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The Macroscopic Electric Field Inside a Dielectric
What’s the electric field inside matter on the microscopic level?
Suppose we want to calculate the macroscopic electric field inside a solid dielectric sphere of radius R
Outside of the region of this small imaginary sphere, (electric dipoles are far enough away from the field point)
The average electric field inside a sphere of radius δ( too close to the field point)
(from problem 3.41)
Because of the size of the imaginary sphere of radius δ<<R,electric polarization P(r) should not vary significantly over this small volume
a uniformly polarized dielectric sphere (Example 4.2)
~ this is precisely what Ein puts back in!
for the entire dielectric
For an "ideal", linear, homogeneous & isotropic dielectric
Define
χe is a scalar quantity – it is dimensionless
Total electric permittivity
Relative electric permittivity (or dielectric constant)
THE MACROSCOPIC ELECTRIC DISPLACEMENT FIELD
the effect of polarization of a dielectric is to produce bound surface andvolume charge densities
Suppose this dielectric also had embedded in it free electric charges
The TOTAL volume electric charge
Then Gauss’ Law (in differential form) becomes
(macroscopic) Electric Displacement Field:
Then we realize that Gauss’ Law (for dielectrics) becomes:
(differential form)
(integral form)
Summary:
Example 4.4
Gaussian surface
A (very) long, straight conducting wire carries a uniform, free line electric charge λ which is surrounded by rubber insulation out to radius, a. Find the electric displacement D(r)
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ON THE ELECTRIC DISPLACEMENT D
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ON THE ELECTRIC FIELD E
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ON THE ELECTRIC POLARIZATIONΡ
since
Since
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FREE & BOUND VOLUME CHARGE DENSITIES
Example 4.5A metal sphere of radius a carriesa charge Q, surrounding, out to radiusb, by linear dielectric material ε. Find the potential at the center .
Symmetry → find D by Gauss’s law
Note that inside the metal sphere,
Example 4.5 (conti.)Therefore, potential at the center
Polarization
Bound volume charge
Bound surface charge
@outersurface
@innersurface
negative