The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures

Fourth Edition

CHAPTER 14Global Encounters and

the Shock of the Reformation 1492–1560

Copyright © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin’s

Lynn Hunt • Thomas R. MartinBarbara H. Rosenwein • Bonnie G. Smith

I. The Discovery of New Worlds

A. Portuguese Explorations

1. Initial Portuguese Efforts

2. The New Portuguese Trading Network

I. The Discovery of New Worlds

B. The Voyages of Columbus

1. Columbus’s Ambitions and the First Voyage

2. The Second Voyage and Royal Intervention

3. The Treaty of Tordesillas

I. The Discovery of New Worlds

C. A New Era in Slavery

1. Historical Slavery

2. The New African Slavery

3. Slavery in the Americas

I. The Discovery of New Worlds

D. Conquering the New World

1. The Conquests of the Aztecs, Incas, and Mayas

2. European Activity in North America

I. The Discovery of New Worlds

E. The Columbian Exchange

1. Definition of the Columbian Exchange

2. Transfers Between Europe and the Americas

II. The Protestant Reformation

A. The Invention of Printing

1. Gutenburg and the Development of Printing Technology

2. Early Consequences of Print Culture

II. The Protestant Reformation

B. Popular Piety and Christian Humanism

1. The Development of Christian Humanism

2. Erasmus and Humanism

II. The Protestant Reformation

C. Martin Luther’s Challenge

1. Luther’s Crisis of Faith

2. Luther and the Evangelical Challenge

3. Luther’s Writings and the Church’s Response

II. The Protestant Reformation

D. Protestantism Spreads and Divides

1. Zwingli and Reformers in Zurich

2. Calvin and the Institutes

3. Calvinism in Geneva

II. The Protestant Reformation

E. The Contested Church of England

1. Henry VIII and Religious Reform

2. The Struggle for Political and Religious Control in England

III. Reshaping Society through Religion

A. Protestant Challenges to the Social Order

1. The Peasant’s War of 1525

2. Anabaptists

III. Reshaping Society through Religion

B. New Forms of Discipline

1. Reading the Bible

2. Public Relief for the Poor

3. Reforming Marriage

II. Reshaping Society through Religion

C. Catholic Renewal

1. The Council of Trent and Its Rejection of Protestantism

2. New Religious Orders

3. Missionary Zeal

IV. Striving for Mastery

A. Courtiers and Princes

1. Princely Power, Patronage, and the Arts

2. The Court of Francis I

3. Ariosto, Castiglione, and Courtier Ethics

IV. Striving for Mastery

B. Dynastic Wars

1. The Valois versus the Hapsburgs

2. The Extension of Ottoman Power

IV. Striving for Mastery

C. Financing War

1. The Challenge of Meeting Wartime Expenses

2. The Fugger Financial Empire

IV. Striving for Mastery

D. Divided Realms

1. France

2. England and Scotland

IV. Striving for Mastery

D. Divided Realms (cont.)

3. The German States