments please contact at [email protected]

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GOAL AND OBJECTIVES

• Goal: Students will know potential risks of nanotechnology in

health and medicine.

• Objectives: This module will provide the students with an

overview of the issues of nanotechnology in health and

medicine. Topics that will be covered include:

1) What are the issues?

2) Context described: a)Pharmaceuticals and therapeutics;

b) Diagnostics and imaging; c) Nanoscale surgery; d)

Implants and tissue engineering; e) Multifunctional

nanodevices and nanomaterials; f) Personalized

medicine; g) Broader health care system.

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GOAL AND OBJECTIVES

• Goal: Students will know potential risks of nanotechnology in

health and medicine.

• Objectives: This module will provide the students with an

overview of the issues of nanotechnology in health and

medicine. Topics that will be covered include:

3) Framing ethical questions

4) Assessing options for action

5) Finding common ground.

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PREREQUISITES AND TEXT

• Prerequisites by Topic:

– Understanding of Basic Human Anatomy

– Basic High school Level Chemistry

• Required Text (if applicable):

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TOPICS COVERED

Lecture I:

• Issues of nanotechnology in health and medicine

• Context described:

– Pharmaceuticals and therapeutics

– Diagnostics and imaging

– Nanoscale surgery

– Implants and tissue engineering

– Multifunctional nanodevices and nanomaterials

– Personalized medicine

– Broader health care system

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TOPICS COVERED

Lecture II:

• Framing ethical questions

• Assessing options for action

• Finding common ground

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LEARNING OUTCOMES

Student Learning Outcomes:

• Students will know what are the issues of nanotechnology in health and medicine

• Students will appreciate role of nanotechnology in various fields of health and medicine industry such as pharmaceuticals and therapeutics, diagnostics and imaging, nanoscale surgery, and implants and tissue engineering

• Students will be able to frame ethical questions and assessing actions while using nanotechnology in health and medicine

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ABET PROGRAM OUTCOMES

Relationship to ABET Program Outcomes:

a) An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics,

science, and engineering.

(f) An understanding of professional and ethical

responsibility.

(j) A knowledge of contemporary issues.

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LECTURE I

MODULE 7A: Nanotechnology in Health and Medicine

Image Credit: NANO Magazine. (http://www.nano.org.uk/news/images/imageD1260784747.jpg)

http://www.nano.org.uk/news/images/imageD1260784747.jpg

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BASIC ANATOMY

• Will focus on:

– Lungs

– Circulatory system

– Liver

– Kidneys

– Digestive system

www.sciencekids.co.nz

http://bnas.ru/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/anatomy-400x355.png







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TOXICITY AND CHEMISTRY

• Direct effects – direct chemical and/or physical

damage to tissue (e.g. asbestos fibers –

asbestosis (scarring of lungs, restricts breathing

– can be fatal)

• Indirect effects – nanoparticle may enhance

toxicity of other chemicals

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LUNG TOXICITY ISSUES

• Lungs (essential for life) – allow us to get oxygen

and remove carbon dioxide

• Materials enter lungs via breathing

– Larger materials filtered out by nose hairs

– Smaller particles trapped in mucus, then removed by

coughing; others removed by special cells

(macrophages)

– Over exposure can cause inflammation, possible scar

formation and possible loss of lung function

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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

– heart (body’s pump for moving blood)

– arteries (“pipes” that move blood from heart to rest of body)

– veins (“pipes” that return blood to heart)

– capillaries (very tiny pipes that provide oxygen and nutrients to parts of body

• Hydrophilic (water-loving) nanoparticles can be moved throughout body by being carried in blood – readily removed by kidneys

• Hydrophobic (water-repelling) nanoparticles – associate with fat and are more persistent

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LIVER

• Large organ associated with digestive system

and waste disposal

• Controls blood chemistry, also helps with some

digestion

• If nanoparticles are in blood, may be chemically

altered by liver, and toxicity may be increased or

decreased

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URINARY SYSTEM

• Kidneys filter and concentrate wastes from blood

• Bladder stores urine until voided

• Chemical levels in urine may be > 100X higher

than in blood

• Higher chance of toxicity

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

• Mouth, esophagus (tube from mouth to stomach), stomach, small and large intestines

• Nanoparticle entry through ingestion (eating/drinking)

• Possible chemical changes due to: stomach acid, reducing (anaerobic) conditions in intestines; chemical changes due to digestive chemicals (enzymes)

• Toxicity risks: Damage to tissues, entry of materials into body (and transport by blood), access to other tissues

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MUTAGENESIS CONCERNS

• DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is genetic blueprint

(“blueprint” of all information for making an

individual)

• Each cell in human has DNA, humans have

approx. 3 trillion cells

• Mutation is a permanent change in DNA –

possible harm if in reproductive cells (birth

defects), or key tissue (cancer risk).

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ISSUES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN

HEALTH AND MEDICINE • Prioritization of research:

– How will the basic infrastructure of health care be

altered in response to emerging technologies?

• Cost:

– Will nano-enable technologies increase or decrease

the overall cost of health care?

• Access:

– How will limited resources be reallocated and who is

most likely to benefit?

• Implications of personalized medicine

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HEALTH AND MEDICINE • Cytotoxicity:

– The degree to which something is toxic to living cells.

– Because nanoparticles possess different

physicochemical properties than their fine-sized

analogues due to their extremely small size and large

surface area, they need to be evaluated separately

for toxicity and adverse health effects.

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HEALTH AND MEDICINE • Cytotoxicity:

– Intravenous and subcutaneous injections of

nanoparticulate carriers deliver exogenous

nanoparticles directly into the human body without

passing through the normal absorption process.

These nanoparticulate carriers themselves may be

responsible for toxicity and interaction with biological

macromolecules within the human body.

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PHARMACEUTICALS AND

THERAPEUTICS

• Development of methods that simplify , speed

up, and reduce the cost of drug development

and testing

• Increasing drug safety and efficacy.

• Targeted drug delivered

http://www.kurzweilai.net/images/cntdrug.jpg

http://www.kurzweilai.net/images/cntdrug.jpg

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PHARMACEUTICALS AND

THERAPEUTICS

• In 2009, 95% of all new potential therapeutics had poor

pharmacokinetics and biopharmaceutical properties.

• Is necessary to develop suitable drug delivery systems

to distribute the therapeutically active drug molecule only

to the site of action, without affecting healthy organs and

tissues.

• Nanomedicines are delivery systems in the nanometer

size range (1-100 nm) containing encapsulated,

dispersed, adsorbed or conjugated drugs.

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PHARMACEUTICALS AND

THERAPEUTICS

• Nanoscale drug delivery systems have the ability to

improve the pharmacokinetics and increase

biodistribution of therapeutic agents to target organs.

• Nanoscale drug delivery systems have the ability

improved efficiency by reducing doses required and

increasing the therapeutic indices and safety profiles of

newer therapeutics.

• Drug toxicity is reduced as a consequence of preferential

accumulation at target sites and lower concentration in

healthy sites.

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PHARMACEUTICALS AND

THERAPEUTICS

• Nanocarriers have the desirable advantage of improving

solubility of hydrophobic compounds in aqueous medium

to render them suitable for parenteral administration.

• These delivery systems have shown to increase the

stability of a wide variety of therapeutic agents such as

small hydrophobic molecules, peptides and

oligonucleotides.

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PHARMACEUTICALS AND

THERAPEUTICS • A great amount of nanoscale systems for drug delivery

has been investigated.

http://www.pharmainfo.net/files/u2882/current_ststus_of_nanotecg_drugs.jpg

http://www.pharmainfo.net/files/u2882/current_ststus_of_nanotecg_drugs.jpg

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PHARMACEUTICALS AND

THERAPEUTICS Nanoscale systems for drug delivery:

Nanoemulsions

http://s3.hubimg.com/u/1601002_f260.jpg

http://ciencias.uis.edu.co/~rtorres/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/nanoparticulas2-150x150.jpg










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PHARMACEUTICALS AND

THERAPEUTICS Nanoscale systems for drug delivery:

Micelles http://www.amalgam-models.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Amalgam-Micelle-III.jpg

http://www.amalgam-models.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Amalgam-Micelle-III.jpg









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PHARMACEUTICALS AND

THERAPEUTICS

http://www.thno.org/v03/p0152/thnov03p0152g03.jpg

http://www.thno.org/v03/p0152/thnov03p0152g03.jpg

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PHARMACEUTICALS AND

THERAPEUTICS

http://www.therisktoolboxshop.com/400px-MolecularImagingTherapy.png




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PHARMACEUTICALS AND

THERAPEUTICS

• Nanotechnology for Targeted Cancer Therapy

– Length of video: 5:03min.

– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBjWwlnq3cA

• Nanomedicine: nanotechnology for cancer treatment

– Length of Video: 2:26 min.

– (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxSX6YJTS2I)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBjWwlnq3cA

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxSX6YJTS2I

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http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/ DIAGNOSTICS AND IMAGING

• Optical probes based on quantum dots

• Biological sensors

• Improved contrast agents for imagining

http://www.swedish.org/getattachment/Services/Heart---Vascular-Institute/Heart---Vascular-

Services/Diagnostic-Services/diagnostic_header.jpg.aspx

http://www.carolinashealthcare.org/images/cmc-

pineville/Diagnostics_Imaging.jpg

http://www.swedish.org/getattachment/Services/Heart---Vascular-Institute/Heart---Vascular-Services/Diagnostic-Services/diagnostic_header.jpg.aspx












http://www.carolinashealthcare.org/images/cmc-pineville/Diagnostics_Imaging.jpg




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• Malignant tumors are highly localized during the

early stage of their development. If detected

early, the tumors can often be surgically

removed with high success.

• Imaging probes variety: cages, diamonds, dots,

rods, tubes and even wontons.

• Diagnostic Imaging – Length of Video: 1:35min

– (http://www.azonano.com/nanotechnology-video-

details.aspx?VidID=27)

http://www.azonano.com/nanotechnology-video-details.aspx?VidID=27





NSF-NUE




• Nanoparticle Probes Researchers at the University of Michigan are

developing nanoprobes that can be used with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):

– Nanoparticles with a magnetic core are attached to a cancer antibody that attracts cancercells. The nanoparticles are also linked with a dye which is highly visible on an MRI. When these nanoprobes latch onto cancer cells they can be detected on the MRI. The cancer cells can then be destroyed by laser or low dosage killing agents that attack only the diseased cells.

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• Nanoparticle Probes

Researchers at the University of Michigan are

developing nanoprobes that can be used with

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):

– In brain tumors, the presence of cancer can

weaken the blood brain barrier. Research is being

conducted to have nanoprobes cross the

weakened barrier to the tumor but not cross into healthy brain tissue.

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• Nanoparticle Probes

Reasearchers at Washington University are using nanoparticles to attract to proteins emitted from newly forming capillaries that deliver blood to solid tumors. The nanoparticles circulate through the bloodstream and attach to blood vessels containing their complementary protein. Once attached, chemotherapy is released into the capillary membrane. The nanoparticles traveling in the bloodstream would be able to locate additional cancer sites which may have spread to other parts of the body.

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Quatum Dots

Nanodiamonds can be fed to Caenorhabditis elegans and imaged over several days.

Nanodiamonds are taken up by intestinal cells of Caenorhabditis elegans

Nanodiamonds

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http://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v7/n12/images/nmeth1210-957-I1.jpg





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http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/ NANOSCALE SURGERY

• Operating Tools

– To improve surgical results benefiting both the patient

and surgeon, minimally invasive surgical procedures

are increasingly being done using laparoscopic

techniques.

– Making use of small entry ports into the area of

interest, a rod shaped telescope attached to a camera

and other long and narrow surgical instruments are

used to perform all of the major maneuvers.

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• Smart Instruments

– Surgical tools such as scalpels, forceps, grippers,

retractors and drills are being embedded with

miniature sensors to provide real time information and

added functionality to aid surgeons.

– Surgeons can be given continuous data on the force

and performance of their instruments, the tissue type

about to be cut (i.e. cartilage, bone, muscle, vascular,

etc) and specific tissue properties, such as density,

temperature, pressure, and electrical impulses.

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• Smart Instruments

– Instruments are being developed with specific

functionality like tilt and pressure to allow

neurosurgeons to perform operating tasks with

greater precision and safety.

– Nanocameras can provide close up visualization of

the surgery

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http://gryphonperspective.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/heart.png

http://cdn.medgadget.com/img/4432ste2.jpg




http://cdn.medgadget.com/img/4432ste2.jpg

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LECTURE II

MODULE 7A: Nanotechnology in Health and Medicine

http://www.cbm.fvg.it/research-projects/research/bio-nanotechnology/drug-delivery#

http://www.cbm.fvg.it/research-projects/research/bio-nanotechnology/drug-delivery







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http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/ IMPLANTS AND TISSUE ENGINEERING

• Biocompatibility of synthetic materials that can

be implanted in the human body to replace

tissues or organs that have been damaged by

disease, injury or simple wear and tear.

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• Tissue Repair and Replacement Human tissue that is diseased or traumatically

compromised may require synthetic materials for its repair or replacement.

– “Hard” tissues such as bone and teeth heal by reproducing tissues indistinguishable from the original. This, implants are often coated with a biocompatible material to increase their adherence properties.

– “Soft” tissues such as skin, muscle, nerves, blood vessels and ligaments repair damaged areas with fibrous tissue. Graft material using artificial sheets can replace skin and other tissue with reasonable graft stability and cosmetic outcome.

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• Tissue Repair and Replacement

Human tissue that is diseased or traumatically

compromised may require synthetic materials for its

repair or replacement.

– “Ultrasoft” tissue such as cell membrane and

organelles that exhibit metabolic function, tissue

replacement can best occur when living cells are

transplanted in a mesh structured synthetic scaffold.

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• Structural Implant Materials

Nanotechnology provides a new generation of biocompatible materials that can be used as

implants or temporary biosorbable structures.

– Bone Repair: Nanotechnology brings a variety of new

high surface area biocompatible nanomaterials that

can be used for bone repair and cavity fillers. High

strength nanoceramic materials, such as calcium

phosphate apatite (CPA) and hydroxyapatite (HAP),

can be made into a flowable, moldable nanoparticle

paste that can conform to and interdigitate with bone.

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• Structural Implant Materials

Nanotechnology provides a new generation of biocompatible materials that can be used as implants or temporary biosorbable structures.

– Bioresorbable Materials: nanostructures are being fabricated which could be used as temporary implants. Nanostructured implants are being designed to degrade at a rate that will slowly transfer load to a healing bone that it is supporting.

– Smart Materials: Smart materials are a class of nanomaterials that respond to changes in the environment such as a drop in temperature or pH.

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http://www.tau.ac.il/lifesci/departments/biotech/members/dvir/images/Picture1Dvir.jpg

http://www.tau.ac.il/lifesci/departments/biotech/members/dvir/images/Picture1Dvir.jpg

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MULTIFUNCTIONAL NANODEVICES AND

NANOMATERIALS

• Multifunctional nanodevices equipped with

molecular motors, sensors and actuators to

operate as a self-contained entity to diagnose,

treat, and monitor diseases.

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NANOMATERIALS

• Nanotechnology offers sensing technologies that provide more accurate and timely medical information for diagnosing disease, and miniature devices that can administer treatment automatically if required.

• Nanotechnology can new offer new implantable and/or wearable sensing technologies that provide continuous and extremely accurate medical information. Complementary microprocessors and miniature devices can be incorporated with sensors to diagnose disease, transmit information and administer treatment automatically if required.

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NANOMATERIALS

• Example applications are: – Implantable Sensors: Nanosized sensors can make

use of a wide range of technologies that most effectively detect a targeted chemical or physical property

– Implantable Medical Devices: Implantable sensors can also work with a series of medical devices that administer treatment automatically if required. Tiny implantable fluid injection systems can dispense drugs electrically on demand making use of microfluidic systems, miniature pumps, and reservoirs

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NANOMATERIALS

http://www.gastroendonews.com/aimages/2009/GEN0809_001a2_graphic_426.jpg






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http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/ PERSONALIZED MEDICINE

• Shift in the traditional western model of medicine from diagnosing and treating acute disease once it develops to an increasingly predictive and preventative model.

• Personalised Medicine - Animation – Length of video: 2:07min

– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fEY3Khsmuak

• Personalized Medicine – Length of video: 1:43min

– http://www.youtube.com/user/vanderbilthealth?v=HidhLGfmzHY

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fEY3Khsmuak

http://www.youtube.com/user/vanderbilthealth?v=HidhLGfmzHY


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http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/ BROADER HEALTH CARE SYSTEM

• Nanotechnology has the potential to change the way medicine is practiced.

• Radical change in the delivery of medicine will likely

lead to the need a similar radical change in the basic infrastructure of the health care system.

• Radical change in the basic infrastructure of the

health care system including the health care

workforce.

• Current research and targeted applications

emphasize prevention, early diagnosis, and

embedded systems for health monitoring and repair.

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http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/ BROADER HEALTH CARE SYSTEM

• Hospitals and related industries (pharmaceutical and medical device) require to make a substantial investment in retooling facilities to accommodate new equipment and services.

• The impact is likely to introduce new roles in the need for areas of expertise that raise issues, similar to those in manufacturing, of the need to retrain the existing workforce.

• The significant investment should be recovered in the medium term, due to nanotechnology will make certain process faster and cheaper.

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http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/ FRAMING ETHICAL QUESTIONS

• Will nano-enabled biomedical sensors, probes,

and genetic testing and monitoring capacities,

developed for medical purpose, constitute an

overwhelming threat to privacy and autonomy?

• Do the clinical benefits of nano-enabled

medicine outweigh the clinical risks or harms?

• Will the benefits of nanomedicine be equitably

and fairly distributed?

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http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/ FRAMING ETHICAL QUESTIONS

• Who has a greater claim to scare research

dollars - those in need of preventive medicine or

those in need of curative medicine?

• When weighed against the cost and benefit of

other social goods, are we morally obligated to

develop and provide the services of

personalized medicine to everyone?

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http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/ ASSESSING OPTIONS FOR ACTION

Predictions on the time frame of Nanotechnology

(made in late 2005):

• Next 5 – 10 years

– Nanobiotechnology applications

• Long-term beyond 2016

– Construction of artificial human organs

• Very-long term as 2025 or beyond

– Practical use of nanomachines for therapy and

diagnosis inside the body

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http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/ ASSESSING OPTIONS FOR ACTION

Current Issues:

• The current risk model does not a do a very precise job of clinical efficacy and cost effectiveness.

• Pressure to get products to the market and to reduce the overall cost of health care.

• Ethical considerations (cost, prioritization and access)

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http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/ FINDING COMMON GROUND

http://www.kevinwunderly.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/common-ground.png






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Ethical issues

Industrialized Countries

• Prenatal genetics and abortion

• Resuscitation of extremely premature and severely compromised babies

• In vitro fertilization

• Advanced life support

• Health care cost

• Access to basic health care system

Ethical issues

Developing Countries

• Political and economic instability

• Lack of technology, infrastructure, and medicines

• Threat of emerging diseases and global pandemics

• Health care cost

• Access to basic health care system

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• Nanotechnology has the potential to add quality

and functionality to the lives of people facing

disease and disability.

• Proceeding with its development is easily

justified in terms of:

– Utility

– Nonmaleficence

– Beneficence

http://www.clker.com/cliparts/s/V/D/e/U/x/big-big-stamp.svg






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• A healthy population is:

– Happier

– More productive

– More sustainable.

• As individuals are able to retain functional

independence and achieve their personal

potentials.

http://www.getorganizedwizard.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Happy-Dude-1024x1024.jpg









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• We also have the ethical obligation to minimize

suffering when we can, and act in ways that

serve the welfare of patients and the interest of

society.

http://marylandethics.com/w p-content/uploads/2013/04/cropped-imagesCAF3HGDZ-150x150.jpg

http://marylandethics.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/cropped-imagesCAF3HGDZ-150x150.jpg








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SUMMARY

• Issues of nanotechnology in health and medicine:

– Prioritization of research

– Cost

– Access

– Implications of personalized medicine

– Cytotoxicity

• Pharmaceuticals and therapeutics

– Development of methods that simplify , speed up, and

reduce the cost of drug development and testing

– Improve the pharmacokinetics and increase biodistribution

of therapeutic agents to target organs.

NSF-NUE




SUMMARY

• Pharmaceuticals and therapeutics

– Improved efficiency by reducing doses required

– Increasing the therapeutic indices and safety profiles of

newer therapeutics.

– Drug toxicity is reduced as a consequence of preferential

accumulation at target sites and lower concentration in

healthy sites.

• Diagnostic and Imaging

– Malignant tumors are highly localized during the early

stage of their development. If detected early, the tumors

can often be surgically removed with high success.

– Imaging probes variety: cages, diamonds, dots, rods,

tubes and even wontons.

NSF-NUE




SUMMARY

• Nanoscale surgery

– Operating Tools: To improve surgical results benefiting

both the patient and surgeon, minimally invasive surgical

procedures are increasingly being done using laparoscopic

techniques.

– Smart Instruments: Surgical tools are being embedded

with miniature sensors to provide real time information and

added functionality to aid surgeons to perform operating

tasks with greater precision and safety. Nanocameras can

provide close up visualization of the surgery

NSF-NUE




SUMMARY

• Implants and Tissue engineering: Biocompatibility of synthetic

materials that can be implanted in the human body to replace

tissues or organs that have been damaged by disease, injury

or simple wear and tear.

• Multifuntional Nanodevices and Nanomaterials:

Multifunctional nanodevices equipped with molecular motors,

sensors and actuators to operate as a self-contained entity to

diagnose, treat, and monitor diseases.

• Personalized Medicine: Shift in the traditional western model

of medicine from diagnosing and treating acute disease once

it develops to an increasingly predictive and preventative

model.

NSF-NUE




SUMMARY

• Broader Health Care System

– Nanotechnology has the potential to change the way

medicine is practiced.

– Radical change in the delivery of medicine will likely lead

to the need a similar radical change in the basic

infrastructure of the health care system.

– Radical change in the basic infrastructure of the health

care system including the health care workforce.

– The impact is likely to introduce new roles in the need for

areas of expertise that raise issues, similar to those in

manufacturing, of the need to retrain the existing

workforce.

NSF-NUE




SUMMARY

• Framing Ethical Questions:

– Will nano-enabled biomedical sensors, probes, and

genetic testing and monitoring capacities, developed for

medical purpose, constitute an overwhelming threat to

privacy and autonomy?

– Do the clinical benefits of nano-enabled medicine outweigh

the clinical risks or harms?

– Will the benefits of nanomedicine be equitably and fairly

distributed?

NSF-NUE




VIDEO LINKS

• Personalized Medicine

(http://www.youtube.com/user/vanderbilthealth?v=HidhL

GfmzHY)

• Power of Nanotechnology

(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mEH6tDLKcVU )

• Nanotechnology for Targeted Cancer Therapy

(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBjWwlnq3cA)

• Nanomedicine: nanotechnology for cancer treatment

(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxSX6YJTS2I)

• Personalised Medicine - Animation

(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fEY3Khsmuak)



http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mEH6tDLKcVU

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBjWwlnq3cA

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxSX6YJTS2I

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fEY3Khsmuak

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WEB LINKS

• http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumbe

r=5627506

• http://www.pharmainfo.net/santosh-kumar-jh/role-

nanotechnology-drug-delivery

• http://www.slideshare.net/jasslideshare/an-overview-of-

nanotechnology-in-medicine-3610272

• http://www.pain.cz/nanomedicina/files/taxanomy.pdf

• http://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v7/n12/full/nmeth12

10-957.html

• http://www.slideshare.net/jasslideshare/an-overview-of-

nanotechnology-in-medicine-3610272

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5627506

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5627506

http://www.pharmainfo.net/santosh-kumar-jh/role-nanotechnology-drug-delivery











http://www.slideshare.net/jasslideshare/an-overview-of-nanotechnology-in-medicine-3610272













http://www.pain.cz/nanomedicina/files/taxanomy.pdf

http://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v7/n12/full/nmeth1210-957.html

















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READING ASSIGNMENT

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REFERENCES

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drug-delivery

Documents

The material herein is developed under NSF-NUE …gato-docs.its.txstate.edu/nanotechnology-undergraduate... · 2014-01-14 · The material herein is developed under NSF-NUE (Nanotechnology