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The Logic of Sampling
Methods of SamplingMethods of Sampling • Nonprobability samples Nonprobability samples
– Used often in Qualitative ResearchUsed often in Qualitative Research
• Probability or random samples Probability or random samples
– Every person has an equal chance Every person has an equal chance of being included in the sampleof being included in the sample
Sampling of ParticipantsSampling of Participants
• Try to obtain a representative sample
– Representative samples allow us to generalize findings to the larger group
• Sampling is often not under the control of the researcher in low-constraint (field) research
– Therefore, caution is required in interpreting the results
– Generalize only to similar participants and NOT to the general population
Sampling TerminologySampling Terminology
• Populations
• Sampling Element
• Target Population
• Sampling Frame
• Parameters and Statistics
Non-Probability SamplingNon-Probability Sampling
• Convenience or Accidental or Haphazard
• Quota
• Purposive or Judgmental
• Snowball
Non-Probability SamplingNon-Probability Sampling
• Deviant cases
• Sequential
• Theoretical
• Use of Informants
Theory & Logic of Probability SamplingTheory & Logic of Probability Sampling
• Sampling Distribution
• Central Limit Theorem
• Sampling Error
The Normal DistributionThe Normal Distribution
• Represents the actual distribution of naturally occurring data
• Real distributions do not conform completely to the normal distribution
• Inferential statistics takes a set of data and “normalizes” it so comparisons can be made
Characteristics of the Normal DistributionCharacteristics of the Normal Distribution
• Bell shape
• Unimodal
• Mean is located at the center of the bell curve
• Area under the curve is 100% of the data
• The 50th percentile or the median, is the same value as the mean
The Standard Deviation and the The Standard Deviation and the Normal DistributionNormal Distribution
• Direct relationship between the standard deviation and the curve
• The same number of observations will always fall within the same standard deviation units from the mean of the distribution
– 68% lie within -1 to +1 s.d.’s from the mean– 95% lie within -2 to +2 s.d.’s from the mean– 99.8% lie within -3 to +3 s.d.’s from the mean
Probability SamplingProbability Sampling
• Simple Random Sample
• Systematic Sampling
• Stratified Sampling
Probability SamplingProbability Sampling
• Cluster Sampling
– Within Household Sampling
– Probability Proportionate to Size (PPS)
• Random-Digit Dialing
Hidden PopulationsHidden Populations
• Targeted Sampling
• Respondent Drive Sampling
Sample SizeSample Size
• Degree of precision or accuracy needed
– Larger samples will provide more precise estimates of population parameters
• Variability or diversity in the population
• Number of different variables
• Costs and time constraints
• The larger the sample, the more narrow the confidence intervals
Drawing InferencesDrawing Inferences
• Inferential Statistics
• Sampling Error