The mammals of the Chiricahua Mountainregion, Cochise County, Arizona

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Authors Maza, Bernardo George, 1931-

Publisher The University of Arizona.

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THE MAMMALS OFr..kix;:L'THE GHIRICAHUA MOUNTAIN REGION,

COCHISE COUNTY, ARIZONA

Bernardo G. Maza

A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the

DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

In the Graduate College

THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA

1965

STATEMENT BY AUTHOR

This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in The University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the University Library.

Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in their judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author.

APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR

This thesis has been approved on the date shown below:

E. L. Cockrum DateProfessor of Zoology

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I wish to express my most sincere appreciation to Dr. E.

Lendell Cockrum for having introduced me to this subject and for

his unfailing assistance and constructive criticism through the years.

I would also like to thank my fellow graduate and under

graduate students who have, directly or indirectly, assisted in carry

ing this project to its successful conclusion, especially Stephen Cross,

for his aid in preparing the figures, Alfred Gardner, for invaluable

assistance in the identification of specimens in the University of

Arizona collection, and Jaime Maya, for his patience, criticism, and

aid in the mechanics of preparing this manuscript.

Last but not least I wish to thank the members of this faculty

who by word, deed and action have been a constant source of assistance and inspiration to me.

ill

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION............PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY . . . .

CLIMATE . . . . ........VEGETATION ..............FAUNAL RELATIONSHIPS . . .

METHODS..................

ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES

Order Insectivora.

Order Chiroptera •

Order Lagomorpha .

Order Rodentia . .

Order Carnivora •

Order Artiodactyla

HYPOTHETICAL LIST........

LITERATURE CITED........

1

5

7

152133

37

40

64

69

127

154

164

169

iv

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Mean annual temperature and precipitation. . . . . . 9

Table 2. Distribution of Families by Continental Faunal

Region ......................................... .. . 25

Table 3. Distribution of Genera by Continental FaunalRegion . . . . . ................................... 26

Table 4* Distribution of Species by Faunal Area ............. 28

v

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 1 Map, Chiricahua Mountain Region ..................... 4

Fig. 2 Climatograph. Painted Canyon and San Simon

Stations. ........................................... 10

Fig. 3 Climatograph. Rodeo and Cochise Stations . . . . . . 11

Fig. 4 Bar-line graphs of Temperature-Precipitation for

Stations at 3600 to 4000 feet . . . ................ 12

Fig. 5 Bar-line graphs of Temperature-Precipitation for

Stations at 4100 to 4500 feet ............ * . . • • 13

Fig. 6 Bar-line graphs of Temperature-Precipitation for

Stations at 5000 to 5500 feet ....................... 14

vi

ABSTRACT

An annotated list of the mammals which inhabit the

Chiricahua Mountains and the adjacent valleys of southeastern

Cochise County, Arizona. One hundred two kinds of mammals, belong

ing to 7 orders, 22 families and 58 genera, are here discussed. For

each species and subspecies of mammal known to occur within the limits

of the study area the following information is given: l) synonomy,

2) distribution in Arizona and within the study area, 3) general notes

concerning the external measurements, dental formula and other items

of interest, A) a list of specimens examined and their respective

repositories. Also discussed are the physical geography, climate,

vegetation, and faunal relationships of the area.

INTRODUCTION

For many years the Chiricahua Mountain Region has attracted

naturalists and scientists to study its fauna and flora. Many are the

prominent names found in the literature concerning its mammalian fauna.

Edgar A. Mearns and F, X, Holzner made collections in the San Bernardino

area during the summer of 1892 and 1893. In 1894 W. W. Price, L. H.

Miller and B. C. Condit, with headquarters at Camp Rucker on the south

western slopes of the Chiricahua Mountains, spent several months making

extensive collections, Mr. Condit also made collections, during this

time, in the San Bernardino area m a r the Mexican border, about 10 miles

west of the New Mexico line. In 1939 Victor H. Cahalane published the

"Mammals of the Chiricahua Mountains. . ." based on the collections which

he made, on the eastern slopes from Fly Peak to the San Simon Valley floor

during the summers of 1932 and 1933«

In 1954 Dr. E. Lendell Cockrum and Mr. Kieth E. Justice compiled

a check list of the mammals in the area. Through the subsequent years

many students under Dr. Cockrum1 s direction and other interested research

ers have substantially added to our knowledge of the mammalian fauna of this area.

During the summer of 1959 it became my objective to bring to

gether this wealth of information, in addition to the results of my own

studies. All specimens from the Chiricahua Mountain Region conveniently

available to me have been examined, and Dr. Cockrum has graciously

permitted me to include pertinent records of specimens examined by him

1

2during the preparation of his "Recent Mammals of A r i z o n a , . (I960).

Field work consisted of trapping, hunting, analyzing tracks

and other signs related to mammals, and efforts to obtain additional

information from reliable observers (game wardens, Fish and Wildlife

personnel, ranchers, and others). These endeavors revealed the hereto

fore unknown presence of two species of cricetid rodents. Reithrodontomvs

fulvescens and Siemodon ochrognathus (each now represented by a small

series of skins in the University of Arizona, Department of Zoology col

lection), and aided in verifying the dubious occurrence of others.

From an examination of specimens in the collection of the

University of Arizona, data were obtained on external measurements,

dental formulae and distribution. Combining these locality records with

those of specimens in the collections mentioned below, the general dis

tribution pattern within the study area was ascertained.

On the basis of information yielded by field and museum studies,

and a review of the literature, an evaluation of the taxonomic status of

the mammals known to occur in the study area was possible, and is re

flected in the synonymies.

From my field notes and the excellent vegetation analyses of

Drs, Marshall (1957) and Lowe (1964) I have attempted to synthesize a

brief sketch of the vegetation. From analysis of the climatological

data of Arizona presented by Smith (1956) and Sellers (i960), and data

obtained from the U. S. Weather Bureau Climatological Data Reports for

New Mexico, I have endeavored to present the general climatic conditions

prevalent in this area.

Finally, I have attempted to give some meaning to this

assemblage of facts by endeavoring to point out some of the relation

ships of this mammalian fauna to the fauna of the North American

Continent.

4

CHIRICAHUA MOUNTAIN REGIONCOCHISE COUNTY

ARIZONA

..UNITED_STATES-----------------------------MEXICO 'v'ACUA PRIETA

Fig. I

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

The area here considered, henceforth referred to as the

Chiricahua Mountain Region, is an isolated mountain range and its

associated valleys in the Mexican Highlands of the Basin and Range

Province in the Intermontane Plateaus of the United States (Fenneman

and Johnson, 1946). This area (Fig. 1) of southeastern Cochise County,

Arizona, lies between the United States-Mexico boundary (30° 20'

latitude) on the south; State highway 86, on the north; the 109° 00*

longitude east of the Arizona-New Mexico boundary on the east; and

U. S. highway 666 on the west. The Chiricahua Mountain Range extends

36.7 miles in a north-south direction from about the 31° 38* latitude

northward to Apache Pass at 32° 10' latitude north. It is about fifteen

miles wide and its highest elevation, Chiricahua Peak, is 9795 feet

above sea level. South of the Chiricahuas, and continuing toward the

Mexican border are the Pedregosa, Swisshelm and Ferilla Mountains.

Northward from Apache Pass lie the Dos Cabezas and Maverick Mountains.

The Peloncillo Mountains, also known as the Guadalupe Mountains, lie in

the extreme southeastern corner of the study area.

West of the Chiricahua and other mountains lies the Sulphur

Spring Valley. It extends from beyond the northern limits of the study

area here considered, southward into Mexico. Whitewater Greek drains

the southern portion of this valley into Mexico and there joins succes

sively the Nacozari and Moctezuma rivers and the Rio Yaqui, finally emptying into the Gulf of California.

5

6East of the central group of mountains and extending to the

Peloncillo mountains in Hidalgo County, New Mexico, lie the San Simon

and San Bernardino Valleys. The San Simon valley extends from a line

which lies at a 45° angle to the intersection of the 31° 35' north

latitude and 109° 10' longitude, northward beyond the limits of the

study area. Its major drainage, San Simon Creek, flows northward into

the Gila River, which joins the Colorado River that empties into the

Gulf of California.

The San Bernardino Valley extends southward from the line of

origin of the San Simon Valley to the Mexican boundary and beyond. Its

major drainage. Silver Creek, flows southward into Mexico where it be

comes the Rio Bavispe and eventually ends up in the Gulf of California

by way of the Rio Yaqui.

The bedrock of the Chiricahua Mountains is of igneous origin,

composed mainly of rhyolite with small areas of granite and related

intrusive crystalline rocks. At both the northern and southern ends

some sedimentary rocks, mainly shales, sandstones, and limestones,

occur. Except for restricted areas indicated below, the Sulphur Spring,

San Simon and San Bernardino valley floors are made up mainly of gravels,

sands, and silts. The Willcox Playa, in the northern portion of the

Sulphur Spring Valley which lies within the study area, consists of

lake deposits, Outcroppings of basalt with tuff and agglomerate occur

in a portion of the San Bernardino Valley (Geol. Map Cochise County,

Ariz., Ariz. Bu. Mines, 1962).

CLIMATE

The climate of the Chiricahua Mountain Region can be described

under two headings: l) the climate of the mountain range and, 2) the

climate of the adjacent valleys.

The climate of the mountains, in which elevations vary from

5000 to 9795 feet, differs considerably from that of the valleys with

elevations of 3000 to 5000 feet. Data from twelve U. S. Weather Bureau

stations in and around the mountain range, indicate that it becomes cool

er and more humid with increases in altitude (Table 1). These differ

ences become evident when data from two weather stations, one situated

at a low elevation and the other at a high elevation, are plotted in a

climatographj San Simon (3600 ft.) on the valley floor is warmer and

receives considerably less rain both in the summer and winter than does

Painted Canyon (5400 ft.) on the mountain (Fig. 2). This difference can

also be seen in a comparison of the mean annual temperatures and the

mean annual total precipitation at these two stations (Table 1,

Figs. 4a and 6b),

The average annual precipitation in the mountains varies from

15 inches at lower elevations to 25 inches at the higher elevations.

The average summer temperatures for July, the hottest month, range from

65° F. at the higher elevations to 80° F. at the lower elevations, and

the average winter temperatures for January, the coldest month, range

from 40° F. to 45° F.

7

8The major valleys which surround the mountains have relatively

similar but milder climatic conditions. Here the average annual pre

cipitation is about 10 inches and the average January temperature is

45° F., while the average July temperature is about 80° F.

A comparison of two weather stations of similar elevations, one

in the San Simon Valley on the east and one in the Sulphur Spring Valley

to the west (Fig. 3), show but a slight difference between the valleys,

with the Sulphur Spring Valley being slightly cooler and wetter (Table 1

and Figs. 5a and b).

Precipitation in the Ghiricahua Mountain Region occurs in two

distinct periods: a primary summer rain period in July through August

and a secondary winter rain period from December through March. Summer

precipitation primarily consists of heavy thundershowers while the

winter rains are of lower intensity and longer duration. Most of the

precipitation is in the form of rain; only at the highest elevations of

the mountains does snow fall in appreciable quantities, and here snow

may remain on the sheltered northern slopes until late May or early June.

9

Table 1. Mean annual temperature and precipitation data for

weather stations in the Chiricahua Mountain Region, Cochise County,

Arizona (Based on Smith, 1956j Sellers, I960 and U. S. Weather Bureau

Climatological Data for New Mexico, 1940 to 1957).

Station Mean Annual

EAST S U E Elev. Temp. PrecipSan Simon 3 6 0 8 61.9 8 . 9 0Bowie 3756 64.9 9.84Stephen's Ranch 4 0 0 0 12.34Rodeo, New Mexico 4 1 2 6 6 1 . 6 11.15Portal 5 0 0 0 60.4 17.09Painted Canyon 5400 54.8 18.80WEST SIDE

Rucker Canyon 5450 1 9 . 0 6Chiri. Nat. Mon. 5300 57.6 18.63Leslie Canyon 4461 12.49Willcox 4 2 0 0 58.7 11.76Cochise 4 1 8 0 59.9 13.35Douglas 3972 6 2 . 8 12.25

Fig. 2

Climatograph of mean monthly temperatures and precipitation for:

Painted Canyon, Cochise County, Arizona

Elev. 4500 ft., 31° 53* latitude - 109° 12' longitude

Means for period 1906 to 1957

San Simon, Cochise County, Arizona

Elev. 3608 ft., 32° 16' latitude - 109° 13' longitude

Means for period 1899 to 1957

Mea

n M

onth

ly T

empe

ratu

re

in

°F10

— Pointed Canyon

— Son SimonI x II

Mean Monthly Rainfall in inches

Fig. 3Climatograph of mean monthly temperatures and precipitation for:

Rodeo, Hidalgo County, New Mexico

Elev. 4126 ft., 31° 56* latitude - 109° 59' longitude Means for period 1940 to 1957

Cochise, Cochise County, Arizona

Elev. 4180 ft., 32° 04‘ latitude - 109° 54* longitude

Means for period 1900 to 1954

11

— Rodeo, New Mexico

— Cochise. Arizona

i 1 i i r1 2 3

Mean Monthly Rainfall in inches

12

9 K> II 12of Year Ionia #of 7Y<

Son Simon. Ariiono SOO ft. Cool

Cloo. 3606 ft, LetiMe 32* l«' LongllwOo 109* IS*Moon onnuol: Tomoorotwro 6l.9*r. Procipitotion #.90 ktPonfo of : Tomporofnro 37.5*F. Preelpileltee 1.71 In.

9 10 II 12

Oewgtee, Arlxene 2 ml lee Wool

Eloo. 3972ft. LofHoAo 31*21' Longlfodo 109* 38*Moon onnuol: Tomporotoro 62.8*F. Procipitoflon 12.29 In.Kongo of : Temperature 34.2*7 Precipitation 3.10 in.

Boole, Arizona 2 Sleets Southwest

Else. 3736 ft. Latitude 32* tCf Longltodo 109* 2 9* Moon onnuol: Temperature 64.3*F.Range of : Tomporoturo 37.3* F.

Month of YoorD

Stephone Bench 21 miloe ENE Doug lot

Elev. 4000ft, Lotitude 31* 24' Longitude 109* 11 Moon annual: Temperature Precipitation 12.34k.Range of : Temperature Preelpltotlen 2.99 in.

Procipltotioo #.#4ln. Proolpltotlon 1.8 9 in.

Fig. 4 A-D. Bor-line graphs of mean monthly temperature and mean monthly precipitation of weather stations at elevationsranging from 3 6 0 0 ft. to 4 0 0 0 ft. Chiricohua Mountain Region, Cochise County, Arizona. (Fif.40 no tomporoturo deto oveiiobie).

13

*e4eo. New Mesice A«rper|.e.Sw«lee NNE Ne#**

tie* 4126 lt̂ LetIMe 50* 66* Lew### I Of* SflfNee* w*#el: Tem#w*t#r# 61.••F,Re*## ef ifelwre S7.4*F.

FreelFitetlwi II. 18fa. Frecifltetlea l.lSla.

Elev. 4200m Letilvde 32* 15* Le«*#(tw4# 10#" 49*Mean enevel: Tem#efetere 6 8.7*7 Pretl#etlea 11.76 ImRee## ef : Temperetwre 36 6*F Freclplfetiea 2.321a.

MeeaRe»#e

Cedilee, Ari*eae 43 miles Seullteeet

Elee. 4180ft., UfH#4e 32*04' Lea#Hi4e 109*64' eaawel: Tem#eret#fe. 69 9*F. PredpIteNea 13.36 la.ef : Temperetere 36.6*F. Frecipitetba 2.691a.

Leslie Ceayen, Ariteae 6.1 miles Eeel Me Neel

Else. 4461 ft, Lettfeie 31*38* Lea#*#4e 109* 34*Meea eaawel: Teŵ eretere Free I #11 ef lea 12.49 fa.Reage ef : Temperetwre Rretipitetiea 1.78 ia.

Fig 5 A-D. Bar-line graphs of mean monthly temperature and mean monthly precipitation otweother stations at elevationsranging from 4100 ft. to 4 5 0 0 f t . Chiricohua Mountain Region, Cochise County, Arizona. ( Fig.4Dno temperature dote available).

H

APortal, Arizona

1.6 miles Southeast

Claw. 5 0 0 0 t l . Latitude 3 1 * 54* Longitude 1 0 V 10*

Mean annual: Temgaratura 6 0 .4 * P . Praclpltetlan 1 7 .0 # k

Range o f : Temperature 3 4 . 9*P. Precipitation 3 . 2 7 in.

Pucker Canyon, Arizona

16.7 milee E N E .E lfrH a

Elav. 5 3 3 0 ft., Lotitud 31*45" Longitude 1 0 9 *2 5 '

Mean annual: Temperature Precipitation 1 9 .0 6 In.

Range o f : Temperature Precipitation 3 .9 7 in.

Cturicakua National Monument, Arizona

IS milee S E , Dos CeSezee

Ciev. 5 3 0 0 ft ., Latitude 32 *0 C f Longitude 109* 2 O'

Mean eenuoi: Temperature 5 7 ,6 * F . Precipitation I8 .6 3 in .

Range o f : Temperature 3 2 4 *F Precipitation 4 .3 0 m

Pointed Con yon, Arizona

4 3 miles Southeast, P ortal

tie r . 5 4 0 0 f t , Latitude 31* 53" Longitude 1 0 9 * 12*

Mean annual: Temperature 5 4 6 F Precipitation li .S O in .

Range o f : Temperature 3 3 4 F P recip itation 3 6 0 k

Fig. 6 A-D. Bor-line graphs of mean monthly temperature and mean monthly precipitation of weather stations at elevationsranging from 5 0 0 0 f t . to 5 5 0 0 f t . Chiricahua Mountain Region, Cochise County, Arizona (Fig.6Cno temperature data available).

VEGETATION

The deserts of North America are separated by the highlands of

the Continental Divide into eastern (Chihuahuan Desert) and western

(Sonoran Desert) sections (Shreve, 1951). In extreme southeastern

Arizona and southwestern New Mexico the Continental Divide reaches the

lowest elevations in its whole extent, making the separating region a

series of high plains studded with relatively small mountains (Shreve,

1951; Benson and Darrow, 1954). This phenomenon places the Chiricahua Mountain Region in the unique position of being in an area where its

high basal elevations receive species from both the eastern and western

deserts. The vegetation of the higher montane elevations conforms to

the vertical plant zonation described by C. Hart Merriam and his co

workers in 1889.

Beginning at the lowest elevation, four World ecological

formation-classes and seven subcontinental ecological formations*

are recognizable within the limits of the study area.

DESERT FORMATION-CLASS

Southwestern Desertscrub Formation (Lower Sonoran Life-zone).

This formation (3000 to 4000 feet) is composed of species from both the

Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts. Tito unique feature of this formation is

*Ecological classification based on Lowe, 1964.

15

16the isolated areas of well developed Chihuahuan Desert vegetation which

can be found in parts of the San Bernardino, San Simon and Sulphur

Spring Valleys. These areas are dominated hy communities of Tarbush

(Flourensia cernua)*. creosotebush (Larrea divaricata). sandpaperbush

(Hortonia scabrella), or Chihuahuan Whitethorn (Acacia constrictor

vernicosa). In many areas tarbush, creosotebush, and white-thorn are

intermixed and associated with such species as all-thorn (Koeberlinia

sninosa). desert sumac (Rhus microphylla), shrubby senna (Cassia

wislizeni), ocotillo (Fououieria splendens), mesquite (Prosonis luliflora),

and others (Lowe, 1964). Aside from the desert shrubs these high basal

elevations support a substantial amount of desert grasses which intermix

with shrubs, but have a very poor representation of succulents and cacti.

GRASSLAND FORMATION-GLASS

Desert-Grassland Formation (Upper Sonoran Life-zone). This

formation (3500 to 5000 feet) "is a transitional type of grass-dominated

landscape commonly positioned between desert below and evergreen woodland

or chaparral above" (Lowe, loc. cit.). Three genera of grasses pre

dominate this landscape: several species of grama grasses (Bouteloua).

Tobosa grasses (Hilaria). and three-awn grasses (Aristida) (Humphrey,

1958; Lowe, loc. cit.).

Plains Grassland Formation (Upper Sonoran Life-zone). This

formation ($000 to 7000 feet) is to be found primarily on the west side

*The scientific names of plants used here are based on Kearney and Peebles (i960).

17of the mountain in the Sulphur Springs Valley where uninterrupted

stands of grama grasses (Bouteloua). rauhle (Muhlenbergia). needlegrass

(Stipa). dropseed (Sporobolus). sprangletop (Letochlea) and others form

an almost uniform carpet of grass (Lowe, log. cit.).

Mountain Grassland Formation (Transition, Canadian, and Hudsonian

Life-zones). This formation occurs as open meadows within the Forest

Formation Class. The conspicuous species present include mountain

timothy (Phleum), mountain muhle (Muhlenbergia). pine dropseed

(Blepharoneuron). black dropseed (Sporobolus). needlegrass (Stioa).

mountain brome (Bromus). Arizona wheatgrass (Agropyron). and introduced

Kentucky bluegrass (Poa).

WOODLAND FORMATION-CLASS

Evergreen Woodland Formation (Upper Sonoran Life-zone). At

elevations of 4000 to 6500 feet (above the Desertscrub and Grassland

vegetation of the major valleys) is a distinctive continuum dominated by-

evergreen woodland trees, namely, oaks (Quercus). juniper (Junioerus).

and pinyon (Pinna) (Lowe, 1961, 1964). Progressing from its lowest ele-

vational limit to its highest, this formation ranges from (l) an open

savannah of grasses interspersed with Emory oak (Quercus emorvi), Arizona

oak (g. arizonica). Mexican blue oak (Q. oblongifolia). alligator juniper

(Junioerus deppeana) with occasional one-seed junipers (J. monosnerma)

and Mexican pinyons (Pinus cembroides) intruding, to (2) a more dense oak-

juniper-pinyon association which eventually gives way to an oak-pine

woodland. Here we see added to the aforementioned trees, Chihuahua pine

(Pinus lelophvlla). Apache pine (P. engelmanni) and silverleaf oak

18(Q. hypoleucoidea) (Marshall, 1957; Lowe, 1961, 1964).

Shrubs, grasses, succulents, and cacti occur in varying de

grees of abundance in this formation. Some of the more prominent

genera of shrubs are: mimosa (Mimosa). sumac (Rhus). algerita (Berber!3 ),

yucca (Yucca). agave (Agave), locust (Robina). buckthorn (Rhamnus).

manzanita (Arctostaohylos). mahogany (Cerocarous). and grape (Vitis)

to mention only a few. Some of the genera of cacti represented are:

pincushion (Mamillaria). hedgehog and barrel cactus (Echinocereus). and

cholla (Qpuntia).

Deciduous (Riparian) Woodland Formation (Lower Sonoran to

Hudsonian Life-zones). This formation consists mainly of broadleaf,

winter-deciduous trees along permanent and semipermanent drainageways.

Though the species composition changes with the increases in elevation

the most characteristic trees present are: cottonwood (Pooulus fremontii),

southwestern chokecherry (Prunus virens), boxelder (Acer negundo), Rocky

Mountain and big-tooth maple (Acer glabrum. A. grandidentatum). willows

(Sallx scouleriana. S. tacifolia. and S. lasiolenis). walnut (Juglans

major), sycamore (Platanus wrightii), and ash (Fraxinua velutina).

FOREST FCRMATION-CLASS

Coniferous Forest Formation (Transition, Canadian, and Hudsonian

Life-zones). This formation consists of (l) nine forest (6000 to 9000

feet) predominated by western yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa arizonica)

with an intermixing of Chihuahua pine (P. leiophvlla). silverleaf oak

(Quercus hvpoleucoides). netleaf oak (g. reticulata). and madrono

(Arbutus arizonica) at its lower limits and Gambel oak (g. gambeli).

19bigtooth maple (Acer grandidentatum). and quaking aspen (PopuIus tremuloides) at the higher elevations, (2) Fir forest and spruce-

alpine-fir forest (8000 to 9796 feet). The lower limits of this forma

tion are dominated by Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga taxi folia) and white fir

(Abies concolor). Also present at these elevations are Gambel oak

(Q. gambell) and quaking aspen (PopuIus tremuloides), At the upper limits the high mountain peaks are enhanced by the presence of Engelmann

spruce (Picea engelmanni). and southwestern white pine (Pirns reflexa).

It is well known that, in the mountainous southwestern United

States, elevation and slope exposure influence the type and extent of

distribution of the various plant formations. In the Chiricahua

Mountain Region, the vertical zonation, in general, follows that de

scribed by C. H. Merriam (1890), in that plants characteristic of lower

elevations extend farther up the mountain on the south-facing slopes than

on the north-facing.

Canyons running in an east-west direction support vegetation

normally found at higher elevations on their cool north-facing slopes.

In canyons which run in a north-south direction, however, cold air drain

age in the canyon floor causes an inversion of vegetation with the types

normally occurring at the higher elevations being found on the canyon

floor. This can be observed in Rucker and Cave Creek canyons, where

Pine-oak woodland formation type vegetation occurs on the valley floor

and the oak woodland type on the adjacent slopes. At the upper end of

Turkey Creek Canyon the Pine forest formation occurs on the valley floor

and the Pine-oak woodland formation on the adjacent slopes.

Interdigitation of plant formations is also of common occurrence,

with fingers of plants characteristic of upper formations reaching

down to the lower elevations and those of lower formations extending

into the higher elevations.

FAUNAL RELATIONSHIPS

Zoogeographically the Ghiricahua Mountain Region falls within

the Nearctic Region*" of the Megageal Realm, As is to be expected the

fauna of this area, therefore, has its greatest affinities to the fauna

of this Continental Faunal Region, having representatives of seven

families which find their greatest expression therein. There are present,

however, several Neotropical elements, in four families which find their

greatest expression in that region. The remaining eleven families, of

the twenty-two being considered, find about equal expression in both

regions (Table 2).

At the generic level the faunal affinities with the Nearctic

Region become more apparent. Of the fifty-seven genera treated in this

work, thirty-four find their greatest distribution^ in the Nearctic

Region; four in the Neotropical; fifteen being common to both regions;

and four finding their distribution centered within an area of transi

tion, i.e. their distribution is mainly centered in central Mexico with

extensions north into northern Mexico and southern United States and

south into southern Mexico and Central America (Darlington, 1957:456)

(Table 3).

^Zoogeographic terminology based on Darlington, 1957:425.2Generic distributions based on Cockrum, 1962:173-419.

21

22At the species level the mammalian fauna of the Chiricahua

Mountain Region, which falls within the northern portion of the

Apachian Biotic Province of Dice (1943:56) and the Eastern Plains

Faunal Area of Swarth (1929:270), shows affinities with five general

areas: Northern Montane, Eastern Grassland, Western Desert, Southern

Montane, Eastern Desert. These five general areas include, in general,

the areas covered by the following Biotic Provinces as described by

Dice (1943).(1) Northern Montane— Montanian, Coloradan, eastern portion of

the Artemisian, and the western and central portion of the Navahonian.

(2) Eastern Grassland— Southern portion of the Saskatchewan,

Illinoian, Kansan, and the eastern portion of the Navahonian.

(3) Western Desert— Western and central portions of the

Artemisian, Mohavian, southern portion of the Californian, Sonoran, and

the northern portion of the Sinaiosm.

(4) Southern Montane— Apachian, and Durangan.

(5) Eastern Desert— Texan, Comanchian, Chihuahuan.

When one views the known distribution of a species, it becomes

apparent that some have their greatest distribution^* in one or more of

the above mentioned general areas (Table 4).

Totalling the occurrence of each species in any given general

area we find that 35 (with 3 endemic) species have some affinities to the

fauna of the Northern Montane area, 37 (with 1 endemic) to the Eastern

Specific distributions are based on Hall and Kelson, 1959:4-1035.

23Grassland area, 4 6 (with 4 endemic) to the Western Desert area, 56

(with 8 endemic) to the Southern Montane area, and 59 (with 2 endemic)

to the Eastern Desert area. It appears, then, that the fauna of the

Ghiricahua Mountain Region has its greatest affinities to the fauna of

those general areas whose Biotic Provinces find their greatest expression

in the southern portion of the United States and northern Mexico.

At the subspecific level the pattern of affinities is obscure.

Additional specimens are needed before meaningful conclusions can be

drawn. At present the mountain range seems to be acting as a barrier to

gene flow between (a) populations on the mountain itself and those in

the valleys, and (b) between the populations inhabiting the valleys of

the eastern and western sides of the range.

In the first of these situations the nature of the barrier seems

to be both ecological (limitations imposed by the environmental changes

caused by the increases in altitude i.e. temperature, moisture, plant

cover, soil type and condition, etc.) and physical (obstruction by the

increases in altitude to continuous habitat and movement). The popula

tion of Southern pocket gophers, Thomomvs bottae collinus. (5000 to 9000

feet elev.) appears to be isolated from the populations of T. b.

extenuatus (3700 to 5200 ft. elev.) of the valleys. The same appears to

be the case with the Western harvest mice (Reithrodontomvs) of the

megalotis-group, with R. m. arizonensis occupying the montane habitats

(ca. 8000 ft. elev.) and R. m. megalotis the grasslands of the valleys

(3800-6500 ft. elev.). In the Deer mice (Peromyscus) of the maniculatus-

group the race P. m. rufinus (5600 to 9000 ft. elev.) appears to be iso

lated from the two races which occupy the valleys (3800 to 6500 ft. elev.).

24In the latter situation the nature of the barrier seems to be

mainly physical (obstruction by the increases in altitude to continuous

habitat and movement). The two races of Desert pocket mice (Ferognathus)

of the oenicillatus-group appear to be restricted, P. p. pricei to the

valleys of the west (3900 to 5 0 0 0 ft. elev.) and P. p. eremicus to those

of the east ( 3 9 0 0 to 5 0 0 0 ft. elev.). In the Deer mice (Peromvscus)

of the manlculatus-group the race P. m. sonoriensis (Lower elevations)

seems to be restricted to the valleys of the west, whereas P. m. blandus

is restricted to those of the east ( 3 8 0 0 to 6 5 0 0 ft. elev.).

Table 2. Showing Distribution of Families by ContinentalFaunal Region.

NEARCTIC COMMON NEOTROPICAL

Castoridae Vespertilionidae Didelphidae

Ursidae Leporidae Phyllostomatidae

Antilocapridae Sciuridae Molossidae

Bovidae Cricetidae Tayassuidae

Soricidae Muridae

Geomyidae Erethizontidae

Heteromyidae Canidae

Procyonidae

Mustelidae

Felidae

Cervidae

Table 3. Showing Distribution of Genera by Continental Faunal Region.

NEARCTIC COMMON NEOTROPICAL TRANSITIONALSorex Mvotis Didelohis MacrotusNotiosorex Eotesicus Mormons ChoeronycterisLaaionycteris Lasiurus Eumons LeotonvcterisPipistrellus Tadarida Nasua SimnodonPlecotus Sylvilaerus

Antrozous Sciurus

Euderma Rattus

Lenus Mas

Cynomys Urocyon

Citellus Procvon

Eutamias Mustela

Thomomys Conenatus

Perognathus Fells

Dinodomys PecariCastor:' Odocoileus

Onychomys

ReithrodontomysBaiomys

Peromyscus

Neotoma

Microtus

Erethizon

Canis

27

NEARCTIC COMMON NEOTROPICAL

Vulnes

Euarctoa

Ursus

Bassariscua

TaxideaSpilosale

Mephitis

LgreCervuaAntilocapra

Table 3 (continued)TRANSITIONAL

Ovis

28Table 4* Showing Distribution of Species by Faunal Area,

x = Presence in entire area, xn or xs * Presence in Northern or Southern portion of area. X = Presence confined to area.

Didelnhis marsunialis

Sorex vagrans

Notiosorex crawfordi Mormons megalophyla

Macrotus californicus

Choeronycteris mexicana

Leptonycteris nivalis

Myotis yumanensis

Mvotis velifer

Myotis keenii

Myotis thysanodes

Myotis volans

Myotis californicus

Myotis subulatus

Lasionycteris noctivagans

Pipistrellus hesperus

Eptisicus fuscus

Lasiurus borealis

Lasiurus cinereus

Lasiurus ega

Euderma maculatum

Plecotus townsendii

Plecotus phyllotis

N. E. W. S. E.Mont. Grass Best. Mont. Best.Introduced

X

x

xn

XS XX

XS XX

xn x

XX X

xn

xs

xs

XX

X XX

XX XX Xxs

X XX

X X

Xs

X Xxn

xn

X XX XXxn x

Xs

XX

X

xn x xX xs

Table 4 (continued)29

N.Mont.

E.Grass

WeBest.

s.Mont*

EeBest

Antrozous nallidus X X XTadarida brasiliensis X X X X XTadarida femerosaca xs X xsTadarida molossa X X XEumons r>erotis xs X xsLems ealliardi XLems californicus X X X XSylvilamis floridanus X XSylvilaeus audubonii X X XCynomys ludovicianus XCitellus spilosoma X XCitellus varieeatus X X XCitellus harrisii XEutamias dorsalis X XSciurus nayaritensis XThomomys bottae X XPeroenathus flavus X XPeroenathus baileyi XPeroenathus hispidus X xnPeroenathus penicillatus xs xsPeroenathus intermedius xs xsDipodomvs soectabilis XsDipodomys merriami X X

Table 4 (continued)30

N. E.Mont. Grass

w.Best,

s.Mont,

EeBest.

DitJodomys ordi X X XCastor canadensis Introduced

Onychomrs leucoeaster X XOnvchorays torridus X X XReithrodontomys montanus X XReithrodontomys meealotis X X XReithrodontomys fulvescens X XBaiomys tavlori X

Peromyscus eremicus X X XPeromyscus maniculatus X X X X XPeromyscus leuconus X XPeromyscus boylii X XPeromyscus difficilis X XSiemodon hisnidus X XSiemodon minimus X

Sismodon ochroenathus X

Neotoma albieula X X XNeotoma mexicana X XMicrotus mexicanus XRattus norveeicus Introduced

Mus mus cuius IntroducedErethizon dorsatum X XCards latrans X X X X X

31Table 4 (continued)

N. E. W. s. EeMont. Grass Best. Monte DostCanis lumis X X X XValues macrotis X XUrocyon cinereoareenteus X X X X XEuarctos americanus X X X XUrsus horribilis X X X XBassariscus astutus X X X X XProcvon lotor X X X XNasua narica X xsMustela frenata X X X XTaxidia taxus X X X X XSniloeale uutorius X X X X XMeuhitis meuhitis X X X X XMephitis macroura X XConepatus mesoleucus X X XFells pardalis X

Fells onca XFells yaeouaroundi XFells concolor X X X X XPecari ta.iacu X X X X XCervus canadensis Extinct

Odocoileus hemionus X X X XOdocoileus vireinianus X X X X

Table 4 (continued)

Antilocanra americana

Ovis canadensis

N.Mont.

X

X

E.Grass

X

X

w.Best.

X

s.Mont.

E.Best.

X

Total No. Species in area 35 37 46 56 59Total No. Species endemic to area 3 1 ___k___ 8 2

METHODS

The general sequence used herein for listing the various kinds

of mammals follows Hall and Kelson (1959). Minor changes have been

made to make this listing conform with more recently published taxo

nomic studies. For each named kind of mammal the following types of information are listed sequentially:

1 . Synonymy. The first citation listed is the original de

scription; the second refers to the first usage of the name combination

currently recognized as applicable; and the rest, if any, are name com

binations that have been used in the past to refer to this animal in the

Chiricahua Mountain Region. A pure synonymy is recognizable because the

citation is followed by the designation of a type locality.

Throughout the synonymy a comma is placed between the scientific

name and the name of the author if that author did not originally pro

pose the name in the work referred to; conversely the absence of a comma

indicates that the author did propose the name in that work. The type

locality is given as a part of the citation of the original description.

2. Distribution within the state and within the study area.

3. Remarks beginning with measurements (in millimeters, unless

otherwise stated) of the total length (tip of nose to the end of the

last caudal vertebra), length of tail (from point where tail may be bent

at a right angle with the back to the end of the last caudal vertebra),

length of hind foot (back of heel to tip of longest claw when foot is

33

laid out flat), and length of ear (measured from notch). These measure

ments are given in the order mentioned here; they are then followed by

the dental formula and, in most cases, by literature references and

observations of local residents or personal observations pertinent to

the species.

4. Specimens Examined. Under this heading is given, first the

total number of specimens available to me for study and second a list of

the localities from which these specimens were taken with an indication

of the number of specimens from each locality together with the institu

tion where these specimens now reside. In sighting localities, the

original spelling and abbreviations on the label of the specimen have

been retained. Where these spellings are highly inconsistent, the pre

ferred spelling, or present name of the locality, has been added in

brackets.

Following is a list of the abbreviations used and an explanation

of their meanings:

AMNH - American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York.

BS = United States Biological Survey Collection, Washington, D. C,

CAS = Chicago Academy of Science, Chicago, Illinois.

CNHM = Chicago Natural History Museum, Chicago, Illinois.

CM = Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

KU = University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Lawrence, Kansas.

LACM = Los Angeles County Museum, Los Angeles, California.

MVZ = Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif.

NM = United States National Museum, Washington, D. C.

34

35RWD - Private Collection, Robert W. Dickerman (now a part of the

museum of the University of Minnesota).

SDSNH = San Diego Society of Natural History, San Diego, California.

UA * Museum, Department of Zoology, the University of Arizona,

Tucson, Arizona.

UI = Museum of Zoology, the University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

UM = Museum of Zoology, the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,

Michigan.

5. Additional Records. In this section are listed specimens

that have been mentioned in the literature hut which have not been ex

amined hy me, together with a citation to the source of the record.

ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES

Only six orders of mammals are known to be represented in this

area. A seventh. Order Harsupialia. has been provisionally included in

the hypothetical list on the basis of reports indicated.

The following key will aid in the separation of the orders known

to occur in the Chiricahua Mountain Region. It is designed to be of use

to those with some knowledge of mammalian morphology and who have a com

plete mammal or a conventional study skin and skull available. To a

large extent a skull only or a skin only can also be identified by means

of this key. Those who are not familiar with the terminology employed

in this key are referred to the glossaries in Cockrum (1962) or Hall and

Kelson (1959).

1 Fingers lacking claws (thumb has one), longer than forearm

and supporting a leathery membrane which serves as a

w i n g ......................................... .. CHIROPTERA

l 1 Fingers with claws, shorter than forearm and not support

ing a leathery membrane for flight . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2(1*) Tooth rows continuous above (without a true diastema,

that is, no spaces as long as twice the length of the

first lower molar devoid of teeth); canine teeth present

above and below ............................................ 3

2* Tooth rows not continuous (with true diastema); canine

teeth absent below and sometimes above . . . . . . . . . . . 5

36

373(2) Total length less than 200 mm.; canine teeth but little

if any larger than teeth on either side of same; snout

long and pointed . . ............................ INSECTIVORA

3* Total length more than 200 ram.; canine teeth larger

than teeth on either side . . . . . .................... A

4.(3’) Six upper incisors; feet with claws.................. CARNIVORA

A* Four upper incisors; feet with hooves. ........... ARTIODACTYLA

5(2') Two or four upper incisors; feet with claws............... 6

5' No upper incisors; feet with hooves . ........... ARTIODACTYLA

6(5) Two upper incisors; ears shorter than tail

vertebrae.............. .......................... .RODENT IA

6 ' Four upper incisors; ears longer than tailvertebrae. ......................................... LAGOMQRPHA

Order INSECTIVQRA, Insectivores

Insectivores (insectum - L. insect-f vovare - L. devour) are

primarily insect eaters, as their name indicates. They are, in general,

small animals which walk with their heel on the ground and have five

toes on each foot, each with a claw. Their snout is usually long and

pointed, their eyes are minute and the ears are small.

Family SORICIDAE, Shrews

Only two families of this large order occur in North America.

These are the moles (Family Talpidae) which do not occur in Arizona, and

tire shrews (Family Soricidae) of which two species are known to occur in

the area covered by this work. Most North American representatives of

38this family live on the surface of damp or boggy habitats, occupying

burrows only for sleeping and resting. The desert shrew (Crawford's

shrew), although living in the more arid western deserts, is most

commonly found in the riparian woodland situations. The following key

will aid in their identification.

1 Total number of teeth 28

1 * Total number of teeth 32

Sorex vagrans monticola Merriam

Vagrant Shrew

Sorex monticolus Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 3:4-3, September 11, 1890,'

type from San Francisco Mountain, 11,500 feet, Coconino

County, Arizona.

Sorex vagrans monticola. Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 10:69, December 31,

1895; Jackson, N. Amer. Fauna, 51:110, 1928; Cahalane, Jour.

Mamm., 20:421, 1939; Findley, Univ. of Kansas Pub!., Mus. Nat.

Hist., 9:50, Dec. 10, 1955; Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N. Amer.,

1:32, March 31, 1959; Cockrum, Recent Mamm. Ariz., p. 26, I960.

Distribution. In Arizona this species is known from the Tunitcha

Mountains, Apache County; from San Francisco Peaks southeastwardly to

the White Mountains, and from isolated mountains in the southeastern

corner of the state.

In the Chiricahua Mountains it is known only from six specimens

taken in the high Mountain Grassland meadows of Fly, Long, and Rustlers

Parks, at elevations ranging from 8200 to 9600 feet.

Notiosorex crawfordi

. . . Sorex vagrans

39Remarks. External measurements 90-153; 31-67; 11-17.5.

Dental formula 13/1, C 1/1, P 3/1, M 3/3 = 26.

Cahalane (1939:421) wrote, "Despite intensive trapping in

suitable habitats above 8000 feet no specimens were taken except a

single female in Long Park on July 11, 1933." That specimen, a lactat-

ing adult female, had the following measurementsi 1 0 0 ; 4 1 ; 1 1 .9 ; 4 . 9

weight 11 grams. No specimens were taken during our study.

Specimens Examined. Total 6 , distributed as follows: Fly

Park, 4, BS; Long Park, 9000 feet, 1, NM; Rustler Park, 1, SDSNH.

Additional Records. Long Park, 1, Cahalane (1939:421).

Notiosorex crawfordi erawfordi (Coues)

Desert Shrew

Sorex (Notiosorex) crawfordi Coues, Bull. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv.

Terr., 3:651, May 15, 1877, type from Old Fort Bliss, about

2 mi. above El Paso, El Paso County, Texas.

Notiosorex crawfordi. Marriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 10:32, Dec. 31, 1895;

Fisher, Jour. Mamm., 22:265, 1941.Notiosorex crawfordi crawfordi. Blossom, Jour. Mamm., 14:70, Feb. 14,

1933; Dice and Blossom, Carnegie Inst. Washington PubL. 485:17,

1937; Cahalane, Jour, Mamm., 20:421, 1939; Miller and Kellogg,U. S. Nat. Hus. Bull., 205:42, 1955; Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N.

Amer., 1:64, March 31, 1959; Cockrum, Recent Maim. Ariz,, p. 29, I960.Distribution. In Arizona it probably occurs throughout the

state. In the study area it has been taken at elevations ranging from

4400 to 5500 feet in Desert Grassland and Oak Woodland type vegeta

tion and the associated riparian situations.

Remarks. External measurements 87-90j 26-31; 11-11.5.

Dental formula I 3/2, C 1/0; P l/l, M 3/3 = 28.

Specimens Examined. Total 5> distributed as follows: 20 mi.

east of Pearce, 1, DM; Southwestern Research Station near Portal, 13

June 1959, 2, DAj Portal phone office, 29 July 1959, 1, UA; Bridge,

Texas Canyon Rd. at junction US 80, Chiricahua Mts., April 1959, 1, DA.

Additional Records. Pinery Canyon, 6 500 feet, 1, Blossom,

1933:70.

Order CHIROPTERA, Bats

Chiropterans (cheiro - Gr. hand+ pteron - Gr. wing) are

placental mammals unique in having limbs modified for flight. Digits

two to five are greatly lengthened for the support of the wing-membrane.

A well developed membrane (interfemoral) is usually present between the

small hind legs and encloses the tail. The ears are well developed and

often enormously so. The eyes are usually small. Bats are crepuscular or nocturnal.

Members of three families occur in this region. The following

key will aid in their identification:

1 No diastema in upper incisor series; two upper incisors on

each side; bony plate complete in front three complete bony

phalanges in third finger.................... PHYLL03T0MATIDAE

411* Distinct diastema usually present in upper incisor series

(if diastema appears to be absent, then upper incisors

only one on each side); Upper incisors various; bony

plate incomplete anteriorly; two complete bony phalanges

in third finger (may appear to be three in Plecotis). . . . 2

2(1) Tail projecting conspicuously beyond free edge of short

interfemoral membrane; fifth finger much shortened;

diastema in upper incisor series present or

absent.......................... ................ M0L03SIDAE

2* Tail not projecting conspicuously beyond free edge of

interfemoral membrane; (may project a few millimeters);

fifth finger not greatly shortened; diastema in upper

incisor series present .................. • VESPERTILIONIDAE

Family PHYLL03T0MATIDAE, Leaf-nosed bats

These bats, restricted to the New World and mainly the tropics,

are represented tyr two species known to occur in this region. Two

additional species occur in adjacent areas and may yet be recorded from

the Chiricahua Mountains. The following key will aid to separate these

species.

1 No leaf-like appendage on muzzle; plate-like outgrowths on

lower lips present; skull short, rostrum and braincase as

broad as, or broader than long; entire braincase so elevated

that the base of foramen magnum is above level of top of

the rostrum Mormoops megalophylla

421* Distinct leaf-like appendage on muzzle; no plate-like

outgrowths on lower lips; skull long and slender,

rostrum narrow and tapering; braincase not so elevated. . . 22(1*) Ears more than twice length of hind foot; tail more

than twice the length of the hind foot; nine teeth

in each half of lower jaw.............. Macrotus californicus

2* Ears approximately length of hand foot; tail less than

two times length of hind foot; seven or eight teeth

in each half of lower jaw................................. 3

3(2') Tail extremely reduced; zygomatic arch complete; lower

incisors one on each side. . . ........ Leotonvcteris nivalis

3 * Tail more than 10 mm in length; zygomatic arch in

complete; no lower incisors. ........ Choeronvcteris mexicana

Choeronvcteris mexicana Tschudi

Long-tongued Bat

Choeronvcteris mexicana Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, P. 72, 1844, type from

Mexico; Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 19:96, June 4,

1906; G. M. Allen, Jour. Mamm., 3:156, 1922; Cahalane, Jour.

Mamm., 20:421, 1939; Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N. Amer., 1:120,

March 31, 1959; Coderurn, Recent Mamm. Ariz., P. 34, I960. Distribution. This bat is known only from the southeastern

corner of the state. In the study area it has been taken at elevations

ranging from 5000 to 6000 feet, mainly in Oak Woodland type vegetation.

Remarks. External measurements for one male are 93; 3 ; 12; 17;

tragus, 8 , and of four females, 77-90; 7-12; 12-13; 13-18, tragus, 3-7.

43Dental formula I 2/0 , C l/l, P 2/3, M 3/3 = 30.

Sneelaena Examined. Total 7, distributed as follows; Mine

tunnel, 1 mi. N. Paradise, 5200 ft., 4, UA; 8 mi. W. of Paradise, 1,

BSj South fork Gave Creek, 5400 ft., 2, UA.

Additional Records. 10 mi. S. Rodeo, Hidalgo County, New

Mexico, Findley (1957:513).

Lentonvchteris nivalis nivalis (Saussure)

Long-nosed Bat

M Qachnogloasaj. nivalis Saussure, Revue et Magazin de Zoologie, Paris,

ser. 2, vol. 12, p. 492, Nov. 1860, type from near the snow line

on Mount Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico.

Leptonvcteris nivalis. Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 13:126,

April 6 , 1900; Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N. Amer., 1:122, March

31, 1959; Cockrum, Recent Mamm. Ariz., p. 34, I960.

Distribution. In Arizona the long-nosed bat is known only from

the southeastern part of the state. In the study area it has been taken

at elevations ranging from 4000 to 5200 feet in both Desertscrub and

Desert grassland types of vegetation.

Remarks. External measurements of 13 males are: 73-120} 5-10}

1 4 -1 8 } 11-18} tragus, 6 -8 } and of 1 0 females are 7 0 -9 3 } 7 -9 } 1 5 -1 6 } 6 -8 }

tragus, 6-7. The dental formula is I 2/2, C l/l, P 2/3, M 2/2 = 30.Specimens Examined. Total 34, distributed as follows: Mine

tunnel, 1 mi. N. Paradise, 5200 ft., 23, UA} W. end Blue Mts., 17 mi.

S. San Simon, 1, UA} Buckalew Gave, 13 mi., N. Portal, 2, UA} NEW

MEXICO, Hidalgo County Mine tunnel, 17 mi. NNE Rodeo, 1, UA.

44Family VESPERTILIONIDAE, Plain-nosed Bats

The Plain-nosed bats are widely distributed through both the

Old World and the New World. The following key will aid in the identi

fication of the species known or suspected to occur in the Chiricahua

Mountain Region.

1 One upper incisor on each side. ..................... 2

1' Two upper incisors on each s i d e ....................... .. 4

2(1) Upper surface of interfemoral membrane completely furred;

total number of teeth 3 2 . . . . . . . . ................ 3

2* Upper surface of interfemoral membrane entirely bare

or furred slightly at extreme base; total number of

teeth 28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Antrozous pallldus

3(2) Color of body hoary (brown mixed with grayish white);

total length more than 1 2 0 m m ............ Lasiurus cinereus

3' Color of body reddish or yellowish brown; total

length less than 120 mm .................. Lasiurus borealis

4(1*) Dorsal surface of interfemoral membrane densely

furred for more than one half of total length; total

number of teeth 3 6 (width across canines 5 mm or more);

skull flat-topped ................. Lasionvcteris noctivagans

4* Dorsal surface of interfemoral membrane entirely bare

or densely furred on basal one-third only; total

number of teeth 3 2 , 34, 3 6 , or 3 8 (if 3 6 , then width

across canine less than 5 mm); skull arched and round-topped 5

455(4') Ears less than 25 nmtj total number of teeth 32, 34, or

3 8 (if 3 4 , then greatest length of skull less

than 1 4 m m ) .................. .......................... 6

5' Ears more than 25 mm; total number of teeth 34 or 36

(if 3 4 , then greatest length of skull more than 1 4 mm). . 15

6(5) Interfemoral membrane slightly furred on basal one-

third; height of tragus from notch usually less

than half the height of ear from notch; total number

of teeth 3 4 ........ ................ . Pipistrelles hesperus

6 * Interfemoral membrane bare or slightly furred only at

base; height of tragus from notch usually more than

half the height of the ear from notch; total number

of teeth 32 or 3 8 .................. .. ................. 7

7(6*) Tragus broadly rounded at tip; total length more than

105 mm; total number of teeth 32........ .. . Eotesicus fuscus

7* Tragus usually long, slender and pointed at tip; total

length less than 1 0 5 mm; total number of teeth 3 8 . . . . 8

8(7*) Underside of wing furred to level of elbow; skull with

rostrum shortened and occiput usually elevated; calcar

with well developed k e e l ................ • • • Mrotis volans

8 * Underside of wing not furred to level of elbow; skull

with normal rostrum and occiput; calcar keeled or

not keeled ........ . . . . . . . . . . . .......... . 9

9(8') Foot small, the ratio of its length to that of the

tibia usually ranging from 4 0 to 4 6 mm; calcar with

well developed keel 10

469* Foot normal or large, the ratio of its length to that

of tibia usually ranging from about 4 8 to 6 0 mm;

calcar with keel rudimentary or absent............ .. • . 1 1

10(9) Hairs on back with long shiny tips; third metacarpal

not as long as forearms; skull larger, with flattened

braincase and gradually rising profile. . . . Myotls subulatus

10* Hairs on back dull tipped; third metacarpal usually

as long as forearm; skull smaller, with rounded brain-

case and abruptly rising profile. . . . . .Myotls californicus

11(9') Ears relatively long, more than 16 mm; fringe of

stiff hairs on free edge of interfemoral membrane

(not always conspicuous); calcar with keel

rudimentary or absent ............................... .. . 1 2

11' Ears relatively short, less than 16 mm; no stiff

hairs on free edge of interfemoral membrane;

calcar without k e e l .................. .................. 1 3

12(11) Free border of interfemoral membrane with incon

spicuous, scattered, stiff hairs; ear twice as long

(or more) as hindfoot; skull relatively slightly

built, slender sagittal crest sometimes present ........

.............. ...................... .. Myotis keenii12' Free border of interfemoral membrane with short

but conspicuous, scattered, stiff hairs; ear less

than twice as long as hindfoot; skull large,

robustly built, broader; sagittal crest well

developed . . . . . . .................. . Myotis thysanodes

4713 Sagittal and occipital crest veil defined vhen

viewed dorsally; cheek teeth exceptionally large;

length of forearm more than 3 7 mm; total length

less than 8 0 m m , 1 4

13* Sagittal and occipital crests not well defined;

cheek teeth not exceptionally large; length of

forearm less than 37 mm; total length less

than 80 mm. ................. Mvotis yirmanengis

14(13) Braincase low and flattened when viewed laterally;

rostrum enlarged; fur glossy, usually cinnamon or

. grayish-brown; length of forearm less than 4 1 mm.

............ . . . . . . .......... . . . . Mvotis occultus

14» Braincase high and rounded when viewed laterally;

rostrum not enlarged; fur dull sepia or drab; length

of forearm more than 41 mm.......... .. Mvotis velifer

15(5*) Ears joined across forehead by a band of membrane;

dorsal surface blackish with three patches of white;

total number of teeth 34. . . . . . . . . . Euderma maculata

15' Ears not joined across forehead; dorsal surface

never blackish with white spots; total number

of teeth 3 6 . . . . . . .................. . . . . . . 16

16(15*) A pair of accessory lappets between the bases of the

ears; total length more them 1 1 0 mm. . . . .Plecotus phvllotis

16* No accessory lappets between the base of the ears;

total length less than 110 mm. . . . . . . Plecotus townsendli

Mrotls velifer brevis Vaughn

Cave Myotis

48

Mvotis velifer brevis Vaughan, Univ. Kansas Publ. Mas. Nat. Hist.,

7:509, July 23, 1954, type from Madera Canyon, 5000 feet.,Santa Rita Mts., Pima County (Santa Cruz County), Arizona;

Hall and Kelson, Mamin. N. Amer., 1:166, March 31, 1959;

Cockrum, Recent Hamm. Ariz., p. 37, I960.

Distribution. In Arizona, this species occurs in the area

south of the Mogollon Rim. It has been taken at elevations ranging

from 3 8 0 0 to 5 0 0 0 feet in Desert type vegetation.

Remarks. External measurements of four adult males and one

adult female from Old Fort Bowie are 93-99; 41-46; 10-11; 14-17;

tragus, 8-10. The dental formula is I 2/3, 0 l/l, P 3/3, M 3/3 = 38.

Specimens Examined. Total 10, distributed as follows: Riggs

Ranch, mouth Pinery Canyon, 1, BS; San Bernardino Ranch, 4, NM (Miller

and Allen, 1928:91, reported these as being from Sonora); Old Fort

Bowie, 4900 feet, 5, UA.

Mvotis keenii apache Hoffmeister and Krutzsch

Keen's Myotis

Mvotis evotis apache Hoffmeister and Krutzsch, Chicago Acad. Sci., Nat.

Hist. Misc., 151:1, Dec. 28, 1955, type from Snow Flat, 8750

feet, Graham Mts., Graham County, Arizona; Cockrum, Recent

Hamm. Ariz., p. 41, I960.

Mvotis keenii apache. Findley, Jour. Hamm., 41:16, Feb. 20, I9 6 0 .

49Myotls evotia auriculas. Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N. Amer., 1:169,

March 31, 1959.

Myotls evotia chrvsonotua. Miller and Allen, U. S. Nat. Hus. Bull.,

144:116, 1928j Cahalane, Jour. Mamm., 20:422, 1939.

Vespertilio evotia. J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mas. Nat. Hist.,

7:249, 1895.Mvotis evotis. Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 1 3 :8 0 , 1897.

Distribution. In Arizona Keen's myotls is known from the south

eastern portion. This species has been taken in the study area at

elevations ranging from 4500 to 8200 feet in Fine-Oak Woodland, Pine

Forest and associated Riparian type vegetation.

Remarks. External measurements of five males are 84-99; 40-44;

8-11; 12-23; tragus, 11-13; and for six females, 81-99; 32-47; 6 -1 1 ;

15-21; tragus, 8-12. Dental formula is I 2/3, 0 1/1, P 3/3, M 3/3 = 38.

Specimens Examined. Total 12, distributed as follows: Paradise,

5500 ft., 1, KM; South Fork, 1 mi. above Jet. Cave Creek, 4500 ft., 5,

UA; Barfoot Park, 8200 ft., 3, UA; Southwestern Research Station, 1, DA;

South Fork Cave Creek 3 mi., SW Portal, 1, DA; Dam, 1 mi. W. SWRS, 1, DA.

Additional Records. "Chiricahua Mts." 1, AMNH, Miller and

Allen, 1928:117.

Mvotis thvsanodes thysanodes Miller

Fringed Myotls

Mvotis thvsanodes Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:80, Oct. 16, 1897, type

from Old Fort Tejon, Tehachupi Mts., 3200 feet, Kern County,

California; Cahalane, Jour. Mamm., 20:422, 1939.

50Hyotia thyaanodes thvsanodes. Hiller and Allen, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mtia.,

144:126, May 25, 1928; Hall and Kelaon, Hamm. N. Amer., 1:170,

March 31, 1959; Cockrum, Recent Maim. Aria., p. 47, I9 6 0 .

Distribution. The Fringed myotia probably occurs at higher elevations throughout the state. In the study area it has been taken

at elevations ranging from 4500 to 8200 feet mainly in Oak-Pine Wood

land, Pine Forest and the associated Riparian type vegetation.

Remarks. External measurements of eight males are 82-101;

34-45; 9-H; 14-20; tragus, 7-14J and of eleven females are 73-97;26-47; 9 -H; 15-20; tragus 8-11. The dental formula is I 2/3, C 1/1,

P 3/3, M 3/3 * 38.

Specimens Examined. Total 20, distributed as follows: Blue

Mts. cave, ca. 5000 feet, 16 mi. S. San Simon, 5, UA; S. Fork, 1 mi.

above Cave Creek, 5400 feet, 3, DA; Barfoot Park, 8200 feet, 2, UA;

1 mi. NW Portal, 1, DM; Virtue Mine 3/4 mi., E Portal, ca, 4800 feet,

1, UA; El Tigre Mine, Pinery Canyon, 1, UA; 12 mi., SB Dos Cabezas,

6 , UA; 1 mi., N Paradise, 1, UA.

Additional Records. 1/2 mi. NW Portal, 1, Cahalane (1939).

Mvotis volans interior Miller

Long-legged Myotis

Mvotis longlcrus interior Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 27:211,

Oct. 31# 1914, type from 5 mi. S Twining, 11,300 feet, Taos County, New Mexico.

Mvotis volans interior. Miller and Allen, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mas., 144:142,

May 25, 1928; Cahalane, Jour. Mamm., 20:422, 1939; Hall and

Kelson, Maim. N. Amer., 1:172, March 31, 1959; Cockrum,

Recent Maim. Ariz., p. 43» I960.

Vespertlllo lucifugus. J, A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mas. Nat. Hist.,

7:249, June 29, 1895.Distribution. In Arizona this species occurs at higher ele

vations throughout the state. In the study area it has been taken at

elevations ranging from 4500 to 8200 feet in Evergreen woodland and

Pine forest type vegetation.

Remarks. External measurements of six males are 88-98;

3 5 -4 6 ; 6 -1 0 ; 6 -1 3 ; tragus, 4 -9 J and of six females are 9 8 -1 0 4 ; 4 0 -4 6 ;

8-12; 13-14; tragus, 7-9. The dental formula is I 2/3, 0 l/l,

P 3/3, M 3/3 = 3 8 .

Specimens Examined. Total 31, distributed as follows: S fork

Gave Creek, 1 mi. above Jet., 4, UA; Dam, 1 mi. V Southwestern Research

Station, 5400 feet, 2, UA; Rustler Park, 16, SDSNH; Chiricahua Mts., 1,

CNHM; 1 mi. W Portal, 1, DM; Fly Peak, 1, BS; 1 mi. WNW Portal, 4900

feet, 1, UA; Barfoot Park, 8200 feet, 1, UA; Southwestern Research

Station, 5400 feet, 3, UA; South fork Cave Creek, 3 mi., SW Portal,1, UA.

Additional Records. Cave Creek, 2, C ab a lane (1939).

Mvotis californicus californlcus (Audoubon and Bachman)

California Myotis

Vespertilio californicus Audubon and Bachman, Jour. Acad, Nat. Sci.

Philadelphia, 8 (2) :285, 1842, type from "California, 11 by

subsequent restriction, Monterey County, California, see Miller and G. M. Allen, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 144:153, May 25, 1928.

51

52Myotls californicua. Miller, N. Amar. Fauna, 13:69, Oct. 16, 1897.

Myotia californicua californicua. Miller and Allen, U. S. Nat. Mus.

Bull., 144:151, May 25, 1928; Cahalane, Jour. Mamm., 20:422,

1939; Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N. Auer., 1:173, March 31, 1959J Cockrum, Recent Mamm. Ariz., p. 44, I960.

Vesnertilio nutidua. J. A. Allen, Bull. Amar. Mis. Nat. Hist., 7:248,

June 29, 1895 (part from Rock Creek, Chiricahua Mta.). Diatribution. In Arizona the California myotia is found in

central and southeastern parts of the state. In the study area this

species has been taken at elevations ranging from 4 5 0 0 to 8200 feet

in Evergreen Woodland and Pirn Forest type vegetation with its

associated Riparian communities.

Remarks. The external measurements of sixteen males are

70-92; 29-41; 5-1 0 ; 9-16; tragus, 6 -8 ; of nine females are 75-86;

29-39; 5-8; 10-15; tragus, 5-8. The dental formula is I 2/3, C l/l,

P 3/3, M 3/3 = 3 8 .

Specimens Examined. Total 3 0 , distributed as follows: Pinery

Canyon 6000 feet, 1, BS; South fork Cave Creek, 3 mi. W Portal, 17,

UA; Barfoot Park, 8200 feet, 1, UA; South fork, 1 mi. above Jet. Cave

Creek, 3, UA; Southwestern Research Station, 5400 feet, 4, UA; San

Bernardino Ranch, 1, CAS; "Chiricahua Mts.," 2, NM; Crystal Cave,3/4 mi., WNW Southwestern Research Station, 1, UA.

Additional Records. "Chiricahua Mts.," Miller and Allen,

1928:154; San Bernardino Ranch, 1, CNHM; Rock Creek, 1, AMNH, Allen,

1895:248.

Myotis aubulatus aelanorhinus (Harriam)

Small-footed Myotis

53

Yeapertillo melanorhlnua Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 3:46, Sept. 11,

1 8 9 0 , type from Little Spring, 8250 feet, north base San Francisco Mtn., Coconino County, Arizona.

Myotis subulatus melanorhlnua. Miller and Allen, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mas.,

144:169, May 25, 1928; Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N. Amer., 1:175,

March 31, 1959; Cockrum, Recent Mamm. Ariz., p. 47, I960.

Distribution. The Small-footed myotis occurs in central and

southeastern Arizona. In the study area it has been taken at eleva

tions ranging from 4500 to 5500 ft. in Desert Grassland and Evergreen

Woodland type vegetation.

Remarks. External measurements of five males are 78-85; 38-40;

6-7; 13-14; tragus, 7-10; for three females are 87-90; 36-43; 6-7;

12-14; tragus, 2-8. The dental formula is I 2/3, C l/l, P 3/3, M 3/3

= 38.

Specimens Examined. Total 7, distributed as follows: South

fork Cave Creek, 5500 feet, 3^ mi. SW Portal, 5, UA; 1^ mi. SW Portal,

1, UA; Southwestern Research Sta., 2, UA; South fork, 1 mi. above Jet. Cave Creek, 1 , UA.

Lasionvcteris noctivaeans (Le Conte)

Silver-haired Bat

V .noctivagans Le Conte, in McMurtrie, The Animal Kingdom....by the Baron Cuvier, l:(App.) 431, June, 1831, type from

54eastern United States.

Lasionveteris noctiragans. Peters, Monatsber K. Preuss. Akad.

Wiasensoh. Berlin, 1865, p. 6 4 8 ; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mua. Nat.

Hist., 7:248, June 29, 1895; Elliot, Field Columbian Mus.,

Publ. 115, Zoo. Ser, 8:506, 1907; Cahalane, Jour. Hamm.,

20:422, 1939; Hall and Kelson, Hamm. N. Amer., 1:179, March

31, 1959; Cockrun, Recent Hamm. Ariz., p. 47, I960.

Distribution. The Silver-haired bat probably occurs statewide

at least during certain seasons of the year. In the study this species

has been taken at elevations ranging from 5 4 0 0 to 9000 feet in Ever

green Woodland, Pine Forest, and Fir Forest type vegetation.

Remarks. External measurements for nine males are 92-106j

34-45; 8-11; 8-16; tragus 5-7; and for five females are 93-109; 37-41;

8-11; 14-18j tragus, 4-6. The dental formula is I 2/3, C l/l, P 2/3,

M 3/3 = 36.

Specimens Examined. Chiricahua Mts. Fly Park, 9000 ft., 1,

AMMHj Southwestern Research Station, 5400 ft., 11, UA; S fork Cave

Creek, Chiricahua Mts., 2, UA.

Pioistrellus hesoerus anus Elliot

Western Pipistrelle

Pioistrellus hesoerus aous Elliot, Field Columb, Mus., Zool. Ser.,

3(15):269, March 8, 1904, type from Providencia Mines, Sonora,

Mexico; Cockrum, Recent Mamm, Ariz., p. 50, I960.

Pioistrellus hesoerus australis. Hatfield, Jour. Mama., 17:261, Aug. 14, 1936 (part from Arizona); Hall and Dalquest, Univ. Kansas Pubis. Mis.

Nat. Hist., 1:597, Jan. 20, 1950 (part from Arizona and north

eastern Sonora); Hall and Kelson, Hamm. N. Amer., 1:181,

March 31, 1959.

Vesnerugo hesperus. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:247, June

29, 1895.Pinistrellus hesperus. Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:88, Oct. 16, 1897

(part); Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., Publ. 115, Zool. Ser.,

8:507, 1907 (part from Chiricahua Mts.).

Pinistrellus hesperus merriami. Cahalane, Jour. Mamm., 20:422, 1939.

Distribution. In Arizona this species occurs state wide. The

subspecies here considered is found in the southeastern corner of the

state. In the study area it has been taken at elevations ranging from

4500 to 5400 feet in Desert Shrub, Grassland and Evergreen Woodland type vegetation.

Remarks. External measurements for 16 males are 68-78; 24-33;

4-8; 4-14? tragus, 3-7; and for one female, 71; 30; 5? 13; tragus, 00.

The dental formula is I 2/3, C l/l, P 2/2, M 3/3.

Specimens Examined. Total 20, distributed as follows: Fort

Bowie, 1, BS; Dos Gabezos (Dos Cabezas), 1, BS; j> mi. W Portal, 1, UM;

Southwestern Research Station, 10, UA; Mesquite Wash and Pond, W end

Blue Mts., 17 mi. S San Simon, 2, UA; South fork Gave Creek, 3 mi. SW

Portal, 4, UA; South fork, 1 mi. above Jet. with Gave Greek, 1, UA.

Additional Records. Guadalupe Canyon, 4, Miller, 1897:89;

Rucker Canyon, 1, Allen, 1895:247; Gave Creek near Portal, Cahalane,

1, 1939:422.

55

56Entesicus fuacua pallidua Young

Big Brown BatEpteaicua pallidua Young, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philidelphia, 60:408,

Oct. 14, 1908, type fro m Boulder, Boulder County, Colorado.

Epteaicua fuacua pallidua. Miller, Bull. U, S. Nat. Mus., 79:62,

Dec. 31, 1912; Cahalane, Jour. Hamm., 20:422, 1939; Hall and

Kelson, Maim. N. Amer., 1:186, March 31, 1959; Cockrum, Recent

Hamm. Aria., p. 51, I960.

Veapertilio fuacua. Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 12:98, 1897; Elliot, Field

Columb. Mus., Publ. 115, Zool. Ser., 8:509, 1907.

Distribution. Occurs statewide. In the study area it has been

found at elevations ranging from 4900 to 8000 feet in Desert Shrub,

Grassland, Evergreen Woodland, and Pine Forest type vegetation.

Remarks. External measurements of five males are 1 0 9 -1 2 2 ;

43-47; 9 -3 0 ; 14-23; tragus, 5-10; and for five females are 115-121;

45-51; 11-12; 14-18; tragus, 7-9. The dental formula is I 2/3, C 1/1,P 1/2, M 3/3 = 32.

Specimena Examined. Total 28, distributed as follows:

Chiricahua Mts., 16 (14, AMNH; 1, UM; 1, BS); Southwestern Research Station, 5400 feet, 8 , UA; Rustlers Park, 1 , UM; 4 mi. SW Portal, 2,

UM; South fork of Cave Creek Canyon, 5 mi. W Portal, 1, UA; South fork

of Cave Creek, 4 mi. SW Portal 1, UA.

Additional Records. Fly Park, Chiricahua Mts., 30, Allen

1895:247; Guadalupe Canyon, 2, Miller, 1897:98.

57Laslurua borealis teliotis (H. Allen)

Red Bat

Atalaoha teliotis H. Allen, Proc. Amer. Philos, Soc., 29:5, Apr. 10,

1 8 9 1 , type from unknown locality, possibly somewhere in

California.

Lasiurus borealis teliotis. Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:110, Oct. 16,

1897} Cahalane, Jour. Hamm., 20:422, 1939. Hall and Kelson,

Hamm. N. Amer., 1:190, March 31, 1959} Cockrum, Recent Mamm.

Ariz., p. 53, I960.

Atalanha borealis. J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:246,

June 29, 1895.

Lasiurus borealis. Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., Publ. 115, Zool. Ser.,

8:513, 1907.Distribution. Occurs statewide in Riparian communities. In

the study area it has been taken at elevations ranging from 4 5 0 0 to

6000 feet in Evergreen Woodland, Pine Forest and their associated

Riparian Woodlands.

Remarks. External measurements of one male is 94} 44} 8 } 10}

tragus, 6 } and of one female is 105} 50} 9} 12} tragus, 5. The dental

formula is I 1/2, C 1/1, P 2 /2 , M 3/3 = 3 2 .Specimens Examined. Total 11, distributed as follows: mi.

W Portal, 6 , UM; unspecified (probably Wilgus P. 0 . 4 5 0 0 ft., see

Cockrum and Ordway, 1959), 3, CNHM} South fork Cave Creek, 4500 ft., 1,

UA} AVA Ranch, Portal, 1, UA.

Lasiurua cinereus cinereus (Beauvios)

Hoary Bat

Veapertilio clnereua (miapelled linereus) Palisot de Beauvois, Gatal.

Peale’s Mus., Philadelphia, p. 18, 1796, type from Phila

delphia, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania.

Laaiurua cinereus. H. Allen, Monogr. N. Amer, Bats, p. 21, 1864.

Laaiurua clnereua cinereus. Hoffmeister and Goodpaster, Illinois Biol.

Monogr., 24:67, 1954; Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N, Amer., 1:192,

March 31, 1959; Cockrum, Recent Mamm. Ariz., p. 54, I9 6 0 .

Distribution. Occurs statewide. In the study area it has been

taken at elevations ranging from 5400 to 6700 feet in Evergreen Wood

land type vegetation and the associated Riparian Communities.

Remarks. External measurements of twelve males are 120-140;

43-63; 8-121; 13-19; tragus, 5-11. The dental formula is I 1/2,

C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 = 32.

Specimens Examined. Total 12, distributed as follows: South

western Research Station, 5400 ft., 11, DA; South fork of Cave Creek,

3& mi. SW Portal, 1, DA.

Plecotus townsendii oallescena Miller

Townsends Big-eared Bat

Corvnorhinus macrotis paliesoens Miller, N. Amer. Fauna, 13:52, Oct.16, 1897, type from Keam Canyon, Navajo County, Arizona.

Plecotus townsendii paliesoens. Handley, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 110:127,

1959.

58

59C jjarynorhlnuaj t ^ownaendiij nallescans. Handley, Jour. Washington

Acad. Sci., 45:147, May 23, 1955.Corvnorhinus townsendii nallescena. Hall and Kelson, Hamm. N. Amer.,

1:200, 1959; Cockrum, Recent Mamm. Ariz., p. 56, I960.

Corynorhinus rafinescull pallesoena. Gahalane, Jour. Mamm., 20:422,

1939.Distribution. Found more or less statewide. In the study area

it has been found at elevations ranging from 4 8 0 0 to 8200 feet in

Evergreen Woodland and Pine Forest type vegetation.

Remarks. External measurements for six males are 85-100;

40-47; 8 -1 1 ; 29-33; tragus, 11-15; for twelve females; 7 5 -1 3 0 ; 3 0 -5 2 ;

6-12; 25-38; tragus, 7-18. The dental formula is I 2/3, C 1/1,

P 2/3, M.3/3 = 36.

Specimens Examined. Total 38, distributed as follows: Cave

Canyon, 7 , UA; mi. NW Portal (Virtue Mine), 7, UM; Virtue Mine,

5000 ft., i mi. NW AVA Ranch, 4, UA; Crystal Cave, 5700 ft., 6 , UA;

Paradise, 5700 ft., 2, UA; Mine Tunnel, 1 mi. N Paradise, 4, UA;

Barfoot Park, 8200 ft., 2, UA; El Tigre Mine, Pinery Canyon, 5, UA;

Southwestern Research Station, 9 mi. SSW Portal, 5400 ft., 1, UA.

Plecotus phvllotis (Allen)

Allen's Big-eared Bat

Corvnorhinus phvllotis G. M. Allen, Bull. Mis. Comp. Zool., 60:352,

Apr. 1916, type from San Luis Potosi (probably near city of

same name), Mexico.

60Plecotus phyllotis. Dalquest, Louisiana State Dniv. Studies Biol.

Sci., 1:63, 1953.

Idionycterls msxicana Anthony, Amer. Mus. Nev., 54:1, Jan. 17, 1923,

type from Miquihuana, Tamaulipaa, Mexico.

Idionycterls phyllotis. Handley, Proo. Biol. Soc. Washington 69:56,

1956j Cockrum, Jour. Mama., 37:546, 1956; Hall and Kelson,

Mama. N. Amer., 1:201, 1959; Cockrum, Recent.Mamm. Ariz.,

p. 59, I9 6 0 .

Distribution. Known in Arizona only from the Chiricahua Mts.,

where it has been taken at elevations ranging from 4 5 0 0 to 6000 feet

in Evergreen Woodland and Pine Forest type vegetation.

Remarks. External measurements of seven males are 105-117;

45-50; 8-10; 40-42; tragus, 5-16. The dental formula is I 2/3, C 1/1,

P 2/3, M 3/3 = 36.

Specimens Examined . Total 9, distributed as follows: South

western Research Station, 5400 ft., 2, UA; South fork Cave Creek, 5400

ft., 4, UA; Waterhole 1 mi. NNW Portal, 4900 ft., 3, UA.

Antrozous pallidus pallidus (Le Conte)

Pallid Bat

V Ijespertilioj. pallidus Le Conte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,

7:437, 1856, type from El Paso, El Paso County, Texas.

Antrozous pallidus. H. Allen, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 7:68, June 1864;

Allen, Bull. Amer. Mis. Nat. Hist., 7:249, June 29, 1895.

Antrozous pallidus pallidus. Swarth, Proc. California Acad. Sci., 18:347,

April 26, 1929; Cahalane, Jour. Mamm., 20:422, 1939; Hall and

61Kelson, Hamm, N, Amer., 1:202, 1959; Cockrum, Recent Hamm.

Aria., p. 59, I9 6 0 ,

Distribution. In Arizona it occurs statewide. In the study

area it has been taken at elevations ranging from 4 5 0 0 to 6 0 0 0 feet

in Grassland and Evergreen Woodland type vegetation.

Remarks. External measurements for five males are 103-123;

35-48; 12-13; 13-31; tragus, 11-16. The dental formula is I 1/2,C 1/1, P 1/2, M 3/3 = 28.

Specimens Examined. Total 18, distributed as follows: Southwestern Research Station, 5400 ft., 2, UA; 6 mi. HE Paradise, 13, SDSNH;

Chiricahua Nat. Mon., 2, CNHM; South fork Cave Creek, 3 mi. SW Portal,

6 , UA; 17 mi. S San Simon, ca. 5000 ft., 2, UA; Portal, 1, UM.

Additional Records. Portal, 1, Cahalane (1939:422).

Family MQL0SSIDAE, Freetail Bats

The Freetailed Bats are distributed worldwide in warmer regions.

These bats are all insectivorous and primarily colonial. The following

key will aid in the identification of the species known or suspected

to occur in the study area.

1 Forearm more than 65 mm.; upper lips without deep vertical

grooves; palate with no medium emargination; lower incisors

subequal, much exceeded in height by cingulum of canines,

beneath which they are crowded in a semicircularrow Eumops perotis

621* Forearm less than 65 mm. j upper lips with deep

vertical grooves; palate with medium emargination;

lower incisors equal, crowns in contact with each

other and with the canine, cutting edge on level

with cingulum of canine ................................. 2

2(1') Forearm less than 45 nm.; ears not united at base;

second phalanx of fourth finger more than 5 mm.;

skull considerably wider anteriorly than at theS

least interorbital constriction; greatest length of

skull less than 18 m m ................ Tadarida brasillensis

2* Forearm more than 45 mm.; ears united at base;

second phalanx of fourth finger less than 5 mm.;

skull scarcely wider anteriorly than at the least

interorbital constriction; greatest length of

skull more than 18 m m . . ......................... 3

3(2') Forearm more than 53 mm.; skull more than 21 mm. • . .

............ .................... Tadarida molossa

3' Forearm less than 53 mm.; skull less than 21 mm. . . .

. . . . .......... . ........ . . . . . Tadarida femorosacca

Tadarida brasillensis mexlcana (Sanasure)

Brazilian Freetailed Bat

Molossus mexicanus Saussure, Revue et Magasin de Soologie (Ser. 2)

12:283, July, 1860, type from Cofre de Perote, 1 3 0 0 0 feet,

Veracruz, Mexico.

63Tadarida brasillensia mexlcana. Schwartz, Jour. Hamm., 36:108, 1955?

Hall and Kelson, Hamm. N. Amer., 1:206, 1959? Cockrum, Recent

Hamm. Ariz., p. 61, I9 6 0 .

Tadarida mexlcana. Shamel, Proc. U. S. Nat. Hus. 78:4, May 6 , 1931?

Cahalane, Jour. Mamm., 20:423, 1939.

Nyctionomus brasillensia. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:246,

June 29, 1895.

Distribution. During certain times of the year it occurs

statewide. In the study area it has been taken at elevations ranging

from 3800 to 8200 feet in Desert Shrub, Grassland, Evergreen Woodland,

and Pine Forest type vegetation.

Remarks. External measurements for sixteen males are 90-108?

30-40? 4-H? 15-19? tragus, 2-6? and for ten females are 86-102? 30-43?

7-12? 14-19? tragus, 2-6. The dental formula is I 1/3, 0 1/1, P 2/2,

M 3/3.

Specimens Examined. Total 30, distributed as follows: San

Bernardino Ranch, 4, NM? Southwestern Research Station, 4500 ft., 24,

DA? 16 mi. S San Simon, ca. 5000 ft., 1, DA? South fork Gave Greek,

3i mi. SW Portal, 5500 ft., 1, DA.

Additional Records. "Chiricahua Mts . ’1 6 , Allen, 1895:246.

Tadarida molossa (Pallas)

Big Freetailed Bat

V jjespertilio]. molossus Pallas, Micellania Zoologies, p. 49, 1776,

type from nAmerica, ” not improbably from Surinam.

64Tadarlda moloaaa. Miller and Kellogg, U. S. Nat. Mua. Bull. 205:116,

1955; Hall and Kelson, Maim. N. Aaer., 1:208, 1959; Cockrum,Recent Mamm. Ariz., p. 64, I960.

Tadarlda nevadensls. Cahalane, Jour. Mamm., 20:423, 1939.

Nyctinomus nevadensls. Allen, Bull. Azaer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:245, 1895.

Tadarlda macrotls. Shamel, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 78:15, May 6 , 1931.

Distribution. Known only from Pima, Santa Cruz, and Cochise

counties, but probably occurs statewide. In the study area this species

has been taken at elevations ranging from 4 5 0 0 to 9500 feet in Desert

Grassland, Evergreen Woodland, and Coniferous Forest type vegetation.

Remarks. External measurement for two females are 132-133;

44-51; 11-12; 30-32; tragus, 23. The dental formula is I l/3, C l/l,

P 2/2, M 3/3.

Specimens Examined. Total 5 , distributed as follows: Fly

Park, 9500 ft., 1, AMNH; Southwestern Research Station, 5400 ft., 4# UA.

Order LAGOMORPHA, Pikas, Hares and Rabbits

These Lagomorphs (Fr. lago = hare + Gr. morph = form) are

terrestrial, short-tailed, herbivores. Their most striking characteris

tic is to be found in their dentition. Unlike the rodents they have

four upper incisors, two large ones in front and two peg-like incisors

directly behind them. Their elongated hind feet and ears also set them

apart from all others. Of the two families (Ochotonidae and Leporidae)

of this Order which occur in North America; only one (Leporidae) has

representatives in the study area.

65Family LEPGRIDAE, Hares and Rabbits

This group of mammals is mainly diurnal or crepuscular and

feeds principally on leaves and nonwoody stems. Of the members of

this family only two genera have been taken in the study area. The

key which follows will aid in the identification of the species found

there.I Hind foot more than 105 mm.; ears more than 90 mm.;

interparietal not evident (fused with parietals)........ 2

I I Hind foot more than 105 mm,; ears less than 90 mm.;

interparietal evident (not fused with parietals). . . . . 3

2(1) Ears with terminal black patch........ .. . Lenus califomicus

2* Ears without terminal black patch . . . . . . Leons gaillardi

3(1*) Tympanic bullae large ................... Svlvilagus audubonil

3 * Tympanic bullae small . . . . . . . . . Svlvilagus floridanus

Leous Californians eremi ana J. A. Allen

Black-tailed Jack Rabbit

Leous texianus eremicus J. A. Allen, Bull, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

6:347, Dec. 7, 1894, type from Fairbank, Cochise County, Arizona;

Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:202, June 29, 1895.

Leous californlcus eremicus. Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 29:140, Aug. 31,

1909; Cabalane, Jour. Hamm., 20:435, 1939; Hall, Univ. Kansas

Publ,, Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:184, 1951; Hall and Kelson, Mamm. N.

Amer., 1:284, 1959; Cockrum, Recent Mamm. Ariz., p. 70, I960. Leous texianus. Hearns, Bull. Am