THE MALACCA STRAIT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE

ISPS CODE

Dr Vivian Louis ForbesAdjunct Associate Professor, Curtin University

Map Curator, UWAResearch Associate, MIMA

THE STRAIT OF MALACCA:BUILDING A COMPREHENSIVE SECURITY ENVIRONMENT

MIMA Conference Prince Hotel and Residence

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia11 to 13 October 2004

MALACCA STRAIT

MALACCA STRAIT• Northern limit – Pu. Rondo to Ko. Phuket• Southern limit – Pu. Karimum to Tg. Piai• Length – 500 nautical miles (M) (or 926 km)• Width – varies from 210 M (north) to 8M (south)• Adjacent features – Andaman Sea to the north; Straits

of Singapore to south and east; Sumatera Island to the west and Malay Peninsula to the east

• Littoral states – Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand• Surface area – approximately 52,000 sqM• Depth varies – northern sector: greater than 200

metres; central – 200 and 30; southern less than 30m

UNDER KEEL CLEARANCEMALACCA STRAIT

ALL SHIPS PASSING MUST MAINTAIN 3.5 METRES UNDERKEEL CLEARANCE (UKC)

Source : Nippon Maritime Center

MALACCA AND SINGAPORE STRAITSSTILL THE BEST OPTION FOR SHIPS PLYING

BETWEEN INDIAN AND PACIFIC OCEANS

BETTER SURVEYED AND RELIABLE MAPPING

RELIABLE NAVIGATIONAL AIDS, VISUAL AND ELECTRONIC

READILY AVAILABLE EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEM

GOOD SUPPORT FACILITIES FOR SHIPPING e.g CREW CHANGE, BUNKERS, REPAIRS, PORT FACILITIES, TRANSHIPMENT

SHORTER DISTANCE: for example, ADEN TO YOKOHAMA

VIA MALACCA STRAIT = 6535 N Miles, 21 DAYS 19 HRS at 12.5kts

VIA SUNDA STRAIT = 7165 N Miles, 23 DAYS 21 HRS at 12.5kts

VIA LOMBOK STRAIT = 7549 N Miles, 25 DAYS 04 HRS at 12.5kts

MARITIME JURISDICTION DEFINED• Continental shelf boundary delimited –

Malaysia/Thailand, 24 Oct. 1969 Indonesia/Malaysia, 27 Oct. 1969Indonesia/Thailand, 17 Dec. 1971Indonesia/Malaysia/Thailand, 21 Dec.1971

• Surface area apportioned: Indonesia – 48.7%; Malaysia – 36.5%; Thailand – 14.8%

• Territorial Sea claimed by each State: 12M• Archipelagic baselines redefined by Indonesia

28 June 2002

CONCERNS AND ISSUES• Ship security• Port security• Sea lane safety and security• Innocent passage of ship• Ship’s right to enter port; Port State right to deny entry• Obligations and duties• Damage to facilities and the environment• Resource security – fishers and other operators• Breaches of custom, excise, sanitary, pollution rules• Trafficking in drugs, human cargo, weapons• Seafarers’ rights

SEAFARERS’ RIGHTS• To a safe and secure workplace that complies

with safety standards• To fair terms of employment• To decent working and living conditions on

board ship• To health protection and welfare measures and

other forms of social security protection

Source: Article IV of the Consolidated Maritime Labour Convention (Recommended Draft) ILO. For consideration at PTM Conference, Geneva, 13-24 September 2004

INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS

• Developed through the International Maritime Organization (IMO)

• Enforced by maritime security measures contained in International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS Code) in force 1 July 2004

• Encouraged by provisions contained in 1982 Law of the Sea Convention

• Embodied in amendments and also a new chapter to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974

SOLAS Convention: Chapters V, XI-1 and XI-2

ISPS CODEIntroduced by IMO, the International Ship and Port

Facility Security Code is a complex set of instructions, Part A (mandatory); Part B (optional); and open to many interpretations. It requires nomination of:

• Ship’s Security Officer (SSO)• Company Security Officer (CSO)• Port Facility Security Officer (PFSO)• Relevant security plans for each ship and portThe Code applies to passenger ships, cargo ships of

500 gross registered tonnage engaged in international voyages and mobile offshore drilling units but excludes warships and other Government non-commercial vessels.

SHIP SECURITYMaster of a ship is required to act upon the security

levels set by Contracting Governments:Level One

– Ensure performance of all ship security duties– Control access to the ship– Control the embarkation of persons and their effects– Monitor restricted areas to ensure only authorised

persons have access– Monitor all areas: deck and surround of ship– Supervise the handling of cargo and ship’s store– Ensure that security communication is available

SHIP SECURITYLevel Two– includes additional protective measures as

specified in the Ship’s Security Plan (guidance in Part B)

Level Three– further specific protective measures as noted in the

Ship’s Security plan.PFSO and SSO to liaise and co-ordinate appropriate

actions

MALACCA STRAIT – ANNUAL SHIPPING TRAFFIC

206651946815974SUBTOTAL OF TANKERS

593145596743965TOTAL REPORTING TRAFFIC

386493649927991ALL OTHER TRAFFIC

35%35%36%PERCENTAGE OF TANKERS

308629622473LNG / LPG

142761334311474CRUDE / PRODUCT TANKERS

330331632027VLCC/DEEP DRAUGHT VESSELS

2001 (162)2000(153)

1999(120)

BASED ON TO VESSEL TRAFFIC SYSTEM (PER DAY)

Source : MARINE DEPARTMENT PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

SHIP SECURITY ASSESSMENTSecurity assessment - an essential and integral part of

developing and updating SS Plan, requires:• identification of existing security measures,

procedures and operations• identification and evaluation of key ship board

operations• identification of possible threats to key operations• identification of weaknesses, including human factors

in the infrastructure, policies and procedures

xxxxxVietnam

xxxxThailand

xxxxxxxSingapore

xxxxxPhilippines

xxxxMyanmar

xxxxxMalaysiaxLaos

xxxxIndonesia

xxCambodiaXxxxBrunei

ISPSCSIPSISUASOLASIMOCLOS

PORTS ALONG THE MALACCA STRAIT LITTORAL

• INDONESIA (Sumatera) admin. by PT Pelabuhan I– Sabang– Malahayati– Lhokseumawe– Langsa– Tebing Tinggi– Belawan and UTPK– Kuala Tanjung– Tanjungbalai– Bagansiapiapi– Melaka– Dumai– Bengkalis

• MALAYSIA (west coast Peninsula)– Dermaga Tanjung Lembung– Teluk Ewa Jetty– Kuala Perlis– Penang Port– Lumut Port– Telok Intan– Port Kelang– Port Dickson– Sungai Udang Port– Malacca Port– Muar– Tanjung Pelapas

SHIPS CALLING AT NORTH SUMATERIAN PORTS (PTP 1) (Gross Registered Tons GRT)

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

ocean goinginter islandTotal

CONTAINERS HANDLED AT NORTH SUMATERIAN PORTS

(Twenty-foot Equivalent Units- TEUS)

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

1995 1997 1999 2001

Container Ter.

Conventional B

Total

CARGO FLOW AT NORTH SUMATERIAN PORTS

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

ExportImportDomesticTotal

PASSENGERS ENTERING AND DEPARTING NORTH SUMATERIAN

PORTS

010000002000000300000040000005000000600000070000008000000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

OverseasDomesticTotal

CONCLUSION

• SAFETY SHOULD BE AN OPERATIONAL PRIORITY

• PROTECTION OF PERSONNEL, EQUIPMENT, CARGO AND ENVIRONMENT

• SAFE AND CLEAN SEAS• MAINTAIN AN EFFECTIVE LOOKOUT• PRACTICE OF GOOD SEAMANSHIP• VIGILENCE AT SEA AND IN PORT • 24:7:365 (+)