The Lost Jesuit Slaves of Maryland · Page 5 of 61 Historical Overview In 1838, the Maryland Jesuits and Georgetown University sold more than 272 enslaved people from four Jesuit-owned

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TheLostJesuitSlavesofMarylandSearchingfor91peopleleftbehindin1838

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Section1:

Introduction&Background

PeopleofInterest

Firstthingsfirst:thisarticleisaboutthefollowingpeople:

LastName FirstName Age(1838) Born JesuitPlantation MDCounty IDBlacklock Joseph 40 1798 WhiteMarsh PrinceGeorge’s 48Brown John 31 1807 NewtownManor St.Mary’s 135Butler John 35 1803 St.ThomasManor Charles 96Butler Nace[Jr.] 20 1818 St.Inigoes St.Mary’s 168Campbell? Dick 40 1798 St.Inigoes St.Mary’s 236Coyle John 21 1817 St.ThomasManor Charles 97Cutchmore Margery 60 1778 WhiteMarsh PrinceGeorge’s 74Diggs Sally 50 1788 WhiteMarsh PrinceGeorge’s 55Diggs William 21 1817 WhiteMarsh PrinceGeorge’s 56Gough Regis 28 1810 St.Inigoes St.Mary’s 202Harrison? Nelly 38 1800 WhiteMarsh PrinceGeorge’s 33Hawkins Charles 40 1798 WhiteMarsh PrinceGeorge’s 02Hawkins Isaac 65 1773 WhiteMarsh PrinceGeorge’s 01Hawkins Isaac 26 1812 WhiteMarsh PrinceGeorge’s 20Hawkins? Mary 1.5 1836 WhiteMarsh PrinceGeorge’s 78Hawkins? Minty 26 1812 WhiteMarsh PrinceGeorge’s 76Hawkins? Nancy 5 1833 WhiteMarsh PrinceGeorge’s 77Jones Arnold 38 1800 St.Inigoes St.Mary’s 216Mahoney Louisa 23 1815 St.Inigoes St.Mary’s 215Mahoney? Anny 70 1768 St.Inigoes St.Mary’s 210Mahoney? Daniel 25 1813 St.Inigoes St.Mary’s 214Mahoney? Gabe 28 1810 St.Inigoes St.Mary’s 213Mahoney? Harry 75 1763 St.Inigoes St.Mary’s 209Mahoney? Harry 40 1798 St.Inigoes St.Mary’s 211Mahoney? Nelly 38 1800 St.Inigoes St.Mary’s 212Plowden? Dick 24 1814 NewtownManor St.Mary’s 145Queen Eliza 12 1826 WhiteMarsh PrinceGeorge’s 43Queen Iasais 21 1817 WhiteMarsh PrinceGeorge’s 62Queen Nancy 15 1823 WhiteMarsh PrinceGeorge’s 64Scott? Dina 68 1770 NewtownManor St.Mary’s 123Scott? Harry 65 1773 NewtownManor St.Mary’s 122Sweton Len 50 1788 St.ThomasManor Charles 99Unknown Abraham 27 1811 NewtownManor St.Mary’s 136Unknown Benedict 65 1773 St.ThomasManor Charles 93Unknown Betty 46 1792 NewtownManor St.Mary’s 132Unknown Biby 5 1833 St.Inigoes St.Mary’s 187Unknown Bill/William 42 1796 WhiteMarsh PrinceGeorge’s 82

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Unknown Billy 40 1798 WhiteMarsh PrinceGeorge’s 32Unknown Celestia 20-50 1788-1818 St.ThomasManor Charles 115Unknown ChildNo.1 1 1837 NewtownManor St.Mary’s ---Unknown ChildNo.2 2 1836 NewtownManor St.Mary’s ---Unknown Crissy 20-50 1788-1818 St.ThomasManor Charles 114Unknown CrissyDaughter1 Unknown Unknown St.ThomasManor Charles ---Unknown CrissyDaughter2 Unknown Unknown St.ThomasManor Charles ---Unknown CrissySon1 Unknown Unknown St.ThomasManor Charles ---Unknown CrissySon2 Unknown Unknown St.ThomasManor Charles ---Unknown Daniel 80 1758 St.ThomasManor Charles 100Unknown Edward 3 1835 WhiteMarsh PrinceGeorge’s 86Unknown Eliza 26 1812 WhiteMarsh PrinceGeorge’s 83Unknown Elizabeth 1 1837 WhiteMarsh PrinceGeorge’s 53Unknown Francis 8 1830 St.ThomasManor Charles 107Unknown Garvis/Charles 60 1778 WhiteMarsh PrinceGeorge’s 79Unknown Henny 60 1778 St.Inigoes St.Mary’s 258Unknown Henry 8 1838 WhiteMarsh PrinceGeorge’s 59Unknown James 50 1788 WhiteMarsh PrinceGeorge’s 80Unknown James 60 1778 St.Inigoes St.Mary’s 259Unknown John 5 1833 WhiteMarsh PrinceGeorge’s 34Unknown Joseph 22 1816 St.Inigoes St.Mary’s 208Unknown Kitty 22 1816 WhiteMarsh PrinceGeorge’s 50Unknown Louisa 20-50 1788-1818 St.ThomasManor Charles 117Unknown MaltidaDaughter1 Unknown Unknown St.ThomasManor Charles ---Unknown MaltidaDaughter2 Unknown Unknown St.ThomasManor Charles ---Unknown MaltidaDaughter3 Unknown Unknown St.ThomasManor Charles ---Unknown Margaret 20-50 1788-1818 St.ThomasManor Charles 113Unknown MargaretDaughter1 Unknown Unknown St.ThomasManor Charles ---Unknown Mary 6 1832 WhiteMarsh PrinceGeorge’s 51Unknown Mary 50+ Bef.1788 St.ThomasManor Charles 119Unknown Mary 50+ Bef.1788 St.ThomasManor Charles 120Unknown Mary 59 1779 NewtownManor St.Mary’s 131Unknown Mary 23 1815 NewtownManor St.Mary’s 143Unknown Matilda 20-50 1788-1818 St.ThomasManor Charles 111Unknown Michael 33 1805 St.Inigoes St.Mary’s 248Unknown Nathan 64 1774 St.Inigoes St.Mary’s 257Unknown Noble 5 1833 WhiteMarsh PrinceGeorge’s 85Unknown Peter 37 1801 St.Inigoes St.Mary’s 246Unknown Polly 60 1778 WhiteMarsh PrinceGeorge’s 54Unknown Regis 28 1810 St.Inigoes St.Mary’s 244Unknown Revidy 7 1831 WhiteMarsh PrinceGeorge’s 84Unknown Richard 38 1800 WhiteMarsh PrinceGeorge’s 72Unknown Robert 12 1826 WhiteMarsh PrinceGeorge’s 58Unknown Sally 65 1773 WhiteMarsh PrinceGeorge’s 25Unknown Sam 4 1834 WhiteMarsh PrinceGeorge’s 52Unknown Sarah 48 1790 NewtownManor St.Mary’s 129Unknown Stephen 60 1778 St.ThomasManor Charles 108Unknown Stephen 49 1789 NewtownManor St.Mary’s 128Unknown Susanna 14 1824 NewtownManor St.Mary’s 155Unknown Teresia 50+ Bef.1788 St.ThomasManor Charles 118Unknown William 1 1837 WhiteMarsh PrinceGeorge’s 87Unknown Zeke 32 1806 St.Inigoes St.Mary’s 256West Betsy 32 1806 WhiteMarsh PrinceGeorge’s 67Yorkshire? Alexius 36 1802 St.Inigoes St.Mary’s 251

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HistoricalOverview

In1838,theMarylandJesuitsandGeorgetownUniversitysoldmorethan272enslavedpeoplefromfourJesuit-ownedtobaccoplantationsinsouthernMarylandtoHenryJohnsonandJesseBatey–twoplantation-ownersinsouthernLouisiana.Today,theseenslavedpeopleareknowncollectivelyastheGU272.About200membersoftheGU272wereactuallysenttosouthernLouisiana inthe late1830sand early 1840s.1 They were placed on plantations located in Iberville, Ascension, andTerrebonneParishes.Agreatmanyothermembersof theGU272remained inMaryland–orperhapsfled(orweresold)topartsasyetunknown.The GeorgetownMemory Project (GMP), a nonprofit research institute based in Cambridge,Massachusetts, was formed on November 21, 2015 by Richard J. Cellini, a GeorgetownUniversityalumnus.TheGMP’smissionistolocateallmembersoftheGU272,andtracetheirdirect descendants into themodern era. Todate, theGMPhas located211members of theGU272, and has identified 6,157 direct descendants (living and deceased). The GMP isindependent of (and receives no financial or other material support from) GeorgetownUniversity and the Maryland Jesuits. The GMP’s research is funded entirely through thegenerosityofhundredsofindividualdonors.

1Todate,theGeorgetownMemoryProjecthasidentified206membersoftheGU272ashavingbeentransportedfromMarylandtoLouisianainconnectionwiththeJesuitslavesaleof1838.

Atleastoneofthese206individualswaspregnantwhenshewastransportedtoLouisiana.OnNovember12,1838(literallyonedaybeforethedepartureoftheKatharineJacksonofGeorgetown,oneoftheslaveshipscharteredtotransport Jesuit slaves from Maryland to Louisiana), Father Peter Havermans wrote a letter from the JesuitplantationatNewtownManortoFatherGeneralJanRoothaaninRome,stating:

“Provincial FatherMulledyarrivedwith Johnson, the ex-governor of the stateof Louisiana, themaster to whom our slaves were sold …to put them all on a boat …. The slaves with heroicfortitudeweregivingthemselvestofateandwithChristianresignationrelinquishingthemselvestoGod.Onewomanmorepiousthantheothers,andatthattimepregnantmostdemandedmycompassion.Shewascoming towardmeso that for the last timeshecouldgreetmeandseekbenediction,andsheobservedasshewasgenuflecting:‘Ifeversomeoneshouldhavereasonfordespair,doInotnowhaveit?Idonotknowonwhatdaythebirthwillcome,whetherontheroadorsea.Whatwillbecomeofme?WhydoIdeservethis?’Iwassaying‘TrustinGod.’ Soitwas,sheagreed….” (emphasissupplied).

Letter from P. Havermans to JRoothaan dated November 12, 1838, Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu (“ARSI”), Provincia Maryland 1007, I, 9, BoothFamilyCenterforSpecialCollections,LauingerLibrary,GeorgetownUniversity,onlineattheGeorgetownSlaveryArchive.

The November 1838 manifest of the Katharine Jackson lists only a relatively small number of women fromNewtownManor of child-bearing age. The GeorgetownMemory Project has not succeeded in identifying thepregnantwomanwithwhomFatherHavermansspokeonNovember12,1838.Yet.

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InDecember 2015, theGMPengagedMs. Judy Riffel of BatonRouge, Louisiana, to lead thegenealogical search for theGU272and their directdescendants. Judyhasbeen supported inthis effort byMs. Patricia Bayonne-Johnson (herself a GU272 descendant), and a dedicatedteamofexpert genealogists affiliatedwith theEasternWashingtonGenealogical Society, Inc.(www.ewgsi.org).Marylandgenealogist,MalissaRuffner,CG®,hasbeenresearchingthosewhoappeartohaveremainedinMaryland.Thisarticleisbasedonextensivegenealogicalresearchconductedoveragreatmanymonthsbythese distinguished genealogical experts. Richard Cellini contributed the non-genealogicalresearch,analysisandconclusionspresentedinthesepages.Asdescribed in comprehensivedetail below, theGMPbelieves thatat leastninety-one (91)members of the GU272 avoided transportation to Louisiana, and were left behind inMarylandorsoldtopartsunknown.These91peopleareknowntodayastheLostJesuitSlavesofMaryland(the“LostJesuitSlaves”).All91arelistedanddescribedinthisarticle.The ID numbers used in this article were originally assigned by the now-defunct JesuitPlantation Project (the JPP) to names appearing on a special pre-sale census of Jesuit slavesconductedinearly1838.Althoughincompleteandnowobsolete,theseIDnumbershavebeenadopted on an interimbasis by theGeorgetownMemory Project, and should be usedwhencontactingtheGMPaboutaparticularperson.To date, theGMPhas identified only five (5) five of the 91 Lost Jesuit Slaves. The names ofthesefiveindividualsareCAPITALIZEDandITALICIZEDinthearticlebelow. Theother86peopleremaintobefound.Theirnames(thevastmajorityofnamesappearinginthisarticle)arepresentedbelowwithoutanyspecialemphasis.Thesearethepeoplewehopetolearnmoreaboutinthemonthsandyearsahead. ResearchChallenges&Obstacles

Identifying the Lost Jesuit Slaves of Maryland has been difficult – significantly harder thanidentifyingandlocatingtheapproximately200membersoftheGU272whowereactuallysenttoLouisianainconnectionwiththe1838Jesuitslavesale.ChallengesandobstaclesintracingtheLostJesuitSlavescanbeorganizedintofour(4)maincategories:

(1) Impreciserecord-keeping;(2) Transportation-relateddelaysanduncertainties;(3) UnknownsurnamesofsomeGU272membersandtheirspouses;and(4) Lapseoftimebetweenthe1838saleandthe1870federalcensus,whentheformerly

enslavedpeoplewereenumeratedforthefirsttime.Eachofthesefourcategoriesisdiscussedinsomedetailbelow.

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(1) ImpreciseRecord-Keeping.Imprecise record-keeping has made it difficult to determine exactly how many slaves wereactually sold by the Maryland Jesuits to Batey and Johnson in the mass sale of 1838.Uncertainty at the aggregate level substantially complicates the subsidiary question of howmanyenslavedpeoplemaypossiblyhavebeenleftbehindinMaryland.ThefuzzinessofGU272mathiscausedby,orreflectedin,anumberofaspectsofthe1838sale,includingthefollowing:(a) ContemporaneousSaleDocuments:The primary written documents underpinning the 1838 sale state unequivocally that thetransactioninvolved272individuals.Specifically,thesedocumentsinclude:

§ anundatedcensusofenslavedpeoplelivingontheJesuits’fourMarylandplantations,likelycompletedjustshortlybeforethe1838salewasconsummated(the“1838JesuitSlaveCensus”).2

§ an8-pagehandwrittenagreementdatedJune19,1838,betweentheMarylandJesuitsandthetwoLouisiana-basedpurchasers(the“1838SaleAgreement”).3

Inreality,neitherofthesedocumentsisaparticularlyreliablesourcefordeterminingpreciselyhowmanyhumanbeingswereinvolvedinthe1838sale.The 1838 Jesuit Slave Census is an oversized ledger sheet containing six columns of names,organizedby Jesuitplantation inMaryland.The ledger sheet concludeswitha flourish in thebottom right-hand corner that says: “272 in all.”However, thenumberof peoplenamed (orotherwiseindicated)onthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusdoesnotactuallytotal272.Foradetailedanalysisofthe1838JesuitSlaveCensus,pleaseseeAttachmentAtothisarticle.Likewise, the1838SaleAgreementexpressly states in itspreamble that: “ThomasF.Mulledysells to Jesse Batey and Henry Johnson two hundred and seventy two negroes.” Withoutquestion,thelistofnamesappearinginthe1838SaleAgreementwasdrawndirectlyfromthe1838JesuitSlaveCensus.Aname-by-namecomparisonofthelist-orderinthetwodocumentsstrongly supports the conclusion that the drafter of the 1838 SaleAgreement (likelyWilliamMcSherry,SJ)relieddirectlyonthe1838SlaveCensuswhencompletinghiswork(thoughnotwithout errors or discrepancies). It should not be surprising, therefore, that the number of

2“Censusofslavestobesoldin1838,”MarylandProvinceArchive(“MPA),OversizeBox4(WO112),BoothFamilyCenterforSpecialCollections,LauingerLibrary,GeorgetownUniversity,onlineattheGeorgetownSlaveryArchive.3“ArticlesofAgreementbetweenThomasF.Mulledy,ofGeorgetown,DistrictofColumbia,ofonepart,andJesseBeatty (sic)andHenry Johnson,of theStateofLouisiana,of theotherpart,19th June1838,”MarylandProvinceArchives (MPA), Box 40, File 10, Item 3a-h, Booth Family Center for Special Collections, Lauinger Library,GeorgetownUniversity,onlineattheGeorgetownSlaveryArchive.

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peoplelistedinthe1838SaleAgreementdoesn’ttotal272either.Foradetailedanalysisofthe1838SaleAgreement,pleaseseeAttachmentBtothisarticle.(b) PublishedHistoricalAccounts:Historianshaveembraced the272 figure aswell.4 But thesehistorians arenomore reliablethantheoriginalsourcesuponwhichtheyrely.Almost 180 years have passed since the Jesuit slave sale of 1838. However, to date, nopublished historian has presented a rigorous, well-documented examination of the totalnumber of persons involved in the sale. As of this writing, the topic has only rarely beenidentifiedbyacademichistoriansasaliveissue–andeventhen,onlyinpassing.(c) InvisibleinMaryland/DocumentedinLouisiana:Tocomplicatemattersyet further, someof theMarylanderssoldby the Jesuits toBateyandJohnson in 1838 aren’t mentioned on either the 1838 Jesuit Slave Census or the 1838 SaleAgreement. Despite having been born inMaryland prior to the 1838 sale, their names justmysteriously appear in Louisiana (typically alongside their close relations) on a shipmanifestandotherpost-saledocumentation.PleaseseeAttachmentCtothisarticleforalistoffifteen(15) individuals whowere passengers on the Katharine Jackson of Georgetown in late 1838alongwith dozens of othermembers of theGU272, butwho cannot bematched to anyone(namedorunnamed)oneitherthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusorthe1838SaleAgreement.(d) TheHJSubstitutes:Finally, there is thematter of the “HJ Substitutes.” These are the peoplewhowere sold toHenryJohnsonas“replacements”forpersonsoriginallymeanttobeincludedinthe1838sale(perthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusandthe1838SaleAgreement),butwhoforwhateverreasonwere not actually shipped to Louisiana. The GMP believes that the HJ Substitutes wereacquiredbytheMarylandJesuits(fromsourcesasyetundetermined),andthatallofthemwereshippedtoHenryJohnsoninLouisianaaslateas1843.

4 See,e.g.,J.Zwinge,“TheJesuitFarmsinMaryland,”TheWoodstockLetters,vol.XLI[41],no.3,1912,atp.282(“[T]here were 272 in all.”); R. Judge, “Foundation and First Administration of the Maryland Province,” TheWoodstock Letters, vol. LXXXVIII [88],no.4, 1959, atp. 400 (“Therewere272 slavesaltogether,mostofwhomwere sold.”); P. Finn, “The Slaves of the Jesuits ofMaryland” (M.A. thesis presented atGeorgetownUniversity,readandapprovedbytheCommitteeonAugust29,1974),atp.130(“Themajorsaleof 272oftheslavestookplaceonJune19,1838.”);T.Murphy,JesuitSlaveholdinginMaryland:1717-1838(Routledge,NewYork&London,2001),atp.203(“Thepricewas$115,000for272slaves.”);S.Toole,“InstitutionalPeculiarity:JesuitSlaveTradinginMaryland”(Th.M.thesispresentedtotheFacultyoftheJesuitSchoolofTheologyofSantaClaraUniversityinMay 2015) at p. 1 (“Provincial ThomasMulledy consigned 272 enslavedpersons to a future on Louisiana sugarplantations.”).

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Todate,theGMPhasnotyetsettledonatotalnumberofHJSubstitutes.Tosomeextent,theirnamesandidentitiesremainasubjectofuncertaintyaswell.(e) LikelyTotalNumberofPeoplefrom1838Sale:Tosummarize,theterm“GU272”presentsaveneerofquantitativecertaintyandprecision.Butin reality, it’s a modern-day catchphrase (probably coined by an undergraduate studentprotester at Georgetown in late 2015) that loosely describes the entire group of enslavedpeoplewhose liveswere jeopardized or radically reordered by the Jesuit slave sale of 1838.“GU272”isalabel,notanaccuratecensus.With respect to the total number of individuals involved in the 1838 slave sale, at least onethingcanbesaidwithcertainty:itwasmorethan272.Thisexplainshowit’spossiblethat91JesuitslavesremainedinMaryland,while206weresenttoLouisiana.The Georgetown Memory Project has concluded that the 1838 slave sale by the MarylandJesuits actually involved at least 297 distinct individuals (i.e., 206 people transported toLouisiana,and91peopleleftbehindinMaryland).Thesefiguresmaybeadjustedinthefuture,ifandwhenadditionalhistoricalevidencecomestolight.(2) Transportation-RelatedDelays&Uncertainties.

Settingasidethequestionofhowmanypeoplewereactuallysoldby theMarylandJesuits in1838, it is unclear how many of these were actually transported to Louisiana. Again, thisuncertainty substantially complicates the related task of determining howmany peoplemayhavebeenleftbehindinMarylandafterthe1838sale.ItisanabsolutecertaintythatnotallofthepeoplesoldbytheMarylandJesuitsin1838wereactuallytransportedtoLouisiana.Asdescribedbelow,someweresparedbyunusualquirksinthesaletransactionitself.Othersescapedwhentheslave-tradersarrived.(a) “MarriedOff”and“MarriedFree”:With respect to the transaction itself: the 1838 salewas not a simple, straightforward one.Eighteenmonthspriortothesale(i.e., inlateDecember1836),theJesuitSuperiorGeneral inRome imposed a set of stringent and unusual conditions on the Maryland Jesuits beforeapprovingthesaleoftheJesuitslaves.5Onesuchconditionmandatedthathusbandsandwivesnotbeseparated.

5 “Fr. Roothaan, S.J. lays out the conditions for the sale of slaves, 27December 1836,”MPA, Box 93, Folder 9,Booth FamilyCenter for Special Collections, Lauinger Library,GeorgetownUniversity, online at theGeorgetownSlaveryArchive.

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PerhapsunbeknownsttotheFatherGeneral,someoftheJesuitslavesweremarriedtoslavesonneighboringplantations(apracticeknownatthetimeas“marryingoff”),orweremarriedtofree people of color. Please see Attachment D and Attachment E to this article for moreinformation about the members of the GU272 who were “married off” or married to freepersons,respectively.Insuchcases,theSuperiorGeneral’srestrictionswereinterpretedtorequireeither:

• the acquisition of the neighboring spouse from the non-Jesuit owner (and thetransportationofbothspousestoLouisiana);or

• the sale of the Jesuit-owned spouse to the neighboring plantation, and theacquisitionofasuitablereplacementwhocouldbesenttoLouisianainstead.

Inactualpractice,bothoftheseoutcomesoccurred.TheonerousnatureofthetaskmeantthatthesomeGU272membersweredelayedintheirdepartureforLouisiana. Insomecases,thisdelaybecamepermanent.ByDecember1838,HenryJohnsonhadalreadyreceivedaninitialshipmentof56Jesuitslaves,butasecondgroupof84slavespurchasedbyJohnsonremainedbehindinMaryland.Accountsdiffer as to howmany people from this second groupwere actually sent to Louisiana. It isconceivablethatsome69to75ofHenryJohnson’ssecondgroupof84remainedinMaryland,forvariousreasons.(b) Escapees&“Runaways”:Cross-plantation marriage was not the only circumstance that saved GU272 members frombeingtransportedtoLouisiana.OtherGU272membersresortedtoself-help:theyescapedtheslave traders who arrived by ship to collect them from the variousMaryland plantations in1838.Theseindividualshavebecomeknownasthe“runaways.”Nearly 75 years after the events of 1838, Father Joseph Zwinge, S.J. (the Procurator of theMarylandProvincefrom1904to1921)6,wrote:

“Whenthetimecameforbeingtransferredtotheirnewmaster,someof themwhodreadedthetriptoLouisianaranaway,butonlyoneortworanfarenoughtogetaway.”7(emphasissupplied)

Twelve(12)individualslistedin1838JesuitSlaveCensushavethenotation“ranaway”writtennext to their names. However, theGeorgetownMemory Project does not presently believethatthesenotationsindicatepersonswhofledthearrivaloftheLouisiana-boundslaveshipsatthetimeofthe1838sale.Foradetailedanalysisanddiscussionofthe12“runaways”identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensus,pleaseseeAttachmentFtothisarticle.

6 “Obituary,FatherJosephZwinge,”TheWoodstockLetters,vol.LI[51],October1922,atpp.111-112. 7J.Zwinge,“TheJesuitFarmsinMaryland,”TheWoodstockLetters,vol.XLI[41],no.3,1912,p.282.

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Todate,neithertheGMPnoranyoneelsecansaypreciselyhowmanymembersoftheGU272escapedtransportationtoLouisiana.FatherZwinge iscertainlycorrectthatat leastsomedid.However,fewdetailsoftheseescapeeshaveyetsurfaced.(3) UnknownSurnamesofSomeGU272Members&Spouses.

AnotherdifficultyinfindingtheLostJesuitSlavesrelatestotheabsenceofsurnamesforatleastsomeofthemembersoftheGU272and/ortheirspouses.Todate,theGMPhasidentifiedapproximately40differentsurnamesacrosstheentireGU272population.However,relativelyfewofthesesurnamesappearsinthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusor the 1838 SaleAgreement themselves. Specifically, theonly surnames appearing in eitherdocumentare(inorderofappearance):Queen;Butler;Coyle;Sweetun(orSweeton);Cusha(orCush);andGough.SurnamesformostoftheGU272membersactuallysenttoLouisianahavebeenlocatedinpost-sale,pre-1860documents,suchasshipmanifests,mortgagedocuments,estateappraisals,andre-saleagreements.SomeofthesurnamesoftheLouisiana-boundhavefurnishedcluesforthesurnames of those who remained in Maryland, and this article offers a few tentativeidentificationsbasedonthoseclues.However,fortherestofthosewhoremainedinMaryland,surnameshaveremainedelusive. TheabsenceofsurnameshasmadetwosubsetsoftheLostJesuitSlavesespeciallydifficulttoidentify:

• GU272memberswhowere “married off” (i.e., Jesuit slaveswhoweremarried tospouseslocatedonneighboring,non-Jesuitplantations);and

• GU272memberswhoweremarriedtofreepersonsofcolor.

Whileitiscertainthatsome(thoughnotall)oftheseindividualswereleftbehindinMaryland,itisneverthelessdifficulttoidentifytheseindividualsbyfirstandlastnames.The1838SlaveCensuscontainshandwritten,contemporaneousnotationsidentifyinganumberofindividualsas“marriedoff”ormarriedtoafreeperson.Unfortunately,thesenotationsgivenoindicationofthenames(letalonesurnames)oftheoff-plantationandfreespouses.GU272women whomarried free or off-plantation spouses undoubtedly took the surname of theirhusbands(accordingtothecustomofthetimes).Intheabsenceofsurnamesforoff-plantationandfreehusbands,identifyingtheseGU272womenwillbeexceedinglydifficult.(4) LapseofTime(1838-1870).A gap of 32 years separates the 1838 Jesuit Slave Census (when the Jesuit slaveswere firstcomprehensively listedandenumeratedforpurposesrelatingtothe1838sale)andthe1870U.S.Census(whennewlyemancipatedslaveswerefirstidentifiedbyfirstandlastname).This32-year gap presents yet another obstacle to the accurate identification ofmembers of the

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GU272leftbehind(orthoughttohavebeenleftbehind)inMaryland.OlderGU272members“leftbehind”mayhavediedinthisinterveningperiod,leavingnotrace.Thosewhowerechildrenin1838weregrownadultsin1870,andnotlikelytobelistedinfamilygroupswiththeirparentsandsiblingsintherecords.SummaryofMarylandResearchResultstoDate

Asaresultoftheforegoingchallengesanddifficulties,onlyahandfuloftheLostJesuitSlavesofMarylandhavebeenidentifiedsofar,andsomeofthoserathertentatively.DNAtestsofsomeofthe livingGU272descendants inMarylandconfirmarelationshiptoGU272descendants inLouisiana.DNA is proving to be one tool thatmay help overcome some of these barriers. TheGMP ispresently conducting a GU272-focused DNA study through AncestryDNA. Over two dozenconfirmeddescendantsfromseveraldifferentGU272familieshaveparticipatedinthestudysofar.Mostof thesearedescended fromtheLouisiana families.However,a fewparticipants intheGMP’sDNAstudydescendfromthosewhoremainedinMaryland.Anyone withMaryland ancestry who matches one of the Louisiana testers is likely to havecommonancestryinMaryland.This,byitself,doesnotprovethatapersondescendsfromoneof the GU272, but it is a starting point for further research. Those who have tested withAncestryDNA should look through theirmatches for kits “managed by Georgetown Project.”Family trees have been uploaded and attached to theDNA results to help in identifying thematchingfamilyorfamilies.Additionally,mostoftheresultshavebeenuploadedtoGEDmatch,a third-party DNA website. Those results are listed under the e-mail addressriffelj@bellsouth.net.Notethatnotallofthekitsmanagedbythise-mailaddressarerelatedtotheGU272.ItishopedthatthisarticlewillhelpfurthertheresearchintothosewhomayhaveremainedinMarylandafterthe1838sale.The remainder of this article is a summary ofwhat is currently known about the Lost JesuitSlaves of Maryland. Details of their ages, marital status, and a few other identifyingcharacteristicsaretakenfromthe1838JesuitSlaveCensus,whichiscitedandfootnotedinthisintroduction.Intheinterestofspace,thatcensusandthreeotherfrequentlycitedsourcesarenotfootnotedineachentry.Thoseotherthreeoft-citedsourcesare:

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• Henry Johnson’s written agreement with Thomas F. Mulledy for the purchase of 84slaves(“HenryJohnson’spurchaseof84”);8

• HenryJohnson’sundatedwrittenagreementwithThomasF.Mulledyforthepurchaseof11slaves(“HenryJohnson’sundatedpurchaseof11”);9

• JesseBatey’swrittenagreementwithThomasF.Mulledyforthepurchaseof54slaves(“JesseBatey’spurchaseof54”).10

Allothersourcesarefootnoted.

8AgreementbetweenHenry JohnsonandEdmundForstall,onbehalfofRev.ThomasF.Mulledy,dated17Feb.1844,ConveyanceBookV,No.479,IbervilleParishClerkofCourt,Plaquemine,La.9UndatedobligationfromHenryJohnsontoThomasMulledytopay$7,180for11slaves,MPA,Box40,DocumentNo.4of28,BoothFamilyCenterforSpecialCollections,LauingerLibrary,GeorgetownUniversity.10Purchaseof54negroesbyJesseBeaty(sic)fromThomasF.Mulledy,6July1839,ConveyanceBookH,pp.293–295,TerrebonneParishClerkofCourt,Houma,La.

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Section2:

NamesoftheLostJesuitSlaves To date, the GMP has identified only five (5) of the ninety-one (91) Lost Jesuit Slaves ofMaryland. The names of these 5 individuals are CAPITALIZED and ITALICIZED in the pagesbelow.Theother86peopleremaintobefound. Theirnames(thevastmajorityofnamesappearingbelow)arepresentedbelowwithoutanyspecialemphasis.All91peoplearegroupedbelowbythenameofJesuitplantation inMarylandonwhichtheywerelocatedatthetimethe1838JesuitSlaveCensuswasconducted.IDnumbersappearaftereachname.PleaseusetheseIDnumberswhencontactingtheGMPaboutaparticularperson.WhiteMarshPlantation(PrinceGeorge’sCounty,MD)

WhiteMarshPlantation(alsosometimescalled“WhiteMarshFarm”)wasfoundedcirca1729,11and was officially known within the Society of Jesus as theMission of St. Francis Borgia.12OtherrelevantidentifyingdetailsofWhiteMarshPlantationincludethefollowing:

• Location:MostlyinPrinceGeorge’sCounty,Maryland;partlyinAnneArundelCounty.• AdjacentRiver:PatuxentRiver(atWhiteMarshBranch).• NearestModernTown:Bowie,Maryland.• NearestModernLandmark:WhiteMarshPark(CityofBowie,Maryland).• PrimaryJesuitChurch:OldSacredHeart(Bowie,Maryland),founded1741.• ApproximateSizein1830s:2,000acres.13

11J.Zwinge,“TheJesuitFarmsinMaryland,”TheWoodstockLetters,vol.XLI[41],no.2,1912,p.204.12T.Murphy,JesuitSlaveholdinginMaryland:1717-1838(Routledge,NewYork&London,2001),p.46.13 P. Finn, “The Slaves of the Jesuits of Maryland (M.A. thesis presented at Georgetown University, read andapprovedbytheCommitteeonAugust29,1974),p.2.

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ForWhiteMarshPlantation,the1838JesuitSlaveCensuscontainsthefollowinginformation:

91separatehandwrittenidentifiersofallsorts.– 2crossed-outentries– 0duplicateentries

TOTAL 89netentries(i.e.,netofcross-outs&dupes)i.e. 89propernames+ 0unnamedindividuals

Thelargestgroupof individuals listedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusfromWhiteMarshwastheHawkinsfamily,consistingof:thepatriarch,Isaac,aged65;hisfoursons,Charles,Patrick,James, and Isaac; his daughter, Nelly; and their families. Other surnames found among theWhite Marsh group (though not necessarily listed on the 1838 Jesuit Slave Census itself)include:Harrison;Queen;West;Dorsey;andpossiblyCutchmore.Twenty-five(25)peoplefromWhiteMarshweresenttoLouisianainthefirstgrouptodepartMaryland via ship. All were destined for Jesse Batey’s plantation in Terrebonne Parish,Louisiana.TheydepartedAlexandria,Virginia,onthebrigUncasinJuneof1838andarrivedinNewOrleanson26July1838.ThemanifestoftheUncasisnotextant.However,theagreementdocumentingBatey’spurchaseof54(filedinTerrebonneParish)containsaspecificreferencetothisbrig.Thedatesofarrivalweredetermined fromtheNewOrleansnewspapershiparrivalsection.14FivemembersoftheQueenfamily,however,werenotedinBatey’spurchaseof54asnothavingbeenonboardandweretobesentlater.Oneofthose,CharlesQueen,appearsonthemanifestoftheIsaacFranklininDecemberof1838.15Twenty-one (21) others from White Marsh were sent to Louisiana onboard the KatharineJackson,whichdepartedAlexandria,Virginia,on13November1838andarrivedinNewOrleans6December1838.16ThesepeopleweresplitupbetweenaplantationownedbyJesseBateyinIbervilleParish(nearMaringouin),andoneownedbyHenryJohnsonjustacrosstheboundaryline in nearby Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana. Johnson would later move his slaves fromPointeCoupeetoAscensionParish,Louisiana.Thirty-four(34)peoplefromWhiteMarshPlantationarebelievedtohaveremainedbehindinMaryland.Thesepeopleinclude(butarenotlimitedto)thefollowing: 14TheDailyPicayune,NewOrleans,La.,26July1838.15ManifestoftheIsaacFranklin,22Dec.1838,NewOrleans,Louisiana,SlaveManifests,1807–1860[databaseon-line].Provo,UT,USA:Ancestry.comOperations,Inc.,2010.16ManifestoftheKatharineJackson,13Nov.1838,NewOrleans,Louisiana,SlaveManifests,1807–1860[databaseon-line].Provo,UT,USA:Ancestry.comOperations,Inc.,2010.

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SelectPeoplefromWhiteMarsh;OrganizedbyAnnotationson1838JesuitSlaveCensus:

Married“Off-Plantation” MarriedtoaFreePerson “Runaways”Billy(ID32) Kitty(ID50) CharlesHawkins(ID2)

JosephBlacklock(ID48) Minty(ID76) IsaacHawkins(ID20)

SallyDiggs(ID55) James(ID80) WilliamDiggs(ID56)

Richard(ID72) Eliza(ID83) IasaisQueen(ID62)

Garvis/Jarvis/Charles(ID79) NancyQueen(ID64)

BetsyWest(ID67)

5people 4people 6people

Allthirty-four(34)LostJesuitSlavesfromWhiteMarsharedescribedimmediatelybelow:ISAACHAWKINS(ID1):Age65in1838.IncludedinHenryJohnson’spurchaseof84andnotedas not transported to Louisiana. “Old Isaac” is mentioned in several letters by Fr. Fidele deGrivel,SJ.InNovember1838,FatherGrivelwrote:

“[O]nthe2d,backtoW[hite]M[arsh]Ivisitedallthequarters,sawall,butJoe&hisservantoxen–oldIsaacisquitecheerful__oh,said,Fr.G.yououghttovisitmywife.Br.Kuhnsaid:Sheisverylarge,indeed__HowmanyhorsessaidIdidyouwanttocarryherfromBaltimore?__awagon&5horses__greatlaughingofold Isaac,MissKitty&all –The fact is,Br.Kuhnhadbrought toBalt__e somehogsheads of Tobacco,& returning took Isaac’swife__She is not as big as oldNelly,Joe’smother.Agoodwellbredwoman.Theyliveinanewquarternearthespring going to New design, & near the tobacco house; but the place beingrented, they will move. Nelly, old Isaac’s daughter was sick, a very sensiblewoman.”17

InMay1839,FatherGrivelwrote:

“Thereremaininourfarmsonlyfewoldpeople,wellprovidedfortheirlifetimes.SooldIsaacremainedatW.Marsh;hisdaughterNellyisgonewithherhusbandPeter,whomHenryYounghadsoldforthepurpose.”18

Finally,inMay1842,FatherGrivelwrote:

“Iwas for3.daysatW.MarshwithFr.Reywho isadistinguishedman, fit forevery thing in the college& for Trinity Church, teachingpreaching etc.&he isverypopularamongstall–OldIsaacat77,candolittle,butgoeson,livingatthe

17LetterfromFr.Grivel,GeorgetownCollege,toFr.Lancaster,6Nov.1838,MPA,Box66,Folder3,212M5a.18 Letter from Fr. Grivel to Fr. Lancaster, 4May 1839,MPA, Box 66, Folder 1, Booth Family Center for SpecialCollections,LauingerLibrary,GeorgetownUniversity,onlineattheGeorgetownSlaveryArchive.

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meathousenearthekitchen,withhiswife.He&allspokeofyou,wishingtoberemembered….”19

Asindicatedbythecapitalizationanditalicizationofhisnameabove,theGMPhasconclusivelydetermined that IsaacHawkins (ID1)was living inMarylandat leastas lateas15May1842.HundredsofverifieddescendantsofIsaacHawkins(ID1)havebeenidentifiedinLouisianaandthroughout theUnitedStates.However, theGMPcontinues to seek informationaboutotheraspects of Isaac Hawkins’s life such as: hiswhereabouts in the years after 1842; his date ofdeath; the location of his burial; and the name of the woman identified as his wife in thesecondexcerptquotedabove. CHARLESHAWKINS(ID2):Age40in1838.Identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusasthesonofIsaacHawkins(ID1)(seeentryimmediatelyabove);also,listedasarunawayonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensus.IncludedinHenryJohnson’spurchaseof84,andnotedasnottransportedto Louisiana. TheGMPhas conclusively determined that CharlesHawkins (ID 2) remained inMarylandafterthe1838sale.HeislistedasCharles,aged40,dead,onanundateddocumentlistingslavesremainingontheestate(inMaryland),believedtobeca.1843.20IsaacHawkins(ID20):Age26in1838.Identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusasthefourthsonofIsaacHawkins(ID1)(seeentryabove);also,identifiedasarunawayonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensus.Isaac,age21,purchasedfor$864,islistedinHenryJohnson’sundatedpurchaseof11(butnoevidencehasyetbeenfoundsuggestingthathewastransportedtoLouisiana).Sally(ID25): Age65in1838.IncludedinHenryJohnson’spurchaseof84,andnotedasnottransportedtoLouisiana.Surnameisunknown.Billy(ID32):Age40in1838.Identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusasthesecondsonofSally(ID25)(seeentryimmediatelyabove).Also,identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusas“marriedoff.” Included inHenry Johnson’spurchaseof84, andnotedasnot transported toLouisiana.HeislikelyBillymarriedtoMaria,servantofThomasMacgruder[sic],in1822.Theirchild,William,wasbaptizedatWhiteMarshon4March1822at theageof14days,andhisgodmotherwasNellyHarrison.21ThisyoungerWilliamHarrisonislikelyoneofthesubstitutessenttoLouisianainlate1843andplacedonHenryJohnson’splantationinAscensionParish.

19Letter fromGrivel toLancaster,15May1842,MPA,Box67,Folder7, Item213R7a,BoothFamilyCenter forSpecialCollections,LauingerLibrary,GeorgetownUniversity,onlineattheGeorgetownSlaveryArchive.20 Listof SlavesRemainingonEstateandExchanged,nodate–perhaps1839 (more likely1843),MPA,Box40,Folder 6, Booth Family Center for Special Collections, Lauinger Library, Georgetown University, online at theGeorgetownSlaveryArchive. 21Register of Baptisms,WhiteMarsh, 1818-1822 (Transcription), Box3, Folder 4,MarylandProvinceCollection(“MPC”), Booth Family Center for Special Collections, Lauinger Library, Georgetown University, online at theGeorgetownSlaveryArchive.

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Nelly(ID33): Age38in1838.Identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusasthedaughterofSally(ID25)(seeentryimmediatelyabove);also,listedon1838JesuitSlaveCensusalongwithanotethatsays“Alex.” (possiblyreferringtotheJesuitmission located inAlexandria,Virginia);also,identifiedonthe1838SlaveCensusasthemotherofasonJohn(ID34),age5in1838(seeentryimmediatelybelow).NellyisnotincludedinanyLouisianapurchaserecords.HermaidennamewaslikelyHarrison.John(ID34):Age5in1838.Identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusasthesonofNelly(ID33)(seeentryimmediatelyabove).NotincludedinanyLouisianapurchaserecords.Surnameisunknown,butmother’smaidennameislikelyHarrison.Eliza Queen (ID 43): Age 12 in 1838. Identified on the 1838 Jesuit Slave Census as thedaughterofCharlesandSallyQueen;also,listedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusalongwithanote that says“Mrs.SimsLee.”She is included in JesseBatey’spurchaseof54,butnotedasbeing one of five not sent on board the Uncas. In a letter from Dr. Beatty (sic) to FatherMcSherrydated27June1838,BateywritesthatElizahadnotarrivedandthebrigneededtoclearcustomsthatdate.22TheGMPhasconclusivelydeterminedthatElizaQueen(ID43)wasnot transported to Louisiana, and remained in Maryland at least through 30 July 1840.However,theGMPseeksadditionalinformationaboutElizaQueenincluding:herwhereaboutsintheyearsafter30July1840;herdateofmarriage(ifany);herdateofdeath;thelocationofherburial;andthenamesofherspouseanddirectdescendants(ifany).JosephBlacklock(ID48):Age40in1838.Identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusasthesonofNellyBlacklock(ID47);also,listedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusas“marriedoff”.JosephBlacklock is included in Henry Johnson’s purchase of 84, and noted as not transported toLouisiana.HewasprobablythesonofDickBlacklockandNellyWinderry,perthe1822baptismofNellyatWhiteMarshFarm.23Heisnotedin1839ashavingremainedatWhiteMarshwithhiswifeNancy,whobelongedtoMr.Grey.24InNovemberof1838,Fr.GrivelwrotethathehadnotseenJoeonhisvisittoWhiteMarsh,andcommentedonthesizeofoldNelly,Joe’smother(seethequoteaboveintheentryforIsaacHawkins(ID1)).TheGMPhasfoundsometracesofpossibledescendantsof JosephBlacklock.The1921deathcertificateof IsabellaRandall,bornca. 1848, identifies her parents as Joseph Blacklock and Kittie Hawkins.25 Additionally, aGasaway Blacklock, born about 1835,was found inMontgomery County,Maryland, in 1870,

22J.Zwinge,“TheJesuitFarmsinMaryland,”TheWoodstockLetters,vol.XLI[41],no.3,1912,pp.283–284.23RegisterofBaptisms,WhiteMarsh,1818-1822 (Transcription),Box3,Folder4,MPC,BoothFamilyCenter forSpecialCollections,LauingerLibrary,GeorgetownUniversity,onlineattheGeorgetownSlaveryArchive.24LetterfromFr.GriveltoFr.Lancasterdated4May1839,MPA,Box66,Folder1,BoothFamilyCenterforSpecialCollections,LauingerLibrary,GeorgetownUniversity,onlineattheGeorgetownSlaveryArchive.25 “District of Columbia Deaths, 1874–1961,” database with images, FamilySearch(https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:X2VX-25Z: accessed 30 Oct. 2017), Isabelle Randall, 13 Feb 1921,Brentwood,Maryland,UnitedStates;citingreferenceID,DistrictRecordsCenter,WashingtonD.C.;FHLmicrofilm2,116,605.

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and a Gas Blacklock, born about 1840, was found also in Montgomery County in 1880.26Researchonthesefamiliesisongoing.Kitty (ID 50): Age 22 in 1838. Identified on the 1838 Jesuit Slave Census asmarried to afreeman;also,identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusasthemotherofthreechildren:Maryage 6 (ID 51); Samage4 (ID 52); and Elizabeth age 1 (ID 53) (see three entries immediatelybelow).Allfourpeople(i.e.,Kitty,Mary,SamandElizabeth)wereincludedinHenryJohnson’spurchaseof84,andnotedasnottransportedtoLouisiana.Surnameisunknown.Mary(ID51): Age6 in1838. Identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusas thedaughterofKitty(ID50)(seeentry immediatelyabove). IncludedinHenryJohnson’spurchaseof84,andnotedasnottransportedtoLouisiana.Surnameisunknown.Sam(ID52):Age4in1838.Identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusasthesonofKitty(ID50) (see entry above). Included in Henry Johnson’s purchase of 84, and noted as nottransportedtoLouisiana.Surnameisunknown.Elizabeth(ID53):Age1in1838.Identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusasthedaughterofKitty(ID50)(seeentryabove).IncludedinHenryJohnson’spurchaseof84,andnotedasnottransportedtoLouisiana.Surnameisunknown.Polly(ID54):Age60in1838.IncludedinHenryJohnson’spurchaseof84,andnotedasnottransportedtoLouisiana.Surnameisunknown.SALLYDIGGS(ID55):Age50in1838.Identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusas“marriedoff”;also,identifiedinthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusasthemotherofWilliam(ID56)(seeentryimmediatelybelow).SallyandWilliamwere included inHenry Johnson’spurchaseof84,andnoted as not transported to Louisiana. Sally’s husband has been identified as AaronDiggs,owned by Walter “Bishop” Bowie, and noted in 1839 as having remained at White Marshbecause Bowiewould not partwith Aaron.27 Two Sarahs, one age 38 and the other 43, arelistedonthe1839inventoryofBowie’sestate,alongwithAaronage50,andAaronagethree.28Aaron Digges, a carpenter, age 70, and Aaron, Jr., age 20, were still enslaved by the Bowiefamily in1864,but Sarahor Sallie isnot listed.29 SallieDiggs, age70, isonehouseholdaway

261870 censusMontgomeryCo.,Md., FourthDistrict, p. 477A, family#432; and1880 censusMontgomeryCo.,Md.,Darnestown(6th)ElectionDistrict,E.D.116,p.395B,family#120.27LetterfromFr.GriveltoFr.Lancasterdated4May1839,MPA,Box66,Folder1,BoothFamilyCenterforSpecialCollections,LauingerLibrary,GeorgetownUniversity,onlineattheGeorgetownSlaveryArchive.28PrinceGeorge’sCounty,RegisterofWills,Inventories,PC3:533,InventoryforWalterBowie(1839);MSAC1228-35;MarylandStateArchives,Annapolis,Md.29PrinceGeorge’sCounty,CommissionerofSlaveStatistics,SlaveStatistics,ElectionDistrict7,entryforWalterW.W.Bowie,MSACE404-1(p.136ofPDF);digitalimage,GuidetoGovernmentRecords.(www.guide.msa.maryland.gov/pages/series.aspx?id=CE404:accessed6Nov.2017).

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fromFr.CharlesBagueatWhiteMarshonthe1870census.30Anentrydated2December1878for“Sarah(Sallie)Diggs,coloured,ageabout100,fullofyears,formerlySister_____”isfoundin White Marsh burial records.31 Based on this information, the GMP has conclusivelydetermined that Sally Diggs (ID 55) remained inMaryland after the 1838 sale. To date, theGMPhasnotyetidentifiedanydirectdescendantsofSallyDiggs,livingordeceased.WilliamDiggs(ID56):Age21in1838.Identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusasthesonofSally(ID55)(seeentryimmediatelyabove);also,identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusasarunaway.William, age21,waspurchased for $864, and is listed inHenry Johnson’s undatedpurchase of 11 (but no evidence has yet been found suggesting that hewas transported toLouisiana). SeveralWilliam Diggs have been researched, but nothing definitive has yet beenfound.Robert (ID 58): Age 12 in 1838. Identified on the 1838 Jesuit Slave Census as “an idiot.”Included in Henry Johnson’s purchase of 84, and noted as not transported to Louisiana.Surnameisunknown.Henry(ID59): Age8 in1838. IncludedinHenryJohnson’spurchaseof84,andnotedasnottransportedtoLouisiana.Surnameisunknown.IasaisQueen(ID62):Age21in1838.Identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusasthesonofHarriet(ID60),whowasmarriedtoafreemanbutneverthelesssenttoLouisiana(TerrebonneParish).Also,identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusasarunaway.Hisnameappearstobe“Josais” [sic] on the 1838 Jesuit Slave Census, but in other documents the name appears as“Isais”or“Isaias.”HewasincludedinJesseBatey’spurchaseof54,butnotedasbeingoneoffivenotsentonboardtheUncas. Isaias,age21,waspurchasedfor$864,and listed inHenryJohnson’sundatedpurchaseof11(butnoevidencehasyetbeenfoundsuggestingthathewastransported to Louisiana). He may be the same as Isaac Queen, age 34, living with Saml.Dobson,age22,inAnneArundelCounty,Maryland,in1850.32 NancyQueen(ID64):Age15in1838.DaughterofHarriet(ID60)whowasmarriedtoafreemanbutneverthelesssenttoLouisiana(HarrietwassenttoTerrebonneParish). Identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusasarunaway.Shewas included inJesseBatey’spurchaseof54,butnotedasbeingoneoffivenotsentonboardtheUncas.Nancy,aged15,waspurchasedfor$594, and listed in Henry Johnson’s undated purchase of 11 (but no evidence has yet beenfoundsuggestingthatshewastransportedtoLouisiana).

301870censusPrinceGeorge’sCo.,Md.,QueenAnneDistrict,p.201A,family#105.31PrinceGeorge’sCountyGenealogicalSociety, comp.,EarlyChurchRecordsof theWhiteMarshChurch,PrinceGeorge’sCounty(Bowie,Md.:PrinceGeorge’sCountyGenealogicalSociety,2005),p.74ofBook4.321850census,AnneArundelCounty,Maryland,District3,p.339B,family#58.

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BetsyWest(ID67):Age32in1838.Identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusasthemotherofAugustinage15(ID68);Adelphiaage10(ID69);Henriettaage7(ID70);andHarrietAnnage4(ID71). Also, identifiedonthe1838 JesuitSlaveCensusasa runaway–notwithstanding thefactthat(accordingtothesame1838JesuitSlaveCensus)shehadfourminorchildrenlivingatWhiteMarsh.Betsy,aged32,waspurchasedfor$594,andlistedinHenryJohnson’sundatedpurchaseof 11 (butnoevidencehas yetbeen found suggesting that shewas transported toLouisiana).Betsy’sfourchildren(Augustin,Adelphia,Henrietta,andHarrietAnn)weresenttoLouisianawithouther.BetsymayhavebeenthesisterofHarriet(ID60)(seeentryabove),wifeofJamesQueen(afreemanlivinginMaryland,andnotamemberoftheGU272).InNovemberof1838,Fr.Grivelwrote:“JamesQuinisarascal,&islivingwithElizabethawidowsisterofhiswifeHarriet,whoknewit,&refusedtoremaininW[hite]M[arsh]&chosetogo[toLouisiana]withherchildren.”33Richard(ID72):Age38in1838.Identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusas“marriedoff”;Included in Henry Johnson’s purchase of 84, and noted as not transported to Louisiana.Surnameisunknown.Margery(ID74):Age60in1838.Identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusasthemotherofLen (ID 75). Included in Henry Johnson’s purchase of 84 and noted as not transported toLouisiana.HersurnameormarriednamemaybeCutchmore,Cutchember,orCuckumber(allofwhicharevariantsormisspellingsofasingleintendedsurname).Minty (ID 76): Age 26 in 1838. Identified on the 1838 Jesuit Slave Census asmarried to afreeman;also,identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusasthemotherofNancyage5(ID77);andMary age 1½ (ID 78) (see two entries immediately below). All three people (i.e.,Minty,Nancy, and Mary) were included in Henry Johnson’s purchase of 84 and noted as nottransported to Louisiana. ShemaybeMintaHawkins, listedwithNaceHawkinson the1850,1860,and1870censusesofAnneArundelCounty,Maryland.34Nancy(ID77): Age5in1838. Identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusasthedaughterofMinty(ID76)(seeentryimmediatelyabove).IncludedinHenryJohnson’spurchaseof84andnotedasnottransportedtoLouisiana.Mary(ID78):Age1½in1838.Identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusasthedaughterofMinty(ID76)(seeentryabove).IncludedinHenryJohnson’spurchaseof84,andnotedasnottransportedtoLouisiana. 33Letter fromGrivel toLancaster,15May1842,MPA,Box67,Folder7, Item213R7a,BoothFamilyCenter forSpecialCollections,LauingerLibrary,GeorgetownUniversity,onlineattheGeorgetownSlaveryArchive. 34 1850 census Anne Arundel County, Maryland, District 3, p. 354B, family #326; 1860 census Anne ArundelCounty,Maryland,District3,p.816,family#833;and1870censusAnneArundelCounty,Maryland,District3,p.600A,family#218.

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Garvis/Jarvis/Charles(ID79): Age60in1838. Identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusas“married off.” Included in Henry Johnson’s purchase of 84, and noted as not transported toLouisiana.Surnameisunknown.James (ID 80): Age 50 in 1838. Identified on the 1838 Jesuit Slave Census asmarried to afreewoman. Included in Henry Johnson’s purchase of 84, and noted as not transported toLouisiana.Surnameisunknown.Bill/William(ID82):Age42in1838. Identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusasan“idiot.”Included in Henry Johnson’s purchase of 84, and noted as not transported to Louisiana.Surnameisunknown.Eliza(ID83):Age26 in1838. Identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusasmarriedtoafreeman;also,identifiedon1838JesuitSlaveCensusasthemotherofRevidyage7(ID84);Nobleage5 (ID85);Edwardage3 (ID86);andWilliamage1 (ID87). (See fourentries immediatelybelow). All four people (i.e., Eliza, Noble, Edward and William) were included in HenryJohnson’spurchaseof84,andnotedasnottransportedtoLouisiana.Surnameisunknown.Revidy(ID84):Age7in1838.Identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusasthesonofEliza(ID83)(seeentry immediatelyabove). Included inHenryJohnson’spurchaseof84,andnotedasnottransportedtoLouisiana.Surnameisunknown.Noble(ID85):Age5in1838.Identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusasthesonofEliza(ID83) (see entry above). Included in Henry Johnson’s purchase of 84 and noted as nottransportedtoLouisiana.Surnameisunknown.Edward(ID86):Age3in1838.Identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusasthesonofEliza(ID83) (see entry above). Included in Henry Johnson’s purchase of 84, and noted as nottransportedtoLouisiana.Surnameisunknown.William(ID87):Age1in1838.Identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusasthesonofEliza(ID83)(seeentryabove).WilliamwasnotincludedinHenryJohnson’spurchaseof84,althoughhismotherandsiblingswereincludedinthatpurchaserecord.Surnameisunknown.

(Remainderofpageintentionallyleftblank)

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St.ThomasManor(CharlesCounty,MD)

St. ThomasManorwas founded circa 1649,35 andwas officially knownwithin the Society ofJesusas theMissionofSt. IgnatiusLoyola.36 Other relevant identifyingdetailsofSt.ThomasManorincludethefollowing

• Location:CharlesCounty,Maryland.• AdjacentRiver:PotomacRiver(atPortTobaccoRiver).• NearestModernTown:PortTobacco,Maryland.• NearestModernLandmark:ChapelPointStatePark.• PrimaryJesuitChurch:St.Ignatius(ChapelPoint,MD),founded1798.• ApproximateSizein1830s:4,500acres37

ForSt.ThomasManor,the1838JesuitSlaveCensuscontainsthefollowinginformation:

46separatehandwrittenidentifiersofallsorts.– 0crossed-outentries– 1duplicateentry


AmongthegroupfromSt.ThomasManor,severalchildrenarenot listedbyname,andafewcannotbeidentified.Surnamesfoundinthisgroup(thoughnotnecessarilylistedonthe1838Jesuit Slave Census itself) include: Queen; Butler; Coyle; Harris; Sweton/Sweden/Sweetum;Riley;Blair;andJohnson.Seventeen (17) individuals from St. ThomasManor are found listed on board the KatharineJacksonin1838.These17peopleweresplitupbetweentwoplantationsownedbyBateyandJohnsonrespectively,bothlocatednearMaringouin,LA(i.e,Batey’slocatedinIbervilleParish;andJohnson’slocatedjustacrosstheborderinPointeCoupeeParish).Twenty-three(23)peoplefromSaintThomasManorarebelievedtohaveremainedbehindinMaryland.Thesepeopleinclude(butarenotlimitedto)thefollowing:

35J.Zwinge,“TheJesuitFarmsinMaryland,”TheWoodstockLetters,vol.XL[40],no.2,1911,p.183.36T.Murphy,JesuitSlaveholdinginMaryland:1717-1838(Routledge,NewYork&London,2001),p.46.37 P. Finn, “The Slaves of the Jesuits of Maryland (M.A. thesis presented at Georgetown University, read andapprovedbytheCommitteeonAugust29,1974),p.1.

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SelectpeoplefromSt.ThomasManor;OrganizedbyAnnotationson1838JesuitSlaveCensus:

Married“Off-Plantation” MarriedtoaFreePerson “Runaways”

None None None


All twenty-three (23) Lost Jesuit Slaves fromSaint ThomasManor aredescribed immediatelybelow:Benedict(ID93):Age65in1838.NotincludedinanyLouisianapurchaserecords.Surnameisunknown.JohnButler(ID96):Age35in1838.IncludedinHenryJohnson’spurchaseof84,andnotedasnot transported to Louisiana. In 1826, Rev. FrancisNeale, SJ, superior of St. ThomasManor,contracted to hire John Butler, a freeman, to repair and take care of thewindmill on theplantation.38 If this is the same JohnButler, hewas erroneously includedon the 1838 JesuitSlaveCensus.JohnCoyle(ID97):Age21in1838.IncludedinHenryJohnson’spurchaseof84,andnotedasnot transported to Louisiana. Index searches of federal census records (i.e., 1870 and later)havebeenunsuccessfulinidentifyinghim.LenSweton/Sweden/Sweetum(ID99):Age50in1838.IncludedinHenryJohnson’spurchaseof 84, and noted as not transported to Louisiana. A Noble Sweeden, born ca. 1839–1842,appears in some Charles County records; he served in Company A of the 1st Regiment, U.S.ColoredTroops,diedin1895,andisburiedinArlingtonNationalCemetery.39Daniel(ID100):Age80in1838.IncludedinHenryJohnson’spurchaseof84,andnotedasnottransportedtoLouisiana.Surnameisunknown.Francis(ID107):Age8in1838.IncludedinHenryJohnson’spurchaseof84,andnotedasnottransportedtoLouisiana.Surnameisunknown.Stephen (ID 108): Age 60 in 1838. Described on the 1838 Jesuit Slave Census as “lame.”Included in Henry Johnson’s purchase of 84, and noted as not transported to Louisiana.Surname is unknown. This is likely the same Stephen for whom William Feiner, SJ, actingPresident of Georgetown College, wrote a pass dated 5 July 1827 allowing him to go to St.

38AgreementbetweenRev.FrancisNealeSJandJohnButler,afreeman,January9,1826,MPA,Box15,Folder17,Booth Family Center for Special Collections, Lauinger Library, Georgetown University, online at GeorgetownSlaveryArchive.39FindAGrave.com,Memorial#37755177.

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ThomasManor.Atthesametime,Rev.Feinerwrotea lettertoRev.FrancisNealeexplainingthat the plans of sending Stephen toMissouri had failed because Stephen’swife refused togo.Furthermore,accordingtoFatherFeiner,thewomanadvisedStephentogotoSt.Thomasandremainthere,indicatingshedidnotcaremuchforhim.Rev.Feineraddedthat,onaccountof Stephen’s bad conduct, there was no hope of finding anyone who would hirehim.Therefore,hefounditnecessarytosendhimbacktoSt.ThomasManor.40Matilda(ID111)&3Daughters:Age20–50in1838.Listedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensuswiththreedaughters(nonamesorIDs).IncludedinHenryJohnson’spurchaseof84,andnotedasnottransportedtoLouisiana.Surnameisunknown.Margaret(ID113)&1Daughter:Age20–50in1838.Listedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensuswithonedaughter(nonameorID).IncludedinHenryJohnson’spurchaseof84andnotedasnottransportedtoLouisiana.Surnameisunknown.Crissy(ID114)&4Children:Age20–50in1838.Listedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensuswithtwosonsandtwodaughters(nonamesorIDs).IncludedinHenryJohnson’spurchaseof84,andnotedasnottransportedtoLouisiana.Surnameisunknown.CrissymayhavebeenmarriedtoaslavenamedHenryownedbyMr. Elijah (also spelled “Elisha”)Boswell, a slave-ownerwhosenameappearsinbaptismalrecordsfromSt.ThomasManor41:

“1829, July 18. Was married Henry to Christina, with leave from their masters.–Henry belonging to Mr. Boswell, and Christina to St. Thomas Manor.”42

Celestia(ID115):Age20–50in1838.IncludedinHenryJohnson’spurchaseof84,andnotedasnottransportedtoLouisiana.Surnameisunknown.Louisa(ID117):Age20-50in1838.IncludedinHenryJohnson’spurchaseof84,andnotedasnottransportedtoLouisiana.Surnameisunknown.Teresia (ID 118): Age “over 50” in 1838. Included in Henry Johnson’s purchase of 84, andnotedasnottransportedtoLouisiana.Surnameisunknown.Mary(ID119):Age“over50”in1838.IncludedinHenryJohnson’spurchaseof84,andnotedasnottransportedtoLouisiana.Surnameisunknown. Mary(ID120):Age“over50”in1838.IncludedinHenryJohnson’spurchaseof84,andnoted

40APass forStephen, July5,1827,Box1,Folder5,Feiner:GeorgetownCollegeLetterbook,1827,04/01/1827-11/24/1827, Georgetown Universitymanuscripts, Booth Family Center for Special Collections, Lauinger Library,GeorgetownUniversity,onlineattheGeorgetownSlaveryArchive.41 Father Neale’s Register, St. Thomas, 1827-32, MPA Box 15, Folder 18, Booth Family Center for SpecialCollections,LauingerLibrary,GeorgetownUniversity,onlineattheGeorgetownSlaveryArchive.42“TheJesuitFarmsinMaryland,”WoodstockLetters,vol.XLI[41],no.2,June1912,p.200.

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asnottransportedtoLouisiana.Surnameisunknown.NewtownManor(St.Mary’sCounty,MD)

NewtownManor(alsosometimescalled“NewtowneManor”and“NewtownPlantation”)wasfoundedcirca1668,43andwasofficiallyknownwithintheSocietyofJesusastheMissionofSt.FrancisXavier.44OtherrelevantidentifyingdetailsofNewtownManorincludethefollowing:

• Location:St.Mary’sCounty,Maryland.• AdjacentRiver:PotomacRiver(atBretton’sBayandSt.Clement’sBay).• NearestModernTowns:LeonardtownMD;NewtowneMD;ComptonMD.• NearestModernLandmark:NewtowneNeckStatePark.• PrimaryJesuitChurch:St.FrancisXavier(ComptonMD),founded1731.• ApproximateSizein1830s:750acres45

ForNewtownManor,the1838JesuitSlaveCensuscontainsthefollowinginformation:



Surnames found in this group (thoughnot necessarily listedon the1838 Jesuit SlaveCensusitself)include:Brown;Greenlief;Hill;Plowden;Scott;andContee.Thirty-one (31) persons from NewtownManor were listed on board the Katharine Jackson.These 31 people were split up between two plantations owned by Batey and Johnsonrespectively,bothlocatednearMaringouin,Louisiana.46Thirteen(13)peoplefromNewtownManorarebelievedtohaveremainedbehindinMaryland.Thesepeopleinclude(butarenotlimitedto)thefollowing: 43J.Zwinge,“TheJesuitFarmsinMaryland,”TheWoodstockLetters,vol.XL,no.2,1911,pp.190-191.44T.Murphy,JesuitSlaveholdinginMaryland:1717-1838(Routledge,NewYork&London,2001),p.45.45 P. Finn, “The Slaves of the Jesuits of Maryland (M.A. thesis presented at Georgetown University, read andapprovedbytheCommitteeonAugust29,1974),pp.1-2.46ManifestoftheKatharineJackson,13Nov.1838,NewOrleans,Louisiana,SlaveManifests,1807–1860[databaseon-line].Provo,UT,USA:Ancestry.comOperations,Inc.,2010.

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SelectPeoplefromNewtownManor;OrganizedbyAnnotationson1838JesuitSlaveCensus:


Mary(ID131) None None

JohnBrown(ID135)

Abraham(ID136)

Mary(ID143)

Dick(ID145)


Allthirteen(13)LostJesuitSlavesfromNewtownManoraredescribedimmediatelybelow:Harry(ID122):Age65in1838.Identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusasthehusbandofDina(ID123)(seeentryimmediatelybelow).IncludedinHenryJohnson’spurchaseof84andnoted as not transported to Louisiana. Surname is believed to be Scott, based on the 1793baptismof“BennetofHarry&Dinah”atNewtownManor.47Dina(ID123):Age68in1838.Identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusasthewifeofHarry(ID 122) (see entry immediately above). Not included in Henry Johnson’s purchase of 84,althoughherhusbandwasincludedinthatparticularpurchase.MarriedsurnameisbelievedtobeScott(seeentryimmediatelyabove).Stephen(ID128):Age49in1838.Identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusasthehusbandofSarah(ID129)(seeentryimmediatelybelow).IncludedinHenryJohnson’spurchaseof84,andnotedasnot transported to Louisiana. Surname isunknown.He isbelieved tobe the sonofMichaelandBeck,baptizedatNewtownManorin1789.48Sarah (ID 129): Age 48 in 1838. Identified on the 1838 Jesuit Slave Census as thewife ofStephen(ID128)(seeentryimmediatelyabove).IncludedinHenryJohnson’spurchaseof84,andnotedasnot transported toLouisiana.Surname isunknown.She isbelieved tobeSarah“boughtofWashingtonBowling,wifetoStephen,”in1835.49Mary(ID131): Age59in1838. Identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusas“marriedoff.”

47 Births at Newtown, 1782–1792, Box 44, Folder 4, Item 3,MPA, Booth Family Center for Special Collections,LauingerLibrary,GeorgetownUniversity,onlineattheGeorgetownSlaveryArchive.48 Births at Newtown, 1782–1792, Box 44, Folder 4, Item 3,MPA, Booth Family Center for Special Collections,LauingerLibrary,GeorgetownUniversity,onlineattheGeorgetownSlaveryArchive.49SlavesBornatNewtown,1805–1835,“ListofNegrochildrenbaptized(1806–1835),”MPA,Box26:1,Folder2,Booth FamilyCenter for Special Collections, Lauinger Library,GeorgetownUniversity, online at theGeorgetownSlaveryArchive.

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Included in Henry Johnson’s purchase of 84, and noted as not transported to Louisiana.Surnameisunknown.Sheisbelievedtobethewifeof“R.ThompsonsHarry,”asnotedinthe1796baptismalrecordofsonJerryatNewtownManor.50Betty (ID132): Age46 in1838.Not included inanyLouisianapurchaserecords.Surname isunknown.JohnBrown(ID135):Age31in1838.Identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusas“marriedoff.”IncludedinHenryJohnson’spurchaseof84,andnotedasnottransportedtoLouisiana.Abraham(ID136): Age27 in1838. Identifiedon the1838 Jesuit SlaveCensusas “marriedoff.” Included inHenry Johnson’spurchaseof84,andnotedasnot transported toLouisiana.Surname isunknown.He isbelievedtobe“AbramofMary&Thompson’sHarry”baptizedatNewtownManorin1811.51Mary(ID143): Age23in1838. Identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusas“marriedoff.”Included in Henry Johnson’s purchase of 84, and noted as not transported to Louisiana.Surnameisunknown.Dick(ID145):Age24 in1838. Identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusasacarpenterand“marriedoff.” Included inHenry Johnson’spurchaseof84, andnotedasnot transported toLouisiana.HemaybeDick,sonofBetsyandLewellin’sslavenamedHenry,baptizedin1811atNewtown.52HissurnameislikelyPlowden;however,hissiblingsinLouisianalaterassumedthesurnameHill. TheGMPhas investigatedRichardPlowden,age40, laborer,born inMaryland,foundonthe1850censusofChambersburg (FranklinCounty),Pennsylvania,butresultswereinconclusive.53SeveralRichardHillsaroundthesameageasDickcanbefoundoncensusesintheMarylandarea,butnonehaveyetbeeninvestigated.Susanna(ID155):Age14 in1838. NotfoundonanyLouisianapurchaserecords.Surnameisunknown.UnnamedChildNo.1ofSt.ThomasManor(NoID):Age1in1838.NotfoundonanyLouisianapurchaserecords.Gender,parent(s)andsurnameunknown.UnnamedChildNo.2ofSt.ThomasManor(NoID):Age2in1838.NotfoundonanyLouisiana 50 Births at Newtown, 1782–1792, Box 44, Folder 4, Item 3,MPA, Booth Family Center for Special Collections,LauingerLibrary,GeorgetownUniversity,onlineattheGeorgetownSlaveryArchive.51SlavesBornatNewtown,1805–1835,“ListofNegrochildrenbaptized(1806–1835),”MPA,Box26:1,Folder2,Booth FamilyCenter for Special Collections, Lauinger Library,GeorgetownUniversity, online at theGeorgetownSlaveryArchive.52 List of negro children baptized (1806–1835), MPA, Box 26:1, Folder 2, Booth Family Center for SpecialCollections,LauingerLibrary,GeorgetownUniversity,onlineattheGeorgetownSlaveryArchive.531850censusFranklinCounty,Pennsylvania,Chambersburg,p.225B,family#189.

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purchaserecords.Gender,parent(s)andsurnameunknown.St.InigoesManor(St.Mary’sCounty,MD)

St. Inigoes Manor (also sometimes called “St. Inagoes Farm” and “St. Inigoes House”) wasfoundedcirca1637,54andwasofficiallyknownwithintheSocietyofJesusastheMissionoftheHolyAssumptionoftheVirginMary.55 OtherrelevantidentifyingdetailsofSt.InigoesManorincludethefollowing:

• Location:St.Mary’sCounty,Maryland.• AdjacentRiver:PotomacRiver(atSt.Mary’sRiver).• NearestModernTowns:St.InigoesMD;RidgeMD;St.Mary’sCityMD.• NearestModernLandmark:PatuxentRiverNavalAirStation.• PrimaryJesuitChurch:St.Ignatius(St.InigoesMD),founded1785-1788.• Nearby Jesuit Churches: St. Joseph’s (Morganza MD), founded 1700; and St. Peter

Claver(RidgeMD),founded1917.• ApproximateSizein1830s:3,000acres56

ForSt.InigoesManor,the1838JesuitSlaveCensuscontainsthefollowinginformation:



SurnamesfoundamongtheSt.Inigoesgroup(thoughnotnecessarilylistedonthe1838JesuitSave Census itself) include the following: Butler; Brown; Eaglin; Mahoney;Cush/Cutchmore/Cutchember; Gough; Merrick; Jones; Dorsey; Campbell; Barns;Wilton/Walton;andYorkshire.Twenty-seven (27) persons from St. Inigoes (i.e., two large families and six unmarriedmen)

54J.Zwinge,“TheJesuitFarmsinMaryland,”TheWoodstockLetters,vol.XXXIX,no.3,1910,pp.376-377.55T.Murphy,JesuitSlaveholdinginMaryland:1717-1838(Routledge,NewYork&London,2001),p.45.56 P. Finn, “The Slaves of the Jesuits of Maryland (M.A. thesis presented at Georgetown University, read andapprovedbytheCommitteeonAugust29,1974),p.1.

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wereinthefirstgroupsenttoLouisianaonboardtheUncas;andforty(40)moreweresenttoLouisianaonboardtheKatharineJackson. AfewothersfromSt.InigoesarebelievedtohavebeensenttoLouisianabyanunknownvesselsometimearoundtheendof1843.Twenty-one (21) people fromSt. Inigoes arebelieved tohave remainedbehind inMaryland.Thesepeopleinclude(butarenotlimitedto)thefollowing:SelectPeoplefromSt.Inigoes;OrganizedbyAnnotationson1838JesuitSlaveCensus:


RegisGough(ID202) None NaceButler[Jr.](ID168)

Joseph(ID208) ArnoldJones(ID216)

HarryMahoney?(ID211) DickCampbell?(ID236)

GabeMahoney?(ID213)

Regis(ID244)

Peter(ID246)

MichaelQueen?(ID248)

Alexius(ID251)

Zeke(ID256)

Henny(ID258)


Alltwenty-one(21)LostJesuitSlavesfromSt.Inigoesaredescribedimmediatelybelow:NaceButler[Jr.](ID168):Age20in1838.Presumed(basedonhispositioninthelist-orderofthe1838JesuitSlaveCensus)tobethesonofNaceButler[Sr.](ID167)andBibyButler(ID169),both ofwhomwere sent to Louisiana (Maringouin, Iberville Parish) in 1838. Identified as a“runaway”onthe1838JesuitSlaveCensus.Nace,age20,waspurchasedfor$864,andlistedinHenryJohnson’sundatedpurchaseof11(butnoevidencehasyetbeenfoundsuggestingthathewastransportedtoLouisiana).

In the ongoing search forNace Butler (ID 168) inMaryland and elsewhere, theGeorgetownMemoryProjecthaslocatedanIgnatiusButler,bornca.1818anddied1888,andburiedatSt.Inigoes,MD.57InconnectionwiththisparticularIgnatiusButler,theGMPhasalsofound:

• aphotographofagrave-marker(nowmissing,butapparentlylocateduntilcirca2010 inthecemeteryofSt. IgnatiusRomanCatholicChurch inSt. Inigoes,MD)consistingofanironcrossbearingthewords“PrayforthesoulofIgnatiusButler,died1888,age67”.

57FindAGrave.com,Memorial#19458833.

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• Apage inthe1870U.S.Censusenumerating IgnatiusButler (born1818),alongwithhiswifeAnnandtheirchildren(includingThomas,Susan,andtheirsiblings),inDistrict1,St.Mary’s,MD,St.InigoesPostOffice.

• TwolivingdescendantsofIgnatiusButlerofSt.Inigoes,MD(residinginMarylandandNewJersey)whohavetakenDNAtests.Unfortunately,theresultsoftheseDNA tests have been inconclusive (i.e., have not established a link betweeneither of these twoMD/NJ-based descendants of Ignatius Butler buried in St.Inigoes,andverifiedLouisiana-baseddescendantsofNaceButlerSr.(ID167)andBibyButler(ID169)).

Inviewoftheforegoing(especiallytheabsenceofcompellingDNAevidence),theGeorgetownMemoryProjectcannotyetsaywithcertaintythatNaceButler[Jr.](ID168)isthesamepersonas the Ignatius Butler buried in the cemetery at St. Ignatius Church in St. Inigoes,MD, andenumerated in the1870USCensus. TheGMPcontinues to search for information,evidenceand descendants that might help prove the link between Nace Butler (ID 168) and thisparticularIgnatiusButler.Biby (ID 187): Age 5 in 1838. Not found on any Louisiana purchase records. Surname isunknown.REGISGOUGH(ID202):Age28in1838.Identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusas“marriedoff.”HeislikelythesameasRegis(ID88),acarpenteratWhiteMarsh(namemarkedthroughon the census). He was included in Henry Johnson’s purchase of 84, and noted as nottransported to Louisiana. TheGMPhas conclusively identified RegisGough (ID 202) as RegisGough,born1804anddied1888inSt.Mary’sCounty,Maryland58LivingdescendantsofRegisGough have been located, and several have participated in the GMP’s GU272-focused DNAstudy.Joseph(ID208):Age22in1838.Identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusas“marriedoff.”Included in Henry Johnson’s purchase of 84, and noted as not transported to Louisiana.Surnameisunknown.Harry (ID209): Age75 in1838.ProbablyhusbandofAnny (ID210) (seeentry immediatelybelow).IncludedinHenryJohnson’spurchaseof84,andnotedasnottransportedtoLouisiana.SurnamewasprobablyMahoney.Anny(ID210):Age70in1838.ProbablywifeofHarry(ID209)(seeentryimmediatelyabove).Included in Henry Johnson’s purchase of 84, and noted as not transported to Louisiana.SurnameislikelyMahoney.Harry (ID211): Age40 in1838. Identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusas“marriedoff.”Included in Henry Johnson’s purchase of 84, and noted as not transported to Louisiana. 58SaintMary’sBeacon,Leonardtown,Maryland,19July1888.

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SurnameislikelyMahoney.Nelly(ID212):Age38in1838.NotfoundonanyLouisianapurchaserecords.SurnameislikelyMahoney.Nellywasmentionedinan1850letterinwhichapriestatNewtownwrote:

“SinceIlastwrotetoyou,IhavepartedfromNellytoaverygoodCatholic,nearMedley’sNeckChurch.Hehasherforanindefiniteperiod,–nosaleratified,sothat if thesocietyshouldeverchoose tobeembarrassedwithheragain, it cantakeherback–nottoNewtownnecessarily.ShewentoriginallyfromSt.Inigoes,where she was born and raised., to Alexandria, from Alexandria to Newtownafter leaving Newtown she will be common property again, subject to theProcuratorGeneral–whomayratifyasale,ordisposeofherotherwise.AfirstrateLadyhassecuredher,onewithwhomyouaresomewhatacquainted,sheisthe sister ofMrs. Hammet of St. Nicholas, the tall ladywhowanted one in StNicholas,Ms.Combs.Allwhohaveheardofmysolutionaredelighted.- Iknowherwell.”59

Gabe(ID213):Age28in1838.Identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusasablacksmithand“marriedoff.” IncludedonHenryJohnson’spurchaseof84,andnotedasnottransportedtoLouisiana.SurnameispossiblyMahoney.Daniel(ID214):Age25in1838.NotincludedonanyLouisianapurchaserecord.SurnameispossiblyMahoney.LOUISAMAHONEY(ID215):Age23in1838.IncludedonHenryJohnson’spurchaseof84andnoted as not transported to Louisiana. Louisa Mahoney (ID 215) has been conclusivelyidentifiedbytheGMPasremaininginMarylandafterthe1838sale.Louisaremainedenslaveduntil Maryland’s emancipation in 1864.60 She married Alexander Mason, and died and wasburiedatSt.Inigoes,3July1909.61Arnold Jones (ID 216): Age 38 in 1838. Identified on the 1838 Jesuit Slave Census as arunaway(eventhoughhe is listedthesamedocument immediatelyabovehiswifeAnny,age27;hissonArnold,age7;andhisdaughterLouisa,age5. Anny,Arnold[Jr],andLouisaweresoldtoHenryJohnson’splantationinAscensionParish,LA.Arnold,age38,waspurchasedfor$702and is listed inHenry Johnson’sundatedpurchaseof11 (butnoevidencehasyetbeenfoundsuggestingthathewastransportedtoLouisiana).HemaybethesameArnoldJoneswhoranawaywithhisbrother,MosesBennett,fromThomasSmithofSt.Mary’sCounty,MD,inthefallof1833;andtheArnoldJoneswhoalsoranawayfromWashington,DC,inJuly1836. 59 R. Woodley to I. Brocard, Sept. 25, 1850, Box 71, File 10, Item 7, MPA, Booth Family Center for SpecialCollections,LauingerLibrary,GeorgetownUniversity,onlineattheGeorgetownSlaveryArchive.60 Agnes Kane Callum, Slave Statistics of St. Mary’s County Maryland, 1864, Commissioner George B. Dent(Baltimore:MullacPublishers,1993),p.102.61St.Mary’sBeacon,LeonardTown,Md.,22July1909.

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Dick(ID236):Age40in1838.Identifiedasa“runaway”onthe1838JesuitSlaveCensus.Dick,age40,waspurchasedfor$648andlistedinHenryJohnson’sundatedpurchaseof11(butnoevidencehasyetbeenfoundsuggestingthathewastransportedtoLouisiana).SurnamemaybeCampbell.Regis (ID244): Age28 in1838. Identifiedon1838JesuitSlaveCensusas“marriedoff.”NotfoundonanyLouisianapurchaserecord.Surnameisunknown.Peter(ID246): Age37in1838. Identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusas“marriedoff.”Included on Henry Johnson’s purchase of 84, and noted as not transported to Louisiana.Surnameisunknown.Michael(ID248):Age33in1838.Identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusas“marriedoff.”Included on Henry Johnson’s purchase of 84, and noted as not transported to Louisiana.Surnameisunknown.Onepossiblecandidatehasbeenidentified;aslavenamedMichaelandhiswifewerestillatStJoseph’sMissioninTalbotCountyin1839,describedasfollows:

“In1839,aftertheslaveshadbeensoldontheotherplantations,therestillremained at St. Joseph’s [Mission, in Talbot County, MD] Old Nancy,Michaelandhiswife,Nedandhiswife,Samandoneortwoothers;Nedwashiredoutat$40ayearuntil1863.”62

An African American family headed by Michael and Emeline Quin (spelled Queen in otherrecords) lived in Talbot County as free people in 1850, and relocated to Delaware County,Pennsylvania,by1880.63EmelineQueenapprenticedthreeoftheQueenchildrentoa“farmer”identifiedasCharlesC.Lancaster(believedtobeCCLancaster,SJ) in1841,suggestingacloseassociationwithSt.Joseph’sMission.64 Alexius(ID251):Age36in1838.Identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusas“marriedoff.”Included on Henry Johnson’s purchase of 84, and noted as not transported to Louisiana.Surname is likelyYorkshire.Onthe1838JesuitSlaveCensus,Alexiusappears justbelowSally(ID 250), age 56, who appears later in Louisiana records as Sally Yorkshire. They are ofappropriate ages to be mother and son. Several death certificates identifying Elexius (andLexius) Yorkshire as father have been found, as well as a marriage record for a daughter.PreliminaryDNAtestingononelinematchesothermembersoftheGU272inLouisiana.Zeke (ID256): Age32 in1838. Identifiedon the1838 Jesuit SlaveCensusas “marriedoff.”

62J.Zwinge,“TheJesuitFarmsinMaryland,”TheWoodstockLetters,vol.XLI[41],no.3,1912,p.278.63 1850 census TalbotCo.,Md., [nodistrict named], p. 22B, family #299; 1880 censusDelawareCo., Pa., SouthChesterBoroughE.D.16,p.48D,family#467.64 Talbot Co., Md., Register of Wills, Indentures 5:14–16, Mary Ellen Queen, Josiah Queen, and Isaac Queen;MarylandStateArchives(MSA)C1870-7,Annapolis,Maryland.

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Included on Henry Johnson’s purchase of 84, and noted as not transported to Louisiana.Surnameisunknown.Nathan(ID257):Age64in1838.Identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusasthehusbandofHenny (ID 258) (see entry immediately below). IncludedonHenry Johnson’s purchaseof 84,andnotedasnottransportedtoLouisiana.Surnameisunknown.Henny(ID258): Age60 in1838. Identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusas“marriedoff”andalsoasthewifeofNathan(ID257)(seeentryimmediatelyabove).Hernameiscrossedouton the 1838 Jesuit Slave Census. She is not included on Henry’s Johnson’s purchase of 84,althoughherhusbandNathan(ID257)wasincluded.Surnameisunknown.James (ID 259): Age 60 in 1838. Identified on 1838 Jesuit Slave Census as “notmarried.”Included on Henry Johnson’s purchase of 84, and noted as not transported to Louisiana.Surnameisunknown.

******

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Section3:

Analysis&ConclusionsPrimaryObservations

Ninety-onepeopleisalotofpeople.It’s significantly more people than anyone has ever before suggested were left behind inMarylandafterthe1838Jesuitslavesale.Indeed,91isalmostone-thirdofthetotalnumberofpeople (approximately 297) involved in the 1838 slave sale orchestrated by the MarylandJesuits.Fromtheearliestdays,thepost-1838chapteroftheGU272tragedyhasbeentoldasastoryofhuman enslavement, isolation and abandonment that unfolded in three distinct locations insouthernLouisiana:

• TerrebonneParish• IbervilleParish• AscensionParish

Tothispost-1838narrative,wemustnowaddafourthlocationaswell:theTidewaterregionofMaryland. Dozens and perhaps hundreds of families suffered decades of destruction,destitution,anddislocation insouthernMarylandasadirectresultofthe1838sale.ThiswastheMarylandJesuitSlaveDiasporaof1838.To date, the GMP has been able to confirm that 206members of the GU272were actuallytransportedtoplantationsinsouthernLouisianaduringtheperiod1838-1843.Theremainingninety-one(91)peoplearecountedamongtheLostJesuitSlavesofMaryland.Fornow.

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HistoricalEvidencefortheMarylandDiaspora

Thehistorical recordofferssubstantial support for thenotion thata large (andperhapsevenverylarge)numberofJesuitslavesstayedbehindinMarylandpermanentlyafterthe1838sale.Specifically, this scenario is consistent with Henry Johnson’s own account of the matter,expressedinwritingandunderoathjustafewyearsafterthe1838transaction.By 1844, Henry Johnson had fallen behind in his payments on the promissory notes he hadgiventotheMarylandJesuits inexchangefortheenslavedpeoplehepurchasedin1838. OnFebruary17,1844,asettlementagreementofsortswasreachedbetweenHenryJohnsonandEdmundJohnForstallofNewOrleans,aduly-appointedagentoftheMarylandJesuits.65Inthissettlementagreement,HenryJohnsonmadethefollowingdeclaration:

“The[June19,1838PurchaseAgreementfor272Slaves]wasbutpartlyexecuted…and…thenumberofslavessoldbythesaidThomasF.Mulledywasonlyoftwohundredandfour….”66(emphasissupplied).

In the same document, Johnson listed 9 slaves by name and age. Johnson described theseslaveswiththefollowingwords:

“Said[9]slavesbeingtheonlyslavestransportedintoLouisiana,outoftheEightyfour slaves sold by the aforesaid act of the twenty ninth November Eighteenhundredandthirtyeight,theotherslavesbeingdeadorhavingbeenexchangedbythesaidHenryJohnson.”67(emphasissupplied).

Johnsonconcludedhistestimonyregardingthismatterbystatingthefollowing:

“[O]ftheEightyfourslavesdescribedashavingbeenimportedintoLouisiana,bythe confirmatory act of the Eighteenth September Eighteenhundredand thirtynine, the aforedescribed [nine slaves] only, were truly imported, the othershavingbeendisposedof by him the said Johnson inMarylandor by him leftthere, he affirming that it was verbally understood between himself and Mr.Mulledy, that the said Johnson should be permitted to exchange such of theslaves asweremarried among the said Eighty four slaves, andwhosewives&husbands did not belong to said lot, or otherwise dispose of such so as not toseparateman&wife.”68 (emphasissupplied).

65AgreementbetweenHenryJohnsonandEdmundForstall,onbehalfofRev.ThomasF.Mulledy,dated17Feb.1844,ConveyanceBookV,No.479,IbervilleParishClerkofCourt,Plaquemine,La.66Id.atp.1.67Idatpp.23-24. 68Id.atp.24.

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Forhispart,EdmundJ.Forstall,theNewOrleans-basedagentoftheMarylandJesuits,declared:“[H]e [i.e., Forstall]hasnoknowledgewhatsoeverof the factscontained in thedeclaration of said Henry Johnson, [and] that on the contrary all the acts [i.e.legaldocuments]placedinhishands…tendtoshowthattheEightyfourslaveshadactuallybeentransportedtoLouisiana….”69

ApparentlyanxioustorestructurehisoutstandingdebtstotheMarylandJesuits(andperhapshavingnorealisticalternative),HenryJohnsonacquiescedinthematterasfollows:

“NowthesaidHenryJohnsonbeingaboutleavingtheState[i.e.,Louisiana]anditbeing considered expedient to bring this arrangement [i.e., his contractualagreementtopurchase84slavesfromtheMarylandJesuits]toaconclusion,itisagreed to close it and to carry it into effect as if completed….”70 (emphasissupplied).

Johnson’s declaration is probably best understood as a statement of commercial expedienceratherthanhistoricaltruth.AsFatherZwingewrotealmost75yearsafterthefact:

“There is no doubt that there are quite a number of colored people at thepresent time about our estates,who are descended from our old slaves, thatweresoldtotheneighborsorexchangedin1838,andfromsomekindofsecretconsciousness of the fact, they are attached to the priests….”71 (emphasissupplied).

CommonCharacteristicsoftheLostJesuitSlaves

TheLostJesuitSlavesofMarylandareadiversegroupofpeople.AdetailedstatisticalanalysisofthispopulationissetforthasAttachmentGtothisarticle.Itmayneverbepossibletofullydeterminewhytheywereleftbehind,simplybylookingatwhotheywere.Nevertheless,thefollowingstatisticalobservations(amongothers)standout:

• Almosttwo-thirds(64%)possessoneormoreofthefollowing3statuses:72 69Id.atp.24.70Id.atpp.24-25.71J.Zwinge,“TheJesuitFarmsinMaryland,”TheWoodstockLetters,vol.XLI[41],no.3,1912,p.291. 72 ItisinterestingtonotethatthesearethethreestatusesgrantedspecialprotectioninaletterdatedDecember27,1836writtenbytheSuperiorGeneraloftheSocietyofJesus,FatherJanRoothaan,inwhichheestablishedhisconditionsforapprovingthesaleoftheMarylandslaves.RoothaantoMcSherry,27December1836,MPA,Box93,Folder 9, Booth Family Center for Special Collections, Lauinger Library, Georgetown University, online at theGeorgetown Slavery Archive. Of course, whether these people actually received such special protection is aseparatematteraltogether.ThefactthattheywereleftbehindinMarylandin1838doesnot,byitself,provethematteronewayortheother.

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o “Marriedoff”or“marriedfree”o Elderlyand/orinfirm(mentallyorphysically)o Children(adultorinfant)ofothersleftbehind

• Themajority(54%)weremales.

• Themajority(also54%)wereintheprimeoflife(age18-59).PossibleExplanationsfortheMarylandDiaspora

It isdifficult toconstructplausiblescenarios inwhichnearlyonehundredJesuitslaves stayedbehindinMarylandafterthe1838sale.Andyetthisseemstobepreciselywhathappenedasamatterofhistoricalfact.It’sevenmoredifficulttoexplainhow,whereandwhythisoccurred. Someleadingscenariosarediscussedandevaluatedbrieflybelow.(a) ContinuedJesuitOwnership.ContrarytoassertionsmadebyleadingJesuithistorians73,JesuitslaveholdinginMarylanddidnotcometoanendin1838.AmpledocumentaryevidenceindicatesthattheMarylandJesuitscontinued toownslaves from1838until theyears justprior toEmancipation inMaryland in1864.Regardless, no evidence has been found to date suggesting that the Maryland Jesuits heldanythinglike91slavesintheyearsanddecadesafter1838.Asnotedelsewhere,inMay1839,FatherGrivelwrotetothecontrary:

“There remain in our farms only few old people, well provided for their lifetimes.”74(emphasissupplied).

Forthisreason,wemustdispensewiththeideathatmostoralloftheLostJesuitSlavessimplyremainedontheJesuitestatesasservantsortenantfarmersoncetheslave-shipsembarkedforLouisianain1838.(b) EscapeintoFreedom.Likewise,wemustrelinquishtheideathatnearlyonehundredJesuitslavessomehowescapedintofreedom,justafewstepsaheadoftheLouisianaslave-tradersandthelocalcountysheriff.Asnotedelsewhere,theLostJesuitSlavesrangeinagefrom1year(ElizabethandWilliam,both 73 See,e.g.,T.Murphy,SJ,JesuitSlaveholdinginMaryland:1717-1838(Routledge,NewYork&London,2001),atp.187(“ChapterSeven,TheEndofMarylandJesuitSlaveholding,1838”). 74 Letter from Fr. Grivel to Fr. Lancaster, 4May 1839,MPA, Box 66, Folder 1, Booth Family Center for SpecialCollections,LauingerLibrary,GeorgetownUniversity,onlineattheGeorgetownSlaveryArchive.

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ofWhiteMarsh)to80(Daniel,ofSt.ThomasManor).Infact,30%oftheLostJesuitSlaveswere17oryounger,andatleast24%wereover50.Inotherwords,morethanhalfoftheLostJesuitSlavesseemunsuitablecandidatesforflight,owingtoreasonsrelatingtoagealone.Inanyevent,aspreviouslynoted,FatherJosephZwingewrote(albeitnearly75yearsaftertheeventsof1838):

When the time came for being transferred to their newmaster, someof themwhodreadedthetriptoLouisianaranaway,butonlyoneortworanfarenoughtogetaway.75(emphasissupplied).

(c) MultipleCauses.ThemostlikelyexplanationfortheMarylanddiasporainvolvesmultiplecauses.Inotherwords,it’slikelythatdifferentJesuitslavesremainedbehindinMarylandfordifferentreasons.TheGMPhascarefullyreviewedtheknownfactsandcircumstancesofeachoftheLostJesuitSlaves, and made a “best guess” as to why each individual may have been left behind inMaryland.(Inanumberofcases,multiplereasonsmayhavecontributedtotheoutcomeforasingleindividual.Intheseinstances,toavoiddouble-counting,wehaveassigneda“bestbest-guess” to the individual leftbehind). The resultsof thisanalysis arepresented immediatelybelow:PrimaryReasonforBeingLeftBehind(GMPBestGuess):

MaritalCircumstances(marriedofformarriedfree) 24 26%

Childofaperson“leftbehind” 19 21%

Elderly(60orolder)orinfirm(mentallyorphysically) 15 16%

“Runaway”(i.e.,notfoundwhencensusmade) 9 10%

Escapedarrivalofslave-traders 1 1%

Includedonlistsbymistake 1 1%

NoGMPhypothesisyet 22 24%

TOTAL 91 100%

Asshownabove, the“best-guess”approachprovidesanexplanationforwhy76%oftheLostJesuit Slaves may have stayed behind in Maryland in 1838. However, twenty-four percent(24%)defyreadyexplanation.

75J.Zwinge,“TheJesuitFarmsinMaryland,”TheWoodstockLetters,vol.XLI[41],no.3,1912,p.282.

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Inanyevent,evenifcorrect,these“best-guess”explanationsarethinatbest.Knowingwhyanindividual may have been left behind offers few clues or none into how, when, where andunderwhatcircumstancesthis“disposition”(touseHenryJohnson’sword)mayhaveoccurred.(d) OneMorePossibility.

After reviewing the foregoing explanations, it is possible to imagine a number of differentplaceswhereonemighttoexpecttofindsomeoralloftheLostJesuitSlavesinthepost-1838period:

• The original Jesuit plantations themselves (i.e., White Marsh, St. Thomas Manor,NewtownManor,andSt.InigoesManor).

• TenantfarmslocatedonthefourJesuitplantations.• Neighboringplantationsandfarmsoperatedbynon-Jesuitowners.• Nearby communities of free and escaped black people (located, for example, in

BaltimoreCity,Pennsylvania,NewJersey,andDelaware).• More distant locations owned andmanaged by theMaryland Jesuits (including Jesuit

establishments located in Alexandria, VA;Washington,DC; Frederick,MD; and south-easternPennsylvania).

Underthesescenarios,wewouldindeedexpectFatherZwinge(writingin1912)tofind“quiteanumberofcoloredpeopleatthepresenttimeaboutourestates,whoaredescendedfromourold slaves.”76 However, their “attachment to thepriests” (real or imagined)wouldnothaverequiredanythinglikethe“secretconsciousnessofthefact”thatFatherZwingeposited.77Itisfarmore likely that they simply recalled the horrific events of 1838 – even as those eventsbecameforgottenandobscuredinthemindsoftheirJesuitneighbors.However, another possibilitymust be considered aswell: perhaps at least someof the LostJesuitSlaveswereforciblyremovedfromtheJesuitplantations in1838alongwiththerestoftheGU272,and then immediately sold in theopen slave-auctionsofBaltimoreorAlexandria(perhaps as a way of raising the ready-cash required to meet the down payment andtransportation costs involved in the transaction). Perhaps this iswhatHenry Johnsonmeantwhenhealludedtoslaves“havingbeendisposedofbyhimthesaidJohnsoninMaryland….”78

76J.Zwinge,“TheJesuitFarmsinMaryland,”TheWoodstockLetters,vol.XLI[41],no.3,1912,p.291. 77Id.78AgreementbetweenHenryJohnsonandEdmundForstall,onbehalfofRev.ThomasF.Mulledy,dated17Feb.1844,ConveyanceBookV,No.479,IbervilleParishClerkofCourt,Plaquemine,LA,atp.24.

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If so, we would expect to look in the following places for mentions and traces of theseunfortunateindividuals:

• Letters,diaries,accountbooks,andotherofficialpapersoftheMarylandJesuits.• PrivatepapersandlettersofGovernorHenryJohnson.• NewspaperadvertisementsinVirginiaandMaryland.• SlaveauctionrecordsinVirginiaandMaryland.• Ship manifests for vessels bound from Alexandria, VA for locations other than New

Orleans,LA.

UnansweredQuestions&TopicsforFutureResearch

Agreatdealoftime,moneyandeffortwasrequired inordertosimply isolatetheLostJesuitSlaveswithinthelargerGU272population,andassemblewhatlittlethereistobeknownaboutthe names, families, and life-circumstances of these individuals. But thiswork ismerely thestartingpointforthesignificantresearchthatremainstobedone.TheGeorgetownMemoryProjectproposes the following topicsaspotentialareas for fruitfulinquiry(beginningwiththemostobviousandmosturgent):

• Names,life-circumstancesanddirectdescendantsoftheLostJesuitSlaves.• MentionsoftheLostJesuitSlavesinthesacramentalandparishrecordsoftheMaryland

Jesuits.• BuriallocationsoftheLostJesuitSlaves.• NamesandlocationsofallslavesownedbytheMarylandJesuits:1838-1864.• NamesofallslavesownedbytenantfarmersoftheMarylandJesuits:1838-1864.• NamesofallslavesownedbyneighborsoftheJesuitplantations:1838-1864.• Mentionsof theLost JesuitSlaves (or theirpotential close relatives) in thecounty-by-

countyMarylandSlaveStatisticsof1864.• Names, locations, and conditions-of-servitude of African-American servants of the

MarylandJesuits:1864-1910.Furtherresearchisnecessary.

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AttachmentA:Analysisofthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusThe1838JesuitSlaveCensus79isanoversized,horizontally-orientedledgersheetcontainingsixcolumns of names, organized by Jesuit plantation inMaryland. Without question, the 1838JesuitSlaveCensuswascompletedshortlybeforeJune1838,andservedasthebasisforthelistofnamesrecitedinthe1838SaleAgreement(signedonJune19,1838).The1838JesuitSlaveCensusendswithaflourish–ahandwrittennotationinthebottomright-hand corner that reads “272 in all.” However, the number of people named (or otherwiseindicated)onthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusdoesnotactuallytotal272.Instead,thisdocumentcontains:

• 277separateentries(countingeveryhandwrittenidentifierappearingonthefaceofthedocument – including proper names, crossed-out proper names, duplicate propernames,andreferencestounnamedpersons).

• 7crossed-outpropernames:o Nancyage34fromWhiteMarsh(1838Census,Column2,No.27).

o Regisage28fromWhiteMarsh(1838Census,Column2,No.42).

o SalfromNewtown(1838Census,Column4,No.24)(crossedoutinfavorofLucinaage10fromNewtown).

o EstherfromNewtown(1838Census,Column4,No.27)(crossedoutinfavorofPegage8fromNewtown).

o BarneyfromSt.Inigoes(1838Census,Column6,No.2)(crossedoutinfavorofTeresaage42fromSt.Inigoes).

o JohnageunknownfromSt.Inigoes(1838Census,Column6,No.23)

o Henny,Nathan’swife,age60fromSt.Inigoes(1838Census,Column6,No.34).

• 3likelyduplicativepropernames:o Regisage28ofSt.Inigoesappearsat1838Census,Column6,No.20.Butthefollowing

duplicatereferencestothesameindividualappearselsewhereinthesamedocument:

§ RegisGoughage28fromSt.Inigoes(1838Census,Column5,No.21;

§ Regisage28fromWhiteMarsh(1838Census,Column2,No.42).[Note:Thisparticularreferencehasalreadybeenaccountedforundertheseven“cross-outs”listedabove.]

79 “Census of slaves to be sold in 1838,” MPA, Oversize Box 4 (WO 112), Booth Family Center for SpecialCollections,LauingerLibrary,GeorgetownUniversity,onlineattheGeorgetownSlaveryArchive.

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o Mary):ageunknownfromSt.Thomasappearsat1838Census,Column3,No.43.Butthefollowingduplicatereferencetothesameindividualappearsimmediatelybelowit:

§ MaryageunknownfromSt.Thomas(1838Census,Column3,No.44).80

o BillCushaage28fromSt.Inigoesappearsat1838Census,Column5,No.20.Butthefollowinglikelyduplicateappearselsewhereinthesamedocument:

§ Billage28fromSt.Inigoes,notmarried(1838Census,Column5,No.44).

• 267“netentries”(i.e.,netof7cross-outsand3likelyduplicates).

• Ofthe267netentries:244propernames(i.e.,netofcross-outsandlikelyduplicates).

• Ofthe267netentries:Referencestoanadditional23distinctbutunnamedindividuals.Insummary,the1838JesuitSlaveCensusconsistsof:



*****

80Thisconclusionisprovisional.ThepossibilitythatMary(1838Census,Column3,No.44)isaduplicateofMary(1838Census, Column3,No. 43) is based largely on the fact that the 1838 SaleAgreement contains only onepersonnamedMary(1838SaleAgreement,Page2,No.89)inthespotwhereonemightotherwiseexpecttofindtwo persons namedMary. It is possible that the drafter of the 1838 Jesuit Slave Censusmade an error, andincludedasecond(i.e.,duplicate)MaryinthelistofenslavedpeoplefromSt.ThomasManor.However,itisalsopossible that thedrafter of the1838 SaleAgreementmade theerror, andomitted a second (i.e., separate anddistinct)Mary.Themattercannotberesolvedbyreferencetothetwodocumentsalone.Inthemainbodytextofthisarticle, theGeorgetownMemoryProjectproceedsontheassumptionthatthetwopersonsnamedMaryonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusare indeedtwoseparateanddistinct individuals. Fornowat least,bothMarysarecountedandincludedamongtheLostJesuitSlavesofMaryland.

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AttachmentB:Analysisofthe1838SaleAgreement

The1838SaleAgreement81isaneight-page,handwrittenagreementsignedanddated19June19,1838,betweenThomasF.Mulledy(fortheMarylandJesuits)andthetwoLouisiana-basedslave-purchasers (Jesse Batey andHenry Johnson). A name-by-name comparison of the list-sequence inthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusandthe1838SaleAgreementstronglysupportstheconclusionthatthedrafterofthe1838SaleAgreement(likelyWilliamMcSherry,SJ,basedonaclosecomparisonofthehandwritinginthe1838SaleAgreementwiththehandwritingfoundinmanuscriptsandlettersbearingMcSherry’ssignature)relieddirectlyonthe1838SlaveCensuswhencompletinghiswork(thoughnotwithouterrorsordiscrepancies). The1838SaleAgreementclearlystatesthattheMarylandJesuitsintendedtosell“twohundredandseventytwonegroes.”However,thenumberofpeoplenamed(orotherwiseindicated)onthe1838SaleAgreementdoesnotactuallytotal272.The1838SaleAgreementactuallyconsistsoftwoseparateparts,eachofwhichisanalyzedanddescribedindetailbelow.(1) MainBodyofthe1838SaleAgreement.

Themain body of the 1838 SaleAgreement consists of several pages (specifically, 1838 SaleAgreement,Pages1-4)listingthenamesofall individualsintendedtobeincludedinthe1838sale.Themainbodycontainsthefollowing:

• 271 separate entries (counting every handwritten identifier in the main body of thedocument – including proper names, crossed-out proper names, duplicate proper names,andreferencestounnamedpersons).

• 1crossed-outpropername:o Minty(1838SaleAgreement,MainBody,atPage2,No.27).[NB:Mintyreappears,without

anyinterlineation,at1838SaleAgreement,MainBody,Page2,No.30.]

81“ArticlesofAgreementbetweenThomasF.Mulledy,ofGeorgetown,DistrictofColumbia,ofonepart,andJesseBeatty(sic)andHenryJohnson,oftheStateofLouisiana,oftheotherpart,19thJune1838,”MPA,Box40,File10,Item 3a-h, Booth Family Center for Special Collections, Lauinger Library, Georgetown University, online at theGeorgetownSlaveryArchive.

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• 1likelyduplicativeentry:o Jamesage60appearsat1838SaleAgreement,MainBody,Page4,No.37.Butthe

followinglikelyduplicateentryappearselsewhereinthemainbody:Jamesage60at1838SaleAgreement,MainBody,Page4,No.25.

• 269netentries(i.e.,netof1cross-outand1duplicate).

• Ofthe269netentries:246propernames(i.e.,netofcross-outsandduplicates).

• Ofthe269netentries:Referencestoanadditional23distinctbutunnamedindividuals.Insummary,themainbodyofthe1838SaleAgreementconsistsof:

271separatehandwrittenidentifiersofallsorts.– 1crossed-outentry– 1likelyduplicateentry


(2) AgreementAddendum:AListof51Negroes

The1838SaleAgreementcontainsanaddendumentitled“Alistoffiftyonenegroesreferredtointheforegoingcontract…”(the“AgreementAddendum”).Adiscussionanddescriptionofthenames appearing in the Agreement Addendum is included here, primarily for the sake ofcompleteness.

TheAgreementAddendumisadouble-columnedlistofnames,takingupmostofthelasttwopagesofthe1838SaleAgreement(i.e.,1838SaleAgreement,Pages7-8).Thefinalentryonthislistis“child[age]2”(1838SaleAgreement,Addendum,Page8,No.56),beneathwhichaneatlinehasbeendrawninblackink.Immediatelybelowthislineappearsthenumber“51”(asin“51intotal”).

Onceagain,themathisn’tquiteright.Uponcloserexamination,theAgreementAddendumisrevealedtocontainthefollowing:

• 56separateentries(countingeveryhandwrittenidentifierappearingintheAgreementAddendum– i.e., proper names, crossed-out proper names, duplicate proper names,andreferencestounnamedpersons).

• 3crossed-outpropernames:o IsaacofWhiteMarsh(1838SaleAgreement,Addendum,Page7,Column1,No.10)

o ZekeofSt.Inigoes(1838SaleAgreement,Addendum,Page7,Column2,No.10)

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o JosephofSt.Inigoes(1838SaleAgreement,Addendum,Page7,Column2,No.13)

• 1likelyduplicativeentry:o Bill Cush, age 28 of St. Inigoes (notmarried) appears for the first time in the Agreement

AddendumatPage7,Column2,No.9. This first reference toBillCush in theAgreementAddendumcanbeproperlymatchedwithcorrespondingreferencestoBillCushinboththe1838JesuitSlaveCensus(seeBillCusha,age28ofSt. Inigoes,1838Census,Column5,No.20) and the main body of the 1838 Sale Agreement (see Bill Cush, age 28, 1838 SaleAgreement,MainBody,Page3,No.77).However,inaddition,thefollowinglikelyduplicatereference toBill Cush appears elsewhere in theAgreementAddendum: Bill age26of St.Inigoes(notmarried)(1838SaleAgreement,Addendum,Page7,Column2,No.12).

• 52netentries(i.e.,netof3cross-outsand1likelyduplicate).

• Ofthe52netentries:51propernames(i.e.,netofcross-outsandduplicates).

• Ofthe52netentries:areferencetoanadditional1distinctbutunnamedperson.Insummary,theAgreementAddendumconsistsof:

56separatehandwrittenidentifiersofallsorts.– 3crossed-outentries– 1likelyduplicateentry

TOTAL 52netentries(i.e.,netofcross-outs&dupes)i.e. 51propernames+ 1unnamedindividual

ItshouldbenotedthattheAgreementAddendumisnotalistofnewindividuals,tobeaddedtotheonesidentifiedinthemainbodyofthe1838SaleAgreement. Instead,theAgreementAddendum was intended to function as a mere recapitulation of certain names previouslymentionedinthemainbodyoftheAgreement.82Forthemostpart,theAgreementAddendumdoesinfactmerelyrecapitulatenamesappearinginthemainbodyofthe1838SaleAgreement(albeitsometimeswithslightvariationsinspellingorage).However,thefollowinglesseasily-matchednamesfromtheAgreementAddendumarenotedhere:

82Specifically,themainbodyofthe1838SaleAgreementstates:“It isunderstoodthatthe…negroesaretobedeliveredatAlexandriaintheDistrictofColumbia,asfollows,Fiftyonecontainedinthelistannexed,asfar[soon?]aspracticable,andalltheothersassuchtimesasmaybedesignatedbythepurchasers,betweenthe15thOctoberandthe15thNovembernext….”1838SaleAgreementatPage4.

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• MaryAnne,age10fromSt.Inigoes(1838SaleAgreement,Addendum,Page8,Column2,No.1):AlmostcertainlyamatchforMaryJane,age10fromSt.Inigoes(1838Census,Column5,No.14);andforMaryJaneage10(1838SaleAgreement,MainBody,Page3,No71).

• Louisa,age8 fromSt. Inigoes (1838SaleAgreement,Addendum,Page8,Column2,No.2): MostlikelyamatchforSusan,age8fromSt.Inigoes(1838Census,Column5,No.15);andforSusanage8(1838SaleAgreement,MainBody,Page3,No.72).

• Sally,age7fromSt.Inigoes(1838SaleAgreement,Addendum,Page8,Column2,No.3):AlmostcertainlyamatchforSallyAnne,age7fromSt.Inigoes(1838Census,Column5,No.16);andforSallyAnneage7(1838SaleAgreement,MainBody,Page3,No.73).

Allthreeoftheseanomalousentriesoccuronerightafteranother,neartheveryendofthelistcontained in the Agreement Addendum. Perhaps these were the result of the list-maker’sdistractionorfatigue.

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AttachmentC:InvisibleinMaryland,butSenttoLouisianaAnyway

Fifteen(15)membersoftheGU272aren’tlistedoneitherthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusorthe1838 Sale Agreement. Despite having been born in Maryland prior to the 1838 sale, theirnamesjustmysteriouslyappearinLouisiana(typicallyalongsidetheircloserelations)onashipmanifestandotherpost-saledocumentationaswell.Published below are the names of these fifteen (15) people. All of them were listed aspassengers on the Katharine Jackson of Georgetown, which departed Alexandria, VA, onNovember13,1838,andarrived inNewOrleans,LA,onDecember6,1838). Forthisreason,noneoftheseindividualsaremembersoftheLostJesuitSlavesofMaryland.Because these individuals appear on neither the 1838 Jesuit Slave Census nor the 1838 SaleAgreement, theywerenever assigned a JPP code. Instead, theyhavebeen identified belowwithanIDcodethatcorrespondstotheirlist-positionontheKatharineJacksonmanifest.LoanButler(KJNo.13):Age3monthsontheKJmanifest.InfantofBibyButler(age45;ID169;KJNo.2). Bornafter1838 JesuitSlaveCensuswascompleted,butbefore theNovember13,1838departureoftheKatherineJacksonfromAlexandria.OriginallyfromSt.InigoesManor.BetseyHill(KJNo.35):Age45yearsontheKJmanifest.ProbablythewifeofPeterHill(age50;ID127;KJNo.34)–aconclusionbasedonsaletoJesseBatey;age;andKJlist-position.LikelyoriginallyfromNewtownManor.Adeline Queen (KJ No. 39): Age 11 years on the KJ manifest. One of four childrenaccompanyingAnnyQueen(age23; ID109;KJNo.37)toLouisianaontheKatharineJackson.[NB: The 1838 Jesuit Slave Census indicates only three unnamed children of Anny Queen.]OriginallyfromSt.ThomasManor.NedHarris (KJNo.48): Age5 yearson theKJmanifest.Oneof four childrenaccompanyingBetsyHarris(age21;ID110;KJNo.44)toLouisianaontheKatharineJackson.[NB:The1838JesuitSlaveCensusindicatesonlytwounnameddaughtersofBetsyHarris.]OriginallyfromSt.ThomasManor.SamHarris(KJNo.45):Age5monthsontheKJmanifest.OneoffourchildrenaccompanyingBetsyHarris(age21;ID110;KJNo.44)toLouisianaontheKatharineJackson.[NB:The1838Jesuit Slave Census indicates only two unnamed daughters of Betsy Harris.] KJ list-positionsuggests that SamHarriswas literally a “babe in arms” at themoment of enumeration (i.e.,motherBetsyHarrisisKJNo.44,andchildSamHarrisisKJNo.45).Bornafterthe1838Jesuit

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SlaveCensuswastaken,butbeforeKJdepartureonNovember13,1838. Originally fromSt.ThomasManor.MarthaHawkins (KJNo.51): Age3monthsontheKJmanifest. InfantaccompanyingLettyHawkins (age 30; ID 8; KJ No. 50) to Louisiana on the Katharine Jackson. KJ list-positionsuggests thatMarthaHawkinswas literally a “babe in arms” at themomentof enumeration(i.e.,motherLettyHawkins isKJNo.50,andchildMarthaHawkins isKJNo.51). Bornafter1838JesuitSlaveCensuswastakenbutbeforeKJdepartureonNovember13,1838.OriginallyfromWhiteMarshPlantation.Harriett Harris (KJ No. 64): Age 13 years on the KJ manifest. One of three childrenaccompanyingKittyHarris (age50; ID112;KJNo.63) to Louisianaon theKatharine Jackson.[NB:The1838JesuitSlaveCensusindicatesonlytwochildrenofKittyHarris–bothunnamed.]OriginallyfromSt.ThomasManor.Joseph Plowden (KJ No. 101): Age 11 years on the KJmanifest. Probably a child of BibeyPlowden(age50;ID130;KJNo.97).Notlistedorotherwiseindicatedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensus.Nofurtherinformationorexplanationpresentlyavailable.OriginallyfromNewtownManor.ElizabethPlowden (KJNo.102): Age8yearson theKJmanifest. Probablya childofBibeyPlowden(age50;ID130;KJN0.97).Notlistedorotherwiseindicatedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensus. Nofurther informationorexplanationpresentlyavailable. Originally fromNewtownManor.LucretiaHill(KJNo.106):Age17yearsontheKJmanifest.Lucretia’ssiblings(IDNos.126,144,145,148,156,&157)are identifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensus,butLucretia isnot.OriginallyfromNewtownManor.Nofurtherinformationorexplanationpresentlyavailable.Nancy Lee (KJ No. 121): Age 50 years on the KJmanifest.Maryland plantation of origin isunknown.Nofurtherinformationorexplanationpresentlyavailable.NellyHarrison(KJNo.123):Age50yearsontheKJmanifest.Marylandplantationoforiginisunknown.Nofurtherinformationorexplanationpresentlyavailable.JohnHarrison(KJNo.124):Age6yearsontheKJmanifest.ListedwithNellyHarrisonabove.Maryland plantation of origin is unknown. No further information or explanation presentlyavailable.George Harrison (KJ No. 125): Age 2 years on the KJ manifest. Listed with Nelly Harrisonabove. Maryland plantation of origin is unknown. No further information or explanationpresentlyavailable.

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MaryEllenButler(KJNo.21):Age2monthsontheKJmanifest.Listedwithhermother,ElizaButler(age18;ID243;KJNo.20).KJlist-positionsuggeststhatMaryEllenButlerwasliterallya“babeinarms”atthemomentofenumeration(i.e.,motherElizaButlerisKJNo.20,andchildMary Ellen Butler is KJ No. 21). Undoubtedly born after the 1838 Jesuit Slave Census wascompleted.OriginallyfromSt.InigoesManor.

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AttachmentD:GU272MembersIdentifiedas“MarriedOff”

Set forth below is a complete list of all twenty-five (25) members of the GU272 who areidentifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusas“marriedoff”(i.e.,marriedtoaspousewhowaslocatedonaneighboring,non-JesuitplantationinMaryland).Thislistincludesthetwenty(20)“married off” people who stayed behind in Maryland, as well as the five (5) who wereultimatelytransportedtoLouisiana(highlightedingreenbelow):IDNo. Name Age Gender MDPlantation UltimateDestination

3 NellyHawkins 38 F WhiteMarsh Louisiana(parishunknown)32 Billy 40 M WhiteMarsh LeftbehindinMaryland48 JosephBlacklock 40 M WhiteMarsh LeftbehindinMaryland55 SallyDiggs 50 F WhiteMarsh LeftbehindinMaryland72 Richard 38 M WhiteMarsh LeftbehindinMaryland79 Garvis/Jarvis/Charles 60 M WhiteMarsh LeftbehindinMaryland89 Maria 26 F WhiteMarsh Louisiana(AscensionParish)

126 BillHill 29 M NewtownManor Louisiana(IbervilleParish)131 Mary 59 F NewtownManor LeftbehindinMaryland135 JohnBrown 31 M NewtownManor LeftbehindinMaryland136 Abraham 27 M NewtownManor LeftbehindinMaryland143 Mary 23 F NewtownManor LeftbehindinMaryland145 DickPlowden? 24 M NewtownManor LeftbehindinMaryland182 Henny 28 F St.Inigoes Louisiana(AscensionParish)202 RegisGough 28 M St.Inigoes LeftbehindinMaryland208 Joseph 22 M St.Inigoes LeftbehindinMaryland211 HarryMahoney? 38 M St.Inigoes LeftbehindinMaryland213 GabeMahoney? 28 M St.Inigoes LeftbehindinMaryland244 Regis 28 M St.Ingoes LeftbehindinMaryland246 Peter 37 M St.Inigoes LeftbehindinMaryland248 MichaelQueen 33 M St.Inigoes LeftbehindinMaryland251 Alexius 36 M St.Inigoes LeftbehindinMaryland254 Ginny 19 F St.Inigoes Louisiana(AscensionParish)256 Zeke 32 M St.Inigoes LeftbehindinMaryland258 Henny 60 F St.Inigoes LeftbehindinMaryland

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AttachmentE:GU272MembersIdentifiedasMarriedFree

Setforthbelowisacompletelistofallfive(5)membersoftheGU272whoareidentifiedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusasbeingmarriedtoafreeperson.Thislistincludesthefour(4)peoplewhostayedbehindinMaryland,aswellastheone(1)personwhowasultimatelytransportedtoLouisiana(highlightedingreenbelow): IDNo. Name Age Gender MDPlantation UltimateDestination

50 Kitty 22 F WhiteMarsh LeftbehindinMaryland

60 Harriet 43 F WhiteMarsh TerrebonneParish,LA

76 MintyHawkins? 26 F WhiteMarsh LeftbehindinMaryland

80 James 50 M WhiteMarsh LeftbehindinMaryland

83 Eliza 26 F WhiteMarsh LeftbehindinMaryland

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AttachmentF:GU272MembersIdentifiedas“Runaways”

Setforthbelowisacompletelistofalltwelve(12)membersoftheGU272whoarelistedonthe1838 Jesuit Slave Census alongwith the notation “ranaway.” In themodern era, they havecometobeknownasthe“runaways.”Thislistincludesthenine(9)runawayswhostayedbehindinMaryland,aswellasthethree(3)whowereultimatelytransportedtoLouisiana(highlightedingreenbelow):CompleteListofPersonsIdentifiedon1838Censusas“Runaways”:

IDNo. Name Age Gender MDPlantation UltimateDestination

2 CharlesHawkins 40 M WhiteMarsh LeftbehindinMaryland

20 IsaacHawkins 26 M WhiteMarsh LeftbehindinMaryland

38 CharlesQueen 45 M WhiteMarsh Louisiana(TerrebonneParish)

44 MarthaQueen 10 F WhiteMarsh Louisiana(TerrebonneParish)

56 WilliamDiggs 21 M WhiteMarsh LeftbehindinMaryland

62 IasaisQueen 21 M WhiteMarsh LeftbehindinMaryland

64 NancyQueen 15 F WhiteMarsh LeftbehindinMaryland

67 BetsyWest 32 F WhiteMarsh LeftbehindinMaryland

75 LenCutchmore 38 M WhiteMarsh Louisiana(AscensionParish)

168 NaceButler 20 M St.Inigoes LeftbehindinMaryland

216 ArnoldJones 38 M St.Inigoes LeftbehindinMaryland

236 DickCampbell? 40 M St.Inigoes LeftbehindinMaryland

As noted above, three (3) of the twelve (12) persons identified as “runaways” on the 1838JesuitSlaveCensuswere in factsenttoLouisiana(eithersometimebeforeorsometimeafter1838):

• CharlesQueen(ID38),age45,WhiteMarsh• MarthaQueen(ID44),age10,WhiteMarsh• LenCutchmore(ID75),age38,WhiteMarsh

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Andconversely,at leastone individualknown tohaveescaped justa fewstepsaheadof theslavetradersin1838isnotidentifiedasarunawayatallonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensus.Forthesereasonsandothers,theGeorgetownMemoryProjectdoesnotpresentlybelievethatthese1838Census“ranaway”notationsindicatepersonswhofledthearrivaloftheLouisiana-boundslaveshipsatthemomentthe1838slavesalewassetinmotion.Instead, theGMP suggests that the “ranaway” notationsweremade to indicate persons theJesuits expected to find on their plantations and available for sale to Louisiana later in thesummerandfallor1838,butwhoforonereasonoranothercouldnotphysicallybeaccountedforwhen the 1838 Jesuit Slave Census was actually being compiled prior to the sale. It ispossible, for example, that some or all of the “runaways” were “missing” from the Jesuitplantationsin1838inthesensethattheyhadbeensweptupinsalesoccurringpriorto1838andthensimplyforgotten–perhapsinoneormoreofthesmallsalesthatoccurredin1835tobeprecise.Inanyevent,“ranaway”maywellhavebeenadoptedasaconvenient,all-purposeexplanationforthisunexpectedshortfallinsaleable“inventory.”Orperhapsitwasappendedtothenamesofthemissingbymistake(i.e.,bysomeonewhosimplyguessedincorrectlyatthereason(s)fortheirabsencefromtheJesuitfarmsin1838).Ontheotherhand:Foralmost(butnotquite)contemporaneousevidencewhichtendstoundercuttheGMPviewexpressed immediately above, see Letter of JohnMcElroy to Jesse Batey dated 18 February1840,whichstatesinpartasfollows:

“ImmediatelyafterthesaleofservantsmadetotheHonbleHy.Johnsononthe10 of Nov. 1838, some servants who were to be sold to him, ran away & heobligedhimselfbyaninstrumentinwritingtotakeanyofthem,whenconsignedto him; at a determined price for each of them, their age being described.Amongthosewasagirlof12yearsofage,forwhomwasfixed$432….”83

TheGeorgetownMemoryProjecthasidentifiedthe“writteninstrument”mentionedbyFatherMcElroy in the above-quoted letter: “Henry Johnson’s undated purchase of 11.”84 Thisundateddocumentlistseleven(11)people,ten(10)ofwhomareamongthetwelve(12)peopleidentified on the 1838 Jesuit Slave Census as runaways. Set forth below is a side-by-sidecomparisonofthe12“runaways”fromthe1838JesuitSlaveCensusandthemembersofthe“HJ-11”:

83MPA,Box77,Addendum,ProvincialProcuratorLetterbook,1833–1836/1839–1841,pp.147-49,BoothFamilyCenterforSpecialCollections,LauingerLibrary,GeorgetownUniversity.84 Undated obligation from Henry Johnson to Thomas Mulledy to pay $7,180 for 11 slaves, MPA, Box 40,DocumentNo.4of28,BoothFamilyCenterforSpecialCollections,LauingerLibrary,GeorgetownUniversity.

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Side-by-SideComparison:1838Census“Runaways”vs.HJ-11Members.

IDNo. Name Census“Runaway” HJ-11 UltimateDestination2 CharlesHawkins,40(WM) Yes No LeftbehindinMaryland

20 IsaacHawkins,26(WM) Yes Yes LeftbehindinMaryland

38 CharlesQueen,45(WM) Yes Yes Louisiana(TerrebonneParish)

44 MarthaQueen,10(WM) Yes Yes Louisiana(TerrebonneParish)

56 WilliamDiggs,21(WM) Yes Yes LeftbehindinMaryland

62 IasaisQueen,21(WM) Yes Yes LeftbehindinMaryland

64 NancyQueen,15(WM) Yes Yes LeftbehindinMaryland

67 BetsyWest,32(WM) Yes Yes LeftbehindinMaryland

75 LenCutchmore,38(WM) Yes No Louisiana(AscensionParish)

168 NaceButler,20(SI) Yes Yes LeftbehindinMaryland

216 ArnoldJones,28(SI) Yes Yes LeftbehindinMaryland

236 DickCampbell?,40(SI) Yes Yes LeftbehindinMaryland

33 NellyHarrison?,38(WM) No Yes LeftbehindinAlexandria

Itisplainlyevidentthesetwolistsofpeople(i.e.,the12“runaways”fromtheCensusandthemembersoftheHJ-11)arehighly,thoughnotperfectly,correlated.Thisfactalone,however,does not prove the historical truth of FatherMcElroy’s account. FatherMcElroymay simplyhave been incorrect in his understanding of the events and circumstances that led to thecreationoftheundatedinstrumentsignedbyHenryJohnson.Inanyevent,asnoted in thechartpresented immediatelyabove, twomembersof theHJ-11wereactuallydeliveredtoHenryJohnsononorafter1838:

• CharlesQueen(ID38),age45,WhiteMarsh• MarthaQueen(ID44),age10,WhiteMarsh

Asfortheremainingnine(9)membersoftheHJ-11,noevidencehasyetbeenfoundsuggestingthat they were ever delivered to Johnson or to any other individuals in Louisiana. And, aspreviouslynotedabove,thereisnoevidencethatnine(9)ofthetwelve(12)“runaways”listedonthe1838JesuitSlaveCensuswereevertransportedtoLouisiana.In the absence of any such evidence, itmust be presumed (at least as a starting point) thatthesepeoplesomehowmanagedtostaybehindinMaryland.

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AttachmentG:StatisticalAnalysisoftheLostJesuitSlaves

The GeorgetownMemory Project has analyzed all 91 members of the Lost Jesuit Slaves ofMaryland along a number of different dimensions (e.g., age, gender, marital circumstances,plantation of origin, etc.), searching for commonalities and clues as towhy theymight havebeenleftbehind.Thestatisticalresultsaresetforthbelow:PrimaryReasonforBeingLeftBehind(GMPBestGuess*):

MaritalCircumstances(marriedofformarriedfree) 24 26%

Childofaperson“leftbehind” 19 21% 64%

Elderly(60orolder)orinfirm 15 16%

“Runaway”(i.e.,notfoundwhencensusmade) 9 10%

Escapedarrivalofslave-traders 1 1%

Includedonlistsbymistake 1 1%

NoGMPhypothesisyet 22 24%

TOTAL 91 100%

*Inanumberofcases,multiplereasonsmayhavecontributedtotheoutcomeforasingleindividual.Toavoiddouble-counting,wehaveassigneda“bestbest-guess”totheindividualleftbehind.

ByAge:

17oryounger 27 30%

18-59 49 54%

60andolder 15 16%

TOTAL 91 100%

ByGender:

Male 49 54%

Female 40 44%

Unknown 2 2%

TOTAL 91 100%

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ByMarylandPlantation:

WhiteMarsh 34 37%

St.ThomasManor 23 25%

St.Inigoes 21 23%

NewtownManor 13 14%

TOTAL 91 100%

BySpecialCharacteristicsNotedon1838Census:

Marriedoff 20 22% 26%

Marriedtofreeperson 4 4%

Runaway(i.e.,notfoundonfarmin1838) 9 10%

Physicalormentalinfirmity 3 3%

Childofperson“leftbehind” 23 25%

TOTAL(outof91=100%) 57 65%

BySurname:

Blacklock 1 1%Brown 1 1%Butler 2 2%Campbell? 1 1%Coyle 1 1%Cutchmore? 1 1%Diggs 2 2%Gough 1 1%Harrison? 1 1%Hawkins|Hawkins? 4 4%Jones 1 1%Mahoney|Mahoney? 7 8%Plowden? 1 1%Queen|Queen? 4 4%Scott? 2 2%Sweeton 1 1%West 1 1%Unknown 59 65%

TOTAL 91 100%

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ByResearchOutcome(todate):

ConclusivelyIdentifiedbyGMP 5 5%

Someclues 26 29%

Nocluesyet 60 66%

TOTAL 91 100%

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INDEXOFPEOPLE

Barns,29Blacklock,57

Dick,18Gasaway,18Isabella,18Joseph(ID48),16,18,51Nancy,18Nelly(ID47),18

Blair,23Boswell

Elijah/Elisha,25Bowie

Walter"Bishop",19Brown,26,29,57

John(ID135),27,28,51Butler,11,23,29,57

Ann,31Biby(ID169),30,31,48Eliza(ID243),50Ignatius,30John(ID96),24Loan,48MaryEllen,50Nace,[Jr.](ID168),30,31,53,55Nace,[Sr.](ID167),30,31Susan,31Thomas,31

Campbell,29,57Campbell?

Dick(ID236),30,33,53,55Combs

Ms.,32Contee,26Coyle,11,23,57

John(ID97),24Cush

Bill,46Cush/Cutchmore/Cutchember,29Cusha

Bill,43,46Cusha(orCush),11Cutchmore,15,57

Len(ID75),53,55Cutchmore,Cutchember,Cuckumber,21Diggs,57

Aaron[Jr.],19Aaron,ownedbyWalterBowie,19Sally(ID55),16,19,51William(ID56),16,19,20,53,55

DobsonSaml.,20

Dorsey,15,29Eaglin,29Gough,11,29,57

Regis(ID202),30,31,42,51Greenlief,26Grey

Mr.,18Hammet

Mrs.,32Harris,23

Betsy(ID110),48Harriett,49Kitty(ID112),49Ned,48Sam,48

Harrison,15,57George,49John,49Nelly,49William,17

Harrison?Billy(ID32),16,17,51Nelly(ID33),18,55

HarrrisonNelly,17

Hawkins,21,57Charles(ID2),15,16,17,53,55Isaac(ID1),15,16,18Isaac(ID20),15,16,17,53,55James(ID16),15Kittie,18Letty(ID8),49Martha,49Nace,21Nelly,16Nelly(ID3),15,51Patrick(ID7),15

Hawkins?Minty(ID76),44,52

Hill,26,49Betsey,48

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Bill(ID126),51Lucretia,49Peter(ID127),48Richard,28

Jones,29,57Anny,32Arnold(ID216),30,32,53,55Arnold[Jr.],32Louisa,32

LeeNancy,49

Lewellin,28Macgruder[sic],

Thomas,17Mahoney,29,57

Louisa(ID215),32Mahoney?

Anny(ID210),31Daniel(ID214),32Gabe(ID213),30,32,51Harry(ID209),31Harry(ID211),30,31,51Nelly(ID212),32

MasonAlexander,32Louisa(Mahoney)(ID215),32

Merrick,29Plowden,26,57

Bibey(ID130),49Joseph,49Richard,28

Plowden?Dick(ID145),28,51

Queen,11,15,23,57Adeline,48Anny(ID109),48Charles(ID38),15,53,55Eliza(ID43),18Harriet[-?-](ID60),20,21,52Iasais(ID62),16,20,53,55Isaac,20James,21Josais,20Martha(ID44),53,55Nancy(ID64),16,20,53,55

Queen?Michael(ID248),30,51

QuinJames,21

Quin/QueenEmeline,33Michael,33

RandallIsabella(Blacklock),18

Riley,23Scott,26,57

Bennet(ID133),27Scott?

Dina(ID123),27Harry(ID122),27

SweedenNoble,24

Sweeton,57Sweetun(orSweeton),11Sweton/Sweden/Sweetum,23

Len(ID99),24Thompson

R.,28UnknownSurname

Abraham(ID136),27,28,51Barney,42Beck,27Benedict(ID93),24Betsy,28Betty(ID132),28Biby(ID187),31Bill,43Bill/William(ID82),22Celestia(ID115),25Christina,25Crissy(ID114),25Daniel(ID100),24,39Dick(ID145),27,28Dick(ID236),33Dina(ID123),27Edward(ID86),sonofEliza,22Eliza(ID83),16,22,52Elizabeth,21Elizabeth(ID53),daughterofKitty,19,38Esther,42Francis(ID107),24Garvis/Jarvis/Charles(ID79),16,22,51Ginny(ID254),51Harriet(ID60),20,21,52Harry(ID122),27Harry,ownedbyR.Thompson,28Henny(ID182),51Henny(ID258),30,34,51Henry(ID59),20Henry,ownedbyElijahBoswell,25Henry,ownedbyLewellin,28James(ID259),34,45James(ID80),16,22,52Jerry,28John,42

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John(ID34),18Joseph(ID208),30,31,46,51Kitty(ID50),16,19,52Louisa,47Louisa(ID117),25Lucina,42Margaret(ID113),25Margery(ID74),21Maria(ID89),51Maria,servanttoThomasMacgruder[sic],17Mary(ID119),25,43Mary(ID120),25,43Mary(ID131),27,28,51Mary(ID143),27,28,51Mary(ID51),daughterofKitty,19Mary(ID78),daughterofMinty,21MaryJane,47Matilda(ID111),25Michael,27Michael(ID248),33Minty(ID76),21Nancy,42Nancy(ID77)daughterofMinty,21Nancy,ownedbyMr.Grey),18Nathan(ID257),34Ned,33Noble(ID85),sonofEliza,22OldNancy,33Peg,42Peter(ID246),30,33,51Peter,ownedbyHenryYoung,16Polly(ID54),19Regis(ID244),30,33,42,51Regis(ID88),31Revidy(ID84),sonofEliza,22Richard(ID72),16,21,51

Robert(ID58),20Sal,42Sally(Anne),47Sally(ID25),17Sam,33Sam(ID52),sonofKitty,19Sarah(ID129),27Stephen,24Stephen(ID128),27Susan,47Susanna(ID155),28Teresa,42Teresia(ID118),25unknownchild,28William(ID87),sonofEliza,22,38Zeke(ID256),30,33,45,51

West,15,57Adelphia(ID69),21Augustin(ID68),21Betsy(ID67),16,21,53,55HarrietAnn(ID71),21Henrietta(ID70),21

Wilton/Walton,29Winderry

Nelly,18Yorkshire,29

Elexius,33Lexius,33Sally(ID250),33

Yorkshire?Alexius(ID251),30,33,51

YoungHenry,16