The LQM/CIEH S4ULs for

Human Health Risk

Assessment

Caroline McCaffrey

Land Quality Management Ltd

East Land Quality Forum

17th March 2015

The LQM/CIEH S4ULs

z Generic Assessment Criteria for use in human health risk assessment

z Result of collaborative working

y LQM & Chartered Institute of Environmental Health (CIEH)

y Face-to-face workshop

y On-line workshop

y Local authorities, consultants & others (approx 50 people)

S4ULs published for …

z Metalsy Arsenic

y Beryllium

y Boron

y Cadmium

y Chromium (III & VI)

y Copper

y Mercury

y Nickel

y Selenium

y Vanadium

y zinc

z Petroleum Hydrocarbons

y 16 fractions

z Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons

y USEPA 16

S4ULs published for …

z Chloroalkanes & alkenes

y 1,2-Dichloroethane

y 1,1,1-Trichloroethane

y 1,1,2,2- and 1,1,1,2- Tetrachloroethanes

y Tetrachloromethane

y Trichloroethene

y Trichloromethane

y Chloroethene

z Explosives

y 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene

y RDX & HMX

z Pesticides

y Aldrin & Dieldrin

y Atrazine

y Dichlorovos

y Endosulfans

y Hexachlorocyclohexanes

S4ULs published for …

z Chlorobenzenes

y Chlorobenzene

y Dichlorobenzenes (3)

y Trichlorobenzenes (3)

y Tetrachlorobenzenes (3)

y Pentachlorobenzenes

y Hexachlorobenzene

z Phenol & Chlorophenols

y Phenol

y Chlorophenols (4)

y Pentachlorophenol

z Other

y Carbon disulphide

y Hexachlorobutadiene

LQM/CIEH S4ULs

z Replace the 2nd edition LQM/CIEH Generic Assessment Criteria for Human Health Risk Assessment (2009)

z Based on Health Criteria Values

y tolerable or minimal levels of risk

z Standard (SR3) land uses

y Residential (with & without homegrown produce); allotments; commercial

y Incorporating the exposure changes from SP1010 C4SL project (except homegrown produce top two approach, retains original SR3 approach)

LQM/CIEH S4ULs

z Incorporate SP1010 Public open space land uses

y POS(residential) & POS(park)

z 3 soil organic matters (1%, 2.5% & 6%)

y Organic contaminants

z ~ 82 substances

Why S4ULs?

z Differentiate from other Generic Assessment Criteria

z Suitable 4 Use Levels

y Suitable for use in planning context

y Suitable for use in other contexts – including Part 2A

y Based on minimal or tolerable levels of risk

Format

z Introductory chapter

z (Generally) substance specific chapters

z Some chapters cover groups of substances e.g. TPH fractions, PAHs

z Each chaptery Identity

y Derivation of Health Criteria Values

y Physical chemical characteristics

y The LQM/CIEH S4ULs

y Summary of pathway contributions

y References

Review of physical chemical data

•Justification for selection of inputs

Review of toxicological data

•Justification for selected HCV

Modelled using CLEA software

•Adapted to reflect exposure changes

•6 land uses & 3 SOM

S4ULs for each land use

CLEA

modelling

independently

checked

Complete

chapter peer

reviewed

Review of toxicological data

z In line with SR2 guidancey HCV – minimal or

tolerable levels of risk

y threshold and/or non threshold effects

y background exposure

y Localised and/or systemic effects

z Generally based on expert opinionsy UK, European,

International, other countries

y Date of publication

y Technical robustness

z some remain unchanged from 2009

Review of physical chemical

data

z Search for relevant data

z For some substances data is unchanged from 2009 decisions

y SR7 – organic contaminants

CLEA Modelling - Underpinning

conceptual models

SR3 landuses - incorporating some of the SP1010 exposure adaptations• Residential with/out homegrown

produce

• Allotments

• Commercial

z SP1010 POS landuses• Residential

• Park

z 1%, 2.5% and 6% Soil Organic Matter

z Sandy Loam soil

Exposure Changes – S4ULs

z Changes from exposure assumptions included in SR3

z Adopted some (though not all) of the exposure changes from the Defra SP1010 Category 4 Screening Levels (C4SL) project

y Revised assumptions considered to be reasonable attempts to reduce over-conservatism & unlikely to result in assessment criteria that are insufficiently protective

Exposure Changes Adopted– S4ULs

z Reduced soil adherence factor for children in residential land use

z Reduced exposure frequency – dermal contact outdoors in residential land use y Now 170 days/year

z Updated vapour inhalation rates

‘Top Two’ approach not adopted

z C4SL ‘Top two’ approach for produce consumptiony top 2 produce groups use 90%ile consumption rates

y Others based on mean consumption rates

y Different for each substance

z By consensus the LQM/CIEH S4UL workshop participants agreed not to adopt this approachy Impractical to implementz Top two produce types will vary between substances due to

differences in the soil-to-plant concentration factorsy In current CLEA software this would mean modelling each

substance individually, identifying the top two and manually altering the consumption rates

Public Open Spaces (POS)

z POS 1 – grassed area close to housingy Track back included

y Age classes 1-6 or Age classes 4-9

y CLEA residential input parameters except reduction in soil ingestion rate 75mg/day

z POS 2 – park type open spacey No track back

y Age class 1-6, based on allotment land use

y Soil ingestion rate 50mg/day, occupancy 2hr/day, exposure frequency 170 days/year all age classes except Age Class 1 which is 85 days/year

POS - residential

Description: Includes the predominantly grassed areas adjacent to high density housing, the central green area on many 1930s-1970s housing estates, and smaller areas commonly incorporated in newer developments as informal grassed areas or more formal landscaped areas with a mixture of open space and covered soil with planting. It is assumed that the close proximity to the place of residence will allow tracking back of soil to occur.

Active exposure pathways Ingestion of soil & dust (indoor & outdoor)

Dermal contact with soils & dusts (indoor & outdoor)

Inhalation of dusts (indoor & outdoor)

Inhalation of vapours (outdoor)

Default Receptor Default CLEA female residential

Age Group >3 - <9 yr old child (age classes 4-9)

Exposure Duration/ Averaging Time 6 years

Soil ingestion rate 75 mg.day-1

Exposure frequency Outdoor: 170 days.year-1

Indoor: 365 days.year-1

Soil to skin adherence factor outdoors 0.1 mg.cm2

Occupancy period Outdoor: 1 hour.day-1

Indoor: AC4 23 hour.day-1, AC5-9 19 hour.day-1

Fraction of site with hard or vegetative cover 0.5

Air dispersion factor at 0.8m 500 g.m-2.s-1 per kg.m-3

Air dispersion factor at 1.6m 2000 g. m-2.s-1 per kg.m-3

Full details in Defra SP1010 (C4SL) project outputs

POS - park

Description: An area of open space, usually owned and maintained by the Local Authority, provided for recreational uses including family visits and picnics, children’s play area, informal sporting activities such as football (but not a dedicated sports pitch), and dog walking. It is assumed that tracking back of soils into the place of residence will be negligible.

Active exposure pathways Ingestion of soil & dust (outdoor only)

Dermal contact with soils & dusts (outdoor only)

Inhalation of dusts (outdoor only)

Inhalation of vapours (outdoor only)

Default Receptor Default CLEA female allotment

Age Group 0-6 yr old child (age classes 1-6)

Exposure Duration/ Averaging Time 6 years

Soil ingestion rate 50 mg.day-1

Exposure frequency Outdoors: AC1 85 days.year-1 , AC2-18 170 days.year-1

Soil to skin adherence factor outdoors 0.1 mg.cm2

Occupancy period Outdoors: 2 hour.day-1

Fraction of site with hard or vegetative cover 0.75

Air dispersion factor at 0.8m 120 g.m-2.s-1 per kg.m-3

Air dispersion factor at 1.6m 280 g. m-2.s-1 per kg.m-3

Full details in Defra SP1010 (C4SL) project outputs

The S4ULs

z Tabulated

z Two significant figures

z Where S4UL exceeds a saturation limit –S4UL presented (saturation limit presented in brackets)

z Read the footnotes

z Check the FAQ and errata

% pathway contributions

z Presented for each land use

y Organics – presented for each SOM

z Note – presented differently where localised effects are considered

y E.g. nickel

z Read the footnotes

z Check the FAQ

How do I use the LQM/CIEH S4ULs?

z Read the introduction

z Read the accompanying chapter

y Detailed explanation of toxicological and physical-chemical data inputs

y If appropriate for use at your site – use as ‘intervention values’

z Check the FAQ and errata

Using the LQM/CIEH S4ULs

z Be clear on the purpose of the S4ULs

z Go back to basics – are the S4ULs suitable for use at this particular site?

y Check conceptual site model carefully

z Be aware of the assumptions

z S4ULs are not SPOSH or clean-up levels

What has changed since 2009

publication?

z Name change

z Format similar

y More substances

y More land uses

z Substance specific toxicokineticsinformation removed

y Still available in 2nd edition GAC publication

y Space issues

What has changed – a few

examples: Inorganic mercury

z Not included in 2009 GAC publication

y Mercury Soil Guideline Value published 2009

z Inorganic mercury

y Tox review identified - 2012 EFSA papers on risks to public health from mercury in foods; 2011 WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality 4th edition; 2013 ATSDR addendum to toxicological profile for mercury

y EFSA opinion considered most appropriate

y Oral TDI revised downwards

What has changed – a few

examples: Benzo(a)pyrene

z 2 approaches adopted –carcinogenic effects

y workshop feedback

y both have limitations

z Relative potency approach

y RPF from USEPA 2010 (draft)

z Surrogate marker approach (coal tars)

z Assumed systemic effects

y Different to C4SLs for BaP

z Don’t forget non carcinogenic effects

Other things to remember

z Hardcopy publication only

z Read copyright notice

z Each copy identified by a Publication number – unique to the organisation/body/person purchasing

LQM/CIEH S4ULs FAQ & Errata

z Erratum published for phenol

z Frequently Asked Questions

y Available on website www.lqm.co.uk

z Any queries not covered in FAQ please contact administrator@lqm.co.uk

Sales

z ~ 400 copies sold since publication (Dec 2014)

z Consultants, regulators, land owners etc

z Majority are UK sales

y Europe

y Australia

Purchasing

z Via www.lqm.co.uk

z 20% discount when ordered online using a credit card

Contact Details

caroline.mccaffrey@lqm.co.uk