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The Life You Can Save: How to Do Your Part to End World Poverty. The Philosophy of Peter Singer. Laura Guidry-Grimes, Fall 2011. World Poverty. Absolute vs. relative poverty Relative : standard based on comparisons with others who are better off - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The Philosophy of Peter Singer
Laura Guidry-Grimes, Fall 2011
The Life You Can Save:How to Do Your Part to End World Poverty
World Poverty Absolute vs. relative poverty
Relative: standard based on comparisons with others who are better off
Absolute/extreme: standard based on basic human needs Can affect many areas of a person’s development, functioning,
and life prospects Singer thinks that every individual should be at the decent
minimum of human existence
Photos fromhttp://www.earth.columbia.edu/articles/view/1780http://www.rawa.org/temp/runews/2008/08/10/ove-42-of-afghan-population-live-in-extreme-poverty.html
World Poverty: Some Numbers 925 million hungry as of 2010 The poorest 40% of the world’s population has 5% of the world’s
income; the richest 20% has 75% of the world’s income. 22,000 children die each day due to poverty. The rich countries have repeatedly promised to give $210 billion
(0.7% of their incomes) in official development assistance, but only give $69 billion
Poverty headcount ratio at $1.25/day as of 2005 (% of population) Europe & Central Asia: 3.7% Latin America & Caribbean: 8.1% South Asia: 40.3% Sub-Saharan Africa: 50.9%
http://www.worldhunger.org/articles/Learn/world%20hunger%20facts%202002.htm#Number_of_hungry_people_in_the_worldhttp://www.globalissues.org/article/26/poverty-facts-and-statshttp://data.worldbank.org/topic/poverty?display=maphttp://www.earth.columbia.edu/articles/view/1780
Peter Singer
Professor of Bioethics, Princeton University Act-utilitarian Has written influentially on animal ethics and
abortion Currently gives 25% of his income, has given (and
pledges he will give) increasingly more over the years Admits that he does not live up to his own ideals
But also dedicates his intellectual resources and time to global justice advocacy
Photo: Denise Applewhite/Princeton Universityhttp://www.princeton.edu/~psinger/faq.htmlSee: Interview with Peter Singer (2011)
Singer’s Project
Personal morality: What ought I do in order to be a moral person?
Vs. policy decisions: What ought we enact as part of a punishment/reward system so as to maximize the good?
This is Singer’s focus
Singer’s Project
Contrast with Rawls’ project Rawls’ goal: derive principles of justice for
the basic political structure of society NEITHER personal morality NOR policy
decisions are considered in original position Singer’s goal: determine how individuals
should distribute their financial and intellectual resources so as to promote justice and fairness
Philanthropy: Supererogatory or Required?
Supererogatory: beyond what is required; class of actions that might be good or praiseworthy—but not demanded of us to be moral
Required: acts we must do to be moral; strict obligations
Singer argues that philanthropy is morally required, which makes his view importantly different from other moral philosophers’ views.
“[W]hat thinking ethically is all about”Empathic concern for others
Taking their desires on as my own Golden Rule as expression of common morality
Natural lottery “if you are a middle-class person in a developed
country, you were fortunate to be born into social and economic circumstances that made it possible for you to live comfortably if you work hard and have the right abilities” (26)
Example: Drowning Child in a Pond
or
Example: Car on Train Tracks
or
Global Citizen
Arbitrary to draw line of moral concern at own borders
Our collective actions have huge implications for rest of the world
Luck that we are privilegedPsychological distance is no
excuse
“Famine, Affluence, and Morality” in Philosophy & Public Affairs 1.3 (1972)
The Argument
1. Suffering and death from lack of food, shelter, and medical care are bad.
2. If it is in your power to prevent something bad from happening, without sacrificing anything nearly as important, it is wrong not to do so.
3. By donating to aid agencies, you can prevent suffering and death from lack of food, shelter, and medical care, without sacrificing anything nearly as important.
4. Therefore, if you do not donate to aid agencies, you are doing something wrong.
The Life You Can Save, pgs. 15-16.
What does THAT mean??
The Giving Principle
Strong Thesis: We ought to give to the point of marginal utility“at which by giving more one would cause
oneself and one's dependents as much suffering as one would prevent in Bengal”
‘marginal utility’ is understood in terms of food, shelter, and basic medical care
The most morally correct option
“Famine, Affluence, and Morality” in Philosophy & Public Affairs 1.3 (1972): 234
The Giving Principle
Moderate Thesis: We ought to give until the sacrifice would be of comparable moral worthThese sacrifices can include other forms of
suffering (besides lack of basic necessities)The more feasible option for most people
The Giving Principle
Weak Thesis: We ought to give until the sacrifice has any moral worth whatsoever.Ultimately a mischaracterization of Singer’s
view
How Much?
Video: Peter Singer on povertyDepends on how much others are givingProgressive scale
If you earn less than $105,000: 1% of income As you earn closer to $105,000: 5% of income Earning millions: 33.33% of income
http://thelifeyoucansave.com/calculatorSee: The Life You Can Save in 3 minutes
Some Criticisms and Responses Libertarian objection: I have a right to keep my hard earned
money! Justice requires us to take desert and entitlement seriously
Singer’s responses: Counterintuitive “If we accept that those who harm others must compensate
them, we cannot deny that the industrialized nations owe compensation to many of the world’s poorest people” (33)
Photos from http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/image/viz_com6.html http://www.unccd.int/regional/menu.php
Some Criticisms and ResponsesAid-is-harmful objection: Can breed
dependency; promotes political quietism; delaying investment can actually grow the pot
Singer’s response:Experts should determine how we can best
help the poor, but we cannot ignore the problem or use this objection to justify wasting resources
Some Criticisms and Responses
Practicality objection: “Rules that would only work for angels are not the ones it is rational to support for humans” (John Arthur)
Singer’s response:Unless there is a flaw in his reasoning, you
have to accept his conclusion.
John Arthur. “World Hunger and Moral Obligation: The Case against Singer” in Vice & Virtue in Everyday Life. Eds. Christina Hoff Summers & Fred Sommers, pg. 382.