The Late Middle AgesThe Late Middle AgesAnd the RenaissanceAnd the Renaissance

The Black DeathThe Black Death

loss of 1/3 of European population (mostly in loss of 1/3 of European population (mostly in cities)cities)

Causes: bubonic plague carried by fleas on Causes: bubonic plague carried by fleas on Asian black rats; poor sanitation, overcrowded Asian black rats; poor sanitation, overcrowded homes, poor health, poor hygiene, poor housinghomes, poor health, poor hygiene, poor housing

Results: Severe impact on European economy; Results: Severe impact on European economy; in some areas workers enjoyed higher wages;in some areas workers enjoyed higher wages;

Best of clergy died (staying behind to help the Best of clergy died (staying behind to help the sick); Jews blamed; serfdom ended in many sick); Jews blamed; serfdom ended in many areas; first enclosure of fields in Britainareas; first enclosure of fields in Britain

Crisis in the Catholic ChurchCrisis in the Catholic Church

Early Criticisms of the churchEarly Criticisms of the church Marsiglio de Padua: Marsiglio de Padua: Defender of PeaceDefender of Peace – Church – Church

should be subordinate to the state Church should be should be subordinate to the state Church should be governed by a council of laity and priests superior to governed by a council of laity and priests superior to pope.pope.

John WyclifJohn Wyclif (1320-1384): church should only follow (1320-1384): church should only follow Scripture; English translation of Bible; his later followers Scripture; English translation of Bible; his later followers were were LollardsLollards

John HussJohn Huss (1369-1415): ideas similar to Wyclif; (1369-1415): ideas similar to Wyclif; nationalist party in Czech (Bohemia)nationalist party in Czech (Bohemia)

Hussites: followers of Huss who staged large rebellions Hussites: followers of Huss who staged large rebellions in 14th century.in 14th century.

Crisis in the Catholic ChurchCrisis in the Catholic Church

Babylonian CaptivityBabylonian Captivity (1305-1378): 7 (1305-1378): 7 successive popes resided at Avignon, France. successive popes resided at Avignon, France. Damaged papal prestige (esp. in England & Damaged papal prestige (esp. in England & Germany); Rome’s economy damagedGermany); Rome’s economy damaged

Great SchismGreat Schism (c. 1378-1417): Further conflict (c. 1378-1417): Further conflict led to election of two popes—one in Rome, one led to election of two popes—one in Rome, one in France; further hurt prestige of church. in France; further hurt prestige of church.

Conciliar MovementConciliar Movement (1409-1418): Council of (1409-1418): Council of Pisa and Council of Constance, ended schism; Pisa and Council of Constance, ended schism; failed as movement to put power in a church failed as movement to put power in a church council; pope’s power still supremecouncil; pope’s power still supreme

Hundred Years’ War (1337-Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453) 1453) Cause—English lays claim to large areas of French land.Cause—English lays claim to large areas of French land.

Three phasesThree phases:: Early English Victories: Crecy (1346) and Poitiers (1356)Early English Victories: Crecy (1346) and Poitiers (1356) French reclaim territory and stalemateFrench reclaim territory and stalemate English victories: Agincourt (1415), French regain lands English victories: Agincourt (1415), French regain lands

– Joan of ArcJoan of Arc: led French army to victory at Orleans during : led French army to victory at Orleans during crucial stage of the warcrucial stage of the war

Results: France kicks England out; creation of modern Results: France kicks England out; creation of modern nation states begin (“New Monarchs”). Innovations in war nation states begin (“New Monarchs”). Innovations in war technology: longbow, cannon, infantry. Decimation of technology: longbow, cannon, infantry. Decimation of landed nobles.landed nobles.

Northern Italian EconomyNorthern Italian Economy

Cities developed international trade: Genoa, Cities developed international trade: Genoa, Venice, Milan.Venice, Milan.

popolopopolo (middle class) took power in 13th (middle class) took power in 13th century; republican gov’t short-livedcentury; republican gov’t short-lived

signorisignori (despots) or oligarchies (rule of (despots) or oligarchies (rule of merchant aristocracies) by 1300merchant aristocracies) by 1300

commendacommenda: Contract between merchant and : Contract between merchant and “merchant-adventurer” who agreed to take “merchant-adventurer” who agreed to take goods to distant locations and return with the goods to distant locations and return with the proceeds (for 1/3 of profits)proceeds (for 1/3 of profits)

Italian City States, 1454Italian City States, 1454

Politics of Italian City-StatesPolitics of Italian City-States

Republic of FlorenceRepublic of Florence (Included Republic (Included Republic of Genoa) – of Genoa) – Medici familyMedici family

Cosimo De’MediciCosimo De’Medici (1389-1464): allied (1389-1464): allied with other powerful families of Florence with other powerful families of Florence and became unofficial ruler of the republicand became unofficial ruler of the republic

Lorenzo the MagnificentLorenzo the Magnificent (1449- (1449-1492): lavish patron 1492): lavish patron

of the artsof the arts

Politics of Italian City-StatesPolitics of Italian City-States

Girolamo SavonarolaGirolamo Savonarola (1452-1498) – (1452-1498) – theocracy in Florence 1494-98; (predicted theocracy in Florence 1494-98; (predicted French invasion due to paganism and moral French invasion due to paganism and moral decay of Italian city-states); burned at the decay of Italian city-states); burned at the stake Charles VIII (1483-1498), French stake Charles VIII (1483-1498), French invasions of Italy; Italy became battleground invasions of Italy; Italy became battleground for international ambitionsfor international ambitions

Politics of Italian City-StatesPolitics of Italian City-States

Duchy of MilanDuchy of Milan -- -- Sforza Sforza family (family (Caterina Caterina SforzaSforza (1463-1509), great art patron) (1463-1509), great art patron)

Rome, the Papal StatesRome, the Papal States – papacy – papacy (“Renaissance popes”)(“Renaissance popes”)

Naples, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Venice, Naples, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Venice, Venetian RepublicVenetian Republic

Isabella d’EsteIsabella d’Este (1474-1539): most famous (1474-1539): most famous Renaissance female ruler (ruled Mantua)Renaissance female ruler (ruled Mantua)

condottiericondottieri:: leaders of private armies hired by leaders of private armies hired by cities for military purposescities for military purposes

HumanismHumanism

HumanismHumanism -- Revival of antiquity (Greece -- Revival of antiquity (Greece and Rome) in literatureand Rome) in literature

Individualism/ secularism: “man is the Individualism/ secularism: “man is the measure of all things”measure of all things”

virtú: the quality of being a great man in virtú: the quality of being a great man in whatever noble pursuitwhatever noble pursuit

Education: (emphasis on Latin and Greek)Education: (emphasis on Latin and Greek)

HumanismHumanism

PetrarchPetrarch—(1304-1374)—(1304-1374) “Dark Ages” “Dark Ages” metaphor; “father of humanism” and metaphor; “father of humanism” and 1st modern writer, literature no longer 1st modern writer, literature no longer subordinate to religionsubordinate to religion

Dante – Dante – Divine ComedyDivine Comedy Boccacio – Boccacio – DecameronDecameron:: aimed to impart aimed to impart

wisdom of human character and behavior.wisdom of human character and behavior. Pico della MirandolaPico della Mirandola (1463-1494) (1463-1494) Oration on Oration on

the Dignity of Manthe Dignity of Man; Platonic academy; Platonic academy Baldassare CastiglioneBaldassare Castiglione (1478-1529) – (1478-1529) – The The

Book of the CourtierBook of the Courtier

HumanismHumanism Leonardo BruniLeonardo Bruni (1370-1444) – wrote (1370-1444) – wrote

history of Florence; division of historical history of Florence; division of historical periods; narrative form; civic humanist; periods; narrative form; civic humanist; first to use term “humanism”first to use term “humanism”

Lorenzo VallaLorenzo Valla (1407-1457)— (1407-1457)—On the On the False Donation of False Donation of

ConstantineConstantine (1444); study of Latin (1444); study of Latin Niccolo MachiavelliNiccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) -- (1469-1527) -- The PrinceThe Prince (1513) – (1513) – Cesare BorgiaCesare Borgia

New Artistic StylesNew Artistic Styles

Look to Roman and Look to Roman and Greek influences.Greek influences.

Use of realistic Use of realistic perspective in depicting perspective in depicting scenes.scenes.

Portrait painting Portrait painting becomes popular.becomes popular.

Depiction of Depiction of Renaissance ideals.Renaissance ideals.

New dignity of the New dignity of the individualindividual

Early RenaissanceEarly Renaissance Florence the leader in Renaissance art esp. in Florence the leader in Renaissance art esp. in

quattrocentoquattrocento (1400s) (1400s) Filippo BrunelleschiFilippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) – architect of (1377-1446) – architect of

cathedrals (cathedrals (il duomoil duomo in Florence) in Florence) Leon Battista AlbertiLeon Battista Alberti (1404-1472), architect of (1404-1472), architect of

cathedrals.cathedrals. Lorenzo GhibertiLorenzo Ghiberti (1378-1455) -- sculptor: bronze doors (1378-1455) -- sculptor: bronze doors

for Florentine baptistryfor Florentine baptistry Donatello Donatello (1386-1466 – sculptor: (1386-1466 – sculptor: DavidDavid (in bronze) (in bronze) MasaccioMasaccio (1401-1428) painter: nude human figures (1401-1428) painter: nude human figures Giovanni BelliniGiovanni Bellini (1430-1516) – (1430-1516) – Portrait of a CondottierePortrait of a Condottiere Benvenuto CelliniBenvenuto Cellini (1500-1574) – goldsmith and (1500-1574) – goldsmith and

sculptorsculptor

Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337)Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337)

Considered to be the Considered to be the Father of the Italian Father of the Italian RenaissanceRenaissance

Broke with linear style Broke with linear style of Middle Ages.of Middle Ages.

First to us chiaroscuro.First to us chiaroscuro. Reputed to be a Reputed to be a

shrewd and witty shrewd and witty character.character.

Praised by the poet Praised by the poet Dante.Dante.

Giotto - Giotto - The Mourning of ChristThe Mourning of Christ

Sandro Botticelli (1444-1510)Sandro Botticelli (1444-1510) Spent almost his Spent almost his

entire life in Florence.entire life in Florence. Only significant Only significant

journey was to Rome journey was to Rome to work on Sistine to work on Sistine Chapel.Chapel.

Died in obscurity and Died in obscurity and his fame was not his fame was not reestablished until reestablished until the 19the 19thth century. century.

Botticelli-Botticelli-PrimaveraPrimavera

Botticelli- Botticelli- Birth of VenusBirth of Venus

High RenaissanceHigh Renaissance “ “High Renaissance” centered in High Renaissance” centered in

Rome (1500-1527) – Rome (1500-1527) – cinquecentocinquecento (1500s)(1500s)

Most worldly of Most worldly of Renaissance popesRenaissance popes – – Alexander VIAlexander VI (1492-1503); Julius II (1492-1503); Julius II (1503-1513); and Leo X (1513-1521), (1503-1513); and Leo X (1513-1521), funded great art projects funded great art projects

Characteristics: classical balance, Characteristics: classical balance, harmony, restraintharmony, restraint

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)1519) Painter, sculptor, Painter, sculptor,

architect and architect and engineer.engineer.

Often left work Often left work unfinished.unfinished.

Conducted extensive Conducted extensive scientific studies.scientific studies.

Invented the armored Invented the armored tank and designed tank and designed aircraft.aircraft.

Da Vinci – Da Vinci – The Last SupperThe Last Supper

Michelangelo Buonarotti Michelangelo Buonarotti (1475-1564)(1475-1564)

Sculptor, painter, Sculptor, painter, architect, and poet.architect, and poet.

Tormented genius Tormented genius who was rarely who was rarely satisfied with his satisfied with his talents.talents.

In painting and In painting and sculpture his work sculpture his work focused mainly on the focused mainly on the nude human form.nude human form.

Michelangelo – Michelangelo – La PietaLa Pieta

Michelangelo – Sistine ChapelMichelangelo – Sistine Chapel

Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520)Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520)

Child prodigy in Child prodigy in the world of art.the world of art.

Patronized by the Patronized by the popes and named popes and named Papal Architect in Papal Architect in 1514.1514.

Died of fever at Died of fever at age 37.age 37.

Raphael – Raphael – Three GracesThree Graces

Raphael – Raphael – School of AthensSchool of Athens

Printing Press (c. 1456)Printing Press (c. 1456) Johann GutenbergJohann Gutenberg – spread of – spread of

humanistic literature to rest of Europe.humanistic literature to rest of Europe. By 1480, 380 printing presses in Europe By 1480, 380 printing presses in Europe

(1000 by 1500)(1000 by 1500)

Christian HumanismChristian Humanism

Attempted to find a balance between Attempted to find a balance between religious and secular concernsreligious and secular concerns

Rejected the “otherworldliness” of Rejected the “otherworldliness” of the Middle Ages.the Middle Ages.

Emphasis on early church writings Emphasis on early church writings for answers to improve society.for answers to improve society.

Christian Humanist WritersChristian Humanist Writers

Desiderius ErasmusDesiderius Erasmus (Erasmus of (Erasmus of Rotterdam) (1466-1536) – Rotterdam) (1466-1536) – In Praise of In Praise of FollyFolly; ; most famous intellectual of his most famous intellectual of his timestimes, , criticized the church: “Erasmus lay criticized the church: “Erasmus lay the egg that Luther hatched”the egg that Luther hatched”

Thomas MoreThomas More (1478-1536) – (1478-1536) – UtopiaUtopia – – creates ideal society on an island; but to creates ideal society on an island; but to achieve harmony and order people have achieve harmony and order people have to sacrifice individual rightsto sacrifice individual rights

Christian Humanist WritersChristian Humanist Writers

Jacques Lefevre d’EtablesJacques Lefevre d’Etables (1454-1536): (1454-1536): leading French humanist; produced 5 leading French humanist; produced 5 versions of the Psalms that challenged a versions of the Psalms that challenged a single authoritative Bible.single authoritative Bible.

Francesco Ximenes de CisnerosFrancesco Ximenes de Cisneros (1436- (1436-1517): reformed Spanish clergy and church, 1517): reformed Spanish clergy and church, Grand Inquisitor of the Spanish InquisitionGrand Inquisitor of the Spanish Inquisition

Northern Renaissance ArtsNorthern Renaissance Arts

Low Countries (Dutch Low Countries (Dutch Republic, Flanders and Republic, Flanders and parts of Germany, etc) parts of Germany, etc) produced especially produced especially important artists.important artists.

Jan and Hubert Van EyckJan and Hubert Van Eyck– First successful use of First successful use of

oil paintingoil painting– Worked mainly in Worked mainly in

Ghent, Belgium.Ghent, Belgium.

Peter Brueghel (1520-1569) Peter Brueghel (1520-1569)

Focused on lives of ordinary Focused on lives of ordinary people.people.

Painted great landscapesPainted great landscapes Also worked on religious Also worked on religious

subjectssubjects Completed most of his work in Completed most of his work in

Antwerp and BrusselsAntwerp and Brussels

Peter Brueghel – Peter Brueghel – Peasant WeddingPeasant Wedding

Albrecht Durer (1471-1528) Albrecht Durer (1471-1528)

German – foremost German – foremost northern Renaissance northern Renaissance artist artist

Famous for woodcuts Famous for woodcuts and engravings.and engravings.

Paintings include a Paintings include a number of self protraitsnumber of self protraits

Albrecht Durer – Albrecht Durer – The Last SupperThe Last Supper

Hans Holbein the Younger (1497-Hans Holbein the Younger (1497-1543) 1543)

Son of Gothic artist.Son of Gothic artist. German painter German painter

who studied in Italywho studied in Italy Painted portraits of Painted portraits of

Erasmus, Thomas Erasmus, Thomas More, King Henry More, King Henry VIII, his wives, and VIII, his wives, and Mary TudorMary Tudor

Hans Holbein – Hans Holbein – The The AmbassadorsAmbassadors

Domenikos El Greco (1541-1614): Domenikos El Greco (1541-1614): painter: mannerismpainter: mannerism

Painter in Spain (of Painter in Spain (of Greek nationality)Greek nationality)

Famous for unique style Famous for unique style known as known as mannerism.mannerism.

Subjects depict Subjects depict religious mysticism of religious mysticism of the period in Spainthe period in Spain

El Greco – El Greco – Death of Duke of OrgazDeath of Duke of Orgaz

Vernacular WritersVernacular Writers

FranceFrance

– Francois Rabelais’Francois Rabelais’ (1494-1553) (1494-1553) Gargantua Gargantua andand Pantagruel Pantagruel

– Michel de Montaigne Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592) (1533-1592) Essays Essays relativist in religion and relativist in religion and moralitymorality

Vernacular WritersVernacular Writers

EnglandEngland– Edmund Spenser Edmund Spenser (1552 – 1599)(1552 – 1599) composed romantic composed romantic

epic epic Faerie QueenFaerie Queen– Christopher Marlowe Christopher Marlowe (1564 – 1593) skilled playwright (1564 – 1593) skilled playwright

and poetand poet– William Shakespeare William Shakespeare (1564 – 1616) poet and (1564 – 1616) poet and

playwright. Wrote plays that best exemplfied the playwright. Wrote plays that best exemplfied the varieties of human experience.varieties of human experience.

– Ben Jonson Ben Jonson (1572 – 1673) poet and dramatist who (1572 – 1673) poet and dramatist who created plays in the Greek style.created plays in the Greek style.

Vernacular WritersVernacular Writers

Spain Spain – Miguel de Cervantes (Miguel de Cervantes (1547 – 1615) Wrote 1547 – 1615) Wrote Don Don

Quixote. Quixote. Regarded as one of the great novels Regarded as one of the great novels of the period.of the period.

– Felix Lope de Vega Felix Lope de Vega (1562-1635) wrote in every (1562-1635) wrote in every major literary style. Created over 1500 plays, of major literary style. Created over 1500 plays, of which 500 survive.which 500 survive.