THE LATIN CHURCH IN NORMAN ITALY - Assetsassets.cambridge.org/97805211/81488/frontmatter/... · 2011. 5. 2. · (1195–1198), ed. T. Ko¨lzer (Codex Diplomaticus Regni siciliae,

THE LATIN CHURCH IN NORMAN ITALY

This is the first significant study of the incorporation of the Church insouthern Italy into the mainstream of Latin Christianity during theeleventh and twelfth centuries. Professor G. A. Loud examines therelationship between Norman rulers, south Italian churchmen andthe external influence of the new ‘papal monarchy’. He discusses theimpact of the creation of the new kingdom of Sicily in 1130; thetensions that arose from the papal schism of that era; and the religiouspolicy and patronage of the new monarchs. He also explores theinternal structures of the Church, both secular and monastic, andthe extent and process of Latinisation within the Graecophone areasof the mainland and on the island of Sicily, where at the time of theNorman conquest the majority of the population wasMuslim. This isa major contribution to the political, religious and cultural history ofthe Central Middle Ages.

G . A . LOUD is Professor of Medieval Italian History at the Universityof Leeds. His previous books include Church and Society in theNorman Principality of Capua, 1058–1197 (1985), The History of theTyrants of Sicily by ‘Hugo Falcandus’, 1154–69 (with ThomasWiedemann; 1998) and The Age of Robert Guiscard: Southern Italyand the Norman Conquest (2000).

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http://www.cambridge.org/9780521181488

THE LATIN CHURCH IN

NORMAN ITALY

G. A. LOUD

University of Leeds






CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSIT Y PRESS

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First published 2007

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Contents

Preface page viiList of maps ixList of abbreviations x

Introduction 1

1 The Church in southern Italy before the Normans 10

2 The Church and the Norman conquest 60

3 The papacy and the rulers of southern Italy 135

4 The papacy and the Church in southern Italy 181

5 The kings of Sicily and the Church 255

6 The Church and military obligation 340

7 The secular Church 363

8 Monasticism 430

9 Latins, Greeks and non-Christians 494

Conclusion 521

Appendices

I The dioceses of the kingdom of Sicily in the later twelfth century 525

II Incomes of selected bishoprics from mainland southern Italy,according to the papal tax lists of 1308/10 527

III Incomes of the bishoprics on the island of Sicily, accordingto the papal tax lists of 1274/80 and 1308/10 530

v






IV Incomes of the principal monasteries of the kingdom of Sicily,according to the papal tax lists of 1308/10 531

V Cistercian abbeys in the kingdom of Sicily, c. 1144–1220 533

VI The succession of the archbishops of Capua during the reignof King Roger, 1130–54 534

Bibliography 538Index 565

vi Contents






Preface

This book has been in preparation for more years than I care to remember.My first duty is to thank successive editors at Cambridge University Press,Bill Davies and Simon Whitmore, for their almost superhuman restraintwith an author who must have sorely tried their patience. I hope that theythink the wait has been worthwhile. Secondly, I must thank the LeverhulmeTrust, which paid for replacement teaching to allow me an entire year’sstudy leave in 2005–6, during which almost all of this book was finallywritten. This is the second book of mine whose writing the Trust hasfacilitated: I am genuinely and deeply grateful for their generosity. I mustalso thank my colleagues, and especially Alan Murray, who ensured thatmy second-year pupils were in good hands during my absence, andWendyChilds and Emilia Jamrosiak, who shouldered extra teaching and admin-istration with exemplary grace.The intellectual debts incurred have been many, only a few of which I

can mention here. I am lucky to have access to the Brotherton Library atthe University of Leeds, with its outstanding resources in medieval history.I am grateful to the former History librarian Neil Plummer, and thecurrent incumbent Jane Saunders, for their stewardship, and for orderingso many recondite volumes for me and for my pupils. I have also benefitedfrom the kindness of numerous colleagues in Italy, and also France andGermany, especially in sending me copies of books and articles that I mightotherwise have missed, or which might have been unobtainable in Britain,and from which I have profited greatly. Foremost among these generousfriends have been Edoardo D’Angelo, Vera von Falkenhausen, HubertHouben and Jean-Marie Martin. I am grateful to Edoardo too for hishospitality in Naples on several occasions, and for taking me on a memo-rable visit to Montevergine (my first) on a cold and misty day in October2005. The founder’s biographer was not exaggerating about the bleaknessof the site, but the conditions made it even more atmospheric. I haveprofited from a number of libraries and archives in Italy, but especially

vii






from those of the abbey of S. Trinita at Cava dei Tirreni and theMuseo delSannio at Benevento. At the former I was greatly assisted first by the lateDon Simeone Leone and then by Sign. Enzo Cioffe, at the latter especiallyby the (now retired) director Prof. Elio Galasso. My pupil Paul Oldfield,now ofManchesterMetropolitan University, has been of tremendous help,both in finding copies of obscure primary sources and for many stimulat-ing conversations about Norman Italy over the last four years. BernardHamilton has read this book in manuscript, as he did also its predecessorThe Age of Robert Guiscard, and made many helpful suggestions, which Ihave done my best to follow. I have also benefited from the assistance ofHorst Enzensberger, who advised me about the diplomas of KingWilliam II(his edition of which is eagerly awaited), Lindy Grant, who improved myjejune observations on Norman architectural influence, and Alex Metcalfeand Vera von Falkenhausen, both of whom read the last chapter, sharedtheir expert knowledge of respectively Islamic Sicily and Byzantine Italy,and saved me from a number of egregious faux pas. Needless to say, none ofthem has any responsibility for any errors or misconceptions that remain.

John Cowdrey taught memore about being a historian than anyone else,and I have always benefited not just from his help (which has always beengenerous) but also from his example of careful scholarship, which I havetried to emulate. In addition, it would have been impossible to write thisbook without the work of three German historians of previous generations.Two of these, Paul Kehr (1860–1944) and his pupil Walter Holtzmann(1891–1963) died long ago. The third, Norbert Kamp (1927–99), I wasfortunate enough to know – he was a nice man as well as a great scholar.Without their monumental labours, Kehr and Holtzmann in ItaliaPontificia and Kamp on his mighty prosopography of the Staufen-eraepiscopate, I could not even have contemplated this study. All those whowork on Norman Italy should cherish their memory.

The other incalculable debt is to my wife Kate; for her love and supportover the last six years, for looking after me so well, for patiently toleratingthe thousands of hours when I have been closeted in my study, deaf to theworld outside, for helping me with the maps and index, and for respondingso promptly with her superior computing skills to the cries of anguish whenmy laptop malfunctioned. This book is dedicated to her.

Wellington Hill, Leeds Trafalgar Day, 2006

viii Preface






Maps

I Southern Italy: archbishoprics and principal bishoprics page xiiiII Southern Italy: abbeys xivIII The dioceses of Sicily in the late twelfth century xvIV The dioceses of the Terra di Bari xviV The dioceses of the Terra di Lavoro xvii

ix






Abbreviations

Al. Tel. Alexandri Telesini Abbatis Ystoria Rogerii Regis Siciliaeatque Calabriae atque Apuliae, ed. L. de Nava(commentary by D. R. Clementi (FSI, Rome 1991))

Amatus Storia de’ Normanni di Amato di Montecassino, ed.Vincenzo de Bartholomeis (FSI, Rome 1935)

BISIME Bullettino dell’istituto storico italiano per il medio evoCarte di Trani Le carte che si conservano nell’ archivio dello capitolo

metropolitano di Trani, ed. A. Prologo (Barletta 1877)Catalogus Baronum Catalogus Baronum, ed. E.M. Jamison (FSI, Rome

1972)Chron. Carpineto Chronicon Liber Monasterii Sancti Bartholomei de

Carpineto, ed. B. Pio (FSI, Rome 2001)Chron. Cas. Chronica Monasterii Casinensis, ed. H. Hoffmann

(MGH SS xxxiv, Hanover 1980)Chron. Casauriense Chronicon Casauriense, ed. L. A. Muratori (RIS ii(2),

Milan 1726), 775–916Chron. S. Sophiae Chronicon Sanctae Sophiae (Cod. Vat. Lat. 4939), ed.

J.-M. Martin (2 vols., FSI, Rome 2000)Chron. Vult. Chronicon Vulternense, ed. V. Federici (3 vols., FSI,

Rome 1925–38)Clementi, ‘Calendarof Henry VI’

D.R. Clementi, ‘Calendar of the diplomas ofthe Hohenstaufen Emperor Henry VI concerningthe kingdom of Sicily’, Quellen und Forschungen ausitalienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken 35 (1955), 86–225

Cod. Dipl. Aversa Codice diplomatico normanno di Aversa, ed. A. Gallo(Naples 1927)

Cod. Dipl. Barese Codice diplomatico barese (19 vols., Bari 1897–1950)Cod. Dipl. Brindisiano Codice diplomatico brindisiano, i. (492–1299), ed.

Gennaro Maria Monti (Trani 1940)Cod. Dipl. Caiet. Codex Diplomaticus Caietanus (2 vols., Montecassino

1887–92)Cod. Dipl. Cavensis Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis, ed. M. Morcaldi et al.

(8 vols., Milan 1876–93); vols. ix–x, ed. S. Leone andG. Vitolo (Cava dei Tirreni 1984–90)

x






Cod. Dipl. Tremiti Codice diplomatico del monastero benedettino diS. Maria di Tremiti (1005–1237), ed. ArmandoPetrucci (3 vols., FSI, Rome 1960)

Cod. Dipl. Verginiano Codice diplomatico verginiano, ed. P.M. Tropeano(13 vols., Montevergine 1977–2001)

Constance Diplomata Constantiae Imperatricis et Reginae Siciliae Diplomata(1195–1198), ed. T. Kolzer (Codex DiplomaticusRegni siciliae, Ser. II.1(2), Cologne 1983)

Cowdrey H. E. J. Cowdrey, The Register of Pope Gregory VII1073–1085. An English Translation (Oxford 2002)

Cusa, Diplomi I Diplomi greci ed arabi di Sicilia, ed. S. Cusa(Palermo 1868–81)

Documenti inediti I Documenti inediti dell’epoca normanna in Sicilia, ed.C. A. Garufi (Documenti per servire alla storia diSicilia, Ser. I.18, Palermo 1899)

Falcandus La Historia o Liber de Regno Sicilie e la Epistola adPetrum Panormitane Ecclesie Thesaurarium di UgoFalcando, ed. G. B. Siragusa (FSI, Rome 1897)

Falco Falco of Benevento, Chronicon Beneventanum, ed.Edoardo d’Angelo (Florence 1998)

FSI Fonti per la storia d’ItaliaGattula, Accessiones E. Gattula, Accessiones ad Historiam Abbatiae

Casinensis (Venice 1734)Gattula, Historia E. Gattula,Historia Abbatiae Casinensis (Venice 1733)Gregory, Reg. Das Register Gregors VII., ed. E. Caspar (MGH

Epistolae Selectae, ii, Berlin 1920–3)Italia Pontificia Italia Pontificia, ed. P. F. Kehr (10 vols., Berlin

1905–74; vol. ix, ed. W. Holtzmann, 1963; vol. x,ed. D. Girgensohn, 1974)

Konstitution Friedrichs Die Konstitution Friedrichs II. fur das KonigreichSizilien, ed. W. Sturner (MGH Constitutiones et ActaPublica, II Supplementum, Hanover 1996)

Loud, ‘Calendar’ G. A. Loud, ‘A calendar of the diplomas of theNorman Princes of Capua’, Papers of the BritishSchool at Rome 49 (1981), 99–143

Malaterra De Rebus Gestis Rogerii Calabriae et Siciliae Comitis,auctore Gaufredo Malaterra, ed. E. Pontieri (RIS,2nd edn, Bologna 1927–8)

Mansi, Concilia G.D. Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum Nova etAmplissima Collectio (31 vols., Venice 1759–98)

Menager, ‘Inventaire’ L.-R. Menager, ‘Inventaire des familles normandeset franques emigres en Italie meridionale et en Sicile(XIe–XIIe siecles)’, in Roberto il Guiscardo e il suotempo (Relazioni e communicazioni nelle PrimeGiornate normanno-sveve, Bari, maggio 1973)(Rome 1975), 259–390

Abbreviations xi






Menager, Recueil Recueil des actes des ducs normands d’Italie (1046–1127),i, Les Premiers Ducs (1046–1087), ed. L.-R. Menager(Bari 1981)

MGH Monumenta Germaniae Historica, following the usualconventions, e.g. SS¼ Scriptores; SRG¼ ScriptoresRerum Germanicarum, etc.

MPL J. P.Migne, Patrologia Latina, 221 vols., Paris 1844–64.Necrologio del Cod. Cas. 47 I Necrologi Cassinesi, i. Il Necrologio del Cod. Cassinese

47, ed. M. Inguanez (FSI, Rome 1941)Necrologio di S. Matteo Necrologio del Liber Confratrum di S. Matteo di

Salerno, ed. C. A. Garufi (FSI, Rome 1922)Orderic The Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis, ed. and

trans. M. Chibnall (6 vols., Oxford 1968–80)Papsturkunden P. F. Kehr, Papsturkunden in Italien. Reiseberichte zur

Italia Pontificia (6 vols., Rome 1977)Pflugk-Hartung, Acta J. von Pflugk-Hartung, Acta Pontificum Romanorum

Inedita (3 vols., Leipzig 1880–6)Pirro, Sicilia Sacra Sicilia Sacra, ed. R. Pirro (3rd edn, ed. A. Mongitore,

2 vols., Palermo 1733)QFIAB Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven

und BibliothekenReg. Neap. Arch. Mon. Regii Neapolitani Archivii Monumenta (6 vols.,

Naples 1854–61)RIS Rerum Italicarum ScriptoresRoger II Diplomata Rogerii II Regis Diplomata Latina, ed. C.-R. Bruhl.

(Codex Diplomaticus Regni Siciliae, Ser. I.2(1),Cologne 1987)

Romuald Romualdi Salernitani Chronicon, ed. C. A. Garufi(RIS, 2nd edn, Citta di Castello 1935)

Tancred Diplomata Tancredi et Willelmi III Regum Diplomata, ed.H. Zielinski (Codex Diplomaticus Regni Siciliae,Ser. I.5, Cologne 1982)

Trinchera, Syllabus Syllabus Graecarum Membranarum, ed FrancescoTrinchera (Naples 1865)

Tyrants The History of the Tyrants of Sicily by ‘Hugo Falcandus’1154–69, trans. G. A. Loud and T. E. J. Wiedemann(Manchester 1998)

Ughelli, Italia Sacra Italia Sacra, ed. F. Ughelli (2nd edn, by N. Colletti,10 vols., Venice 1717–21)

W. Apulia Guillaume de Pouille. La Geste de Robert Guiscard, ed.M. Mathieu (Palermo 1961)

William I Diplomata Guillelmi I Regis Diplomata, ed. H. Enzensberger(Codex Diplomaticus Regni Siciliae, Ser. I.3,Cologne 1996)

xii Abbreviations






0 50 100 miles

0 75 150 km

Mazara

Agrigento

Cefalù

Palermo

Monreale

Catania

Syracuse

Lipari

T Y R R H E N I A N

S E A

A D R I A T I C

S E A

NMessina

ReggioOppido

Tropea

Mileto

Gerace

Squillace

Catanzaro

Cosenza S. Severina

BisignanoRossano

Cassano

Tursi

S. Marco

Policastro

CapaccioMarsico

CastellanetaAcerenza

GravinaConversano

Trani

Bari

Siponto

Venosa

Potenza

Conza

MelfiAvellino

SalernoAmalfi

Sorrento

Aversa

TroiaBenevento

ArianoCapua

Naples

Teano

CivitateIsernia

Larino

Termoli

Fondi

Gaeta

Aquino

Rome

Sulmona

Chieti

Penne

Monopoli

Brindisi

TarantoLecce

Otranto

ArchbishopricBishopric

Map I Southern Italy: archbishoprics and principal bishoprics






Cefalù

Palermo

Monreale

Catania

Syracuse

Lipari

T Y R R H E N I A N

S E A

A D R I A T I C

S E A

0 50 100 miles

0 75 150 km

N

Gratteri Maniace

Messina

Reggio

Bagnara

Mileto

St Euphemia

S. Maria della Torre

Fiore

SambucinaMatina Patiron

KyrozosimiCarbone Nardo

Taranto

Brindisi

Lecce

Casole

MonopoliConversanoVenosa

BariTrani

St Leonard, Siponto

Troia

SalernoCava

Amalfi

Montevergine

ArianoBenevento

NaplesAversa

TeleseCapua

PulsanoTorremaggiore

FerrariaFondi

Gaeta

Montecassino

St Vincenton Volturno

Holy Saviour,Majella

Casauria

Carpineto

RomeMonte Sant’Angelo

Map II Southern Italy: abbeys






0 25 50 miles

0 40 80 km

Mazara

Agrigento

Cefalù

Palermo

Monreale

Catania

Syracuse

Messina

Patti

ArchbishopricBishopric

N

Map III The dioceses of Sicily in the late twelfth century






0 5 15 miles

0 10 25 km20

10

5 15

BisceglieBARI

Molfetta

Trani

Andria

Corato

Ruvo

Terlizzi

Giovinazzi

Bitonto

Bari

Bitetto

BARICONVERSANO

GravinaAcerenza

VENOSA

ACERENZA

MinervinoMELFI

Canosa

Canne

BarlettaSalpi

N

Names of dioceses in capitals

Cathedral

Other major church

Map IV The dioceses of the Terra di Bari






0 5 15 miles

0 10 25 km20

10

5 15Naples

GAETA

Pozzuoli

Aversa

Capua

Calvi

Carinola

TeanoSuessa

Caiazzo

Alife

Caserta

Telese

Sant’Agata dei Goti

BENEVENTO

AVELLINONola

Sarno

SALERNO

Acerra

N

Names of dioceses in capitals

Cathedral

Archbishopric

Map V The dioceses of the Terra di Lavoro






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THE LATIN CHURCH IN NORMAN ITALY - Assetsassets.cambridge.org/97805211/81488/frontmatter/... · 2011. 5. 2. · (1195–1198), ed. T. Ko¨lzer (Codex Diplomaticus Regni siciliae,