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1. The Lithosphere
• The lithosphere is the hard shell of the Earth, consisting of the crust and the topmost part of the upper mantle.
• It is an average of 100km thick.
• It contains the minerals, rocks and soils that humans have used for building materials, metals and agriculture.
Rocks
• Rocks are heterogenous solids composed of many minerals.
• The physical and chemical properties of rocks are not strictly defined.
• There are 3 types of rocks:1. Igneous
2. Sedimentary
3. Metamorphic
2. Sedimentary Rocks• Formed by the accumulation and
compaction of debris at the bottom of lakes and oceans.
Limestone is a sedimentary rock used in construction
3. Metamorphic Rocks
• Former igneous or sedimentary rocks that have been transformed by heat or pressure underground.– eg: granite turns to gneiss – eg: limestone turns to marble
Rock Cycle
Minerals
• Minerals are solid inorganic substances with clearly defined composition and properties.
• In most minerals atoms are organized in the form of identically shaped crystals.
• Each mineral has its own distinct chemical composition.
• 4000 different minerals exist on Earth.
Examples of Minerals
• Gold (Au)• Copper (Cu)• Iron (Fe)
• Quartz (SiO2)
• Copper sulfate (CuSO4)
Gold OreQuartz
ST
EST
AST
Classifying Minerals
Minerals are classified according to the following 4 properties:
1. Colour
2. Transparency
3. Hardness
4. Streak
1. Colour
• Idiochromatic minerals have a characteristic colour.
eg: azurite is blue
• Allochromatic minerals vary in colour.
eg: quartz
2. Transparency
Minerals are one of the following:
• Transparent (let light pass through)
• Translucent (let light through but blurred)
• Opaque (no light passes through)
3. Hardness• Minerals are classified according to how
hard they are. • Mohs scale assigns a value from 1 to 10
to indicate a mineral’s hardness.– Talc is soft and scores a 1 on Mohs scale– Quartz scores a 7 – Diamond scores a 10
4. Streak
• When a mineral is rubbed on a surface it leaves a powder streak that is a characteristic colour for that mineral.
Identifying Minerals 7:54
Mining of Minerals
• Minerals are extracted from rock ores which are mined from the lithosphere.
• Quebec is known for large deposits of gold, copper, zinc, and most recently diamonds.
• Once the ore is extracted, the mineral is separated from the rock by chemical and physical means.