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The landscapes we create tell us who we are …
Martha B. SharmaAPHG Workshop
NCGE – Lake Tahoe, NV
October 6-7, 2006
NY Times
Gettysburg
III. Cultural Patterns and Processes
Concepts of culture Cultural differences Environmental impacts of
cultural attitudes and practices
Cultural landscapes and cultural identities
Cultural Landscapes
“A cultural landscape is fashioned from a natural landscape by a culture group. Culture is the agent, the natural area is the medium. The cultural landscape the result.”
Carl O. Sauer in The Morphology of
Landscape (1925)
Cultural Landscapes “… all human landscape has cultural
meaning, no matter how ordinary it may be. ... Our human landscape is our unwitting autobiography, reflecting our tastes, our values, and even our fears, in tangible, visible form. ”
“ The man-made landscape … provides strong evidence of the kind of people we are, were, and will be. ”
Peirce Lewis in Axioms for Reading the Landscape (1979)
Cultural Landscapes
“ Most objects in the landscape – although they convey all kinds of ‘messages’ – do not convey those message in any obvious way. The landscape does not speak to us very clearly. … one must know what kinds of questions to ask. ”
Peirce Lewis in Axioms for Reading the Landscape (1979)
Analytical Goals of Human Geography
Use and think about maps and spatial data. Understand and interpret the implications
of associations among phenomena in places.
Recognize and interpret at different scales relationships among patterns and processes.
Define regions and evaluate the regionalization process.
Characterize and analyze changing interconnections among places.
Religious LandscapesGlobal patterns
Places of worshipPlaces of
Remembrance
Cemeteries are a very visible part of the religious
landscape
Grave markers provide cultural
insights into people and places.
Taj Mahal – Agra, India
An AP Human Geography course should encourage field
observationAlthough organized field trips are not
necessary for the course, some combination of exercises, visual aids, and field work should be pursued to provide students with a sense of how
the material world embodies information and ideas about culture,
society, and human-environment relations.
Axioms for Reading the Landscape
I. The man-made landscape – the ordinary run-of-the-mill things that humans have created and put upon the earth – provides strong evidence of the kind of people we are, and were, and are in the process of becoming.
IV. In trying to unravel the meaning of contemporary landscapes and what they have to “say” about us as Americans, history matters.
V. Elements of a cultural landscape make little cultural sense if they are studied outside their geographic (i.e., locational) context.
Peirce Lewis in Axioms for Reading the Landscape (1979)
Activity One
A Cultural Study of Crown Hill Cemetery
From: http://www.iupui.edu/~anthpm/seriate.html
Grave Markers as Cultural Artifacts
Styles of gravestones change over time Relative chronology can be determined
based on change or continuity in material style
Style is any visible attribute Shape, height, width, color of stone,
design details Some grave markers are unique for
personal reasons
Types of Grave Markers
Analyzing Grave Markers at Crown Hill
CemeteryIn this exercise students: Analyze 48 real grave markers
manufactured between 1864 and 1997 based on stylistic changes in design
The “Marker Data Table” is located at http://www.iupui.edu/~anthpm/markerdata.html
Sort the markers chronologicallyAnswer the questions based on photos
and other information in the table
Examples from Crown Hill Activity
Childers (1864) “Symbolic”
Bedino (1995) “Above Ground”
Gatling (1903) “Monumental”http://www.iupui.edu/~anthpm/markerdata.html
Activity Two
A Cultural/Demographic Study of St. Helena’s
Episcopal Church Cemetery
Beaufort County, South Carolina
Beaufort (1710) and St. Helena’s Church (1712)
Named for Henry Somerset, Duke of Beaufort (1684-1714)
St. Helena’s Church
St. Helena’s Church is located in the heart of historic Beaufort, SC
Parish Church of St. HelenaEstablished in 1712 by an act
of the Colonial Assembly Beaufort, South Carolina Original building erected in
1724 Cemetery fills the church
yard Used by the Union Army as a
hospital during the Civil War Partially destroyed by
hurricanes in 1896 and 1959 Major restoration 1998-2000
Reading a Local Cultural Landscape
In Activity Two, students … Use elements of the cultural landscape:
images and data from grave markers in the cemetery of St. Helena’s Church to examine changes over time.
Examine selected grave markers to understand cultural patterns in the local community
Manipulate the cemetery data base to produce
Histograms “Age at Death” Pyramids
Summarize their findings in a short paper.
Getting Started
To begin this field activity, you will need a map of the cemetery to be studied. Add grid marks, if they are not already on the map, to facilitate sector references.
Sample Spreadsheet from the St. Helena’s
Database
Data Summary from the St.
Helena’s Database
12
3
4
5
67
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Patterns in Age at Death
St. Helena's: 19th Century - Total
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 9
19
29
39
49
59
69
79
89
99
Mo
re
Age at Death
St. Helena's: 20th Century - Total
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 9
19
29
39
49
59
69
79
89
99
Mo
re
Age at Death
Changes in Age at DeathComparing the 19th and 20th Centuries
10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10
0-4 yrs.
15-19 yrs.
30-34 yrs.
45-49 yrs.
60-64 yrs.
75-79 yrs.
90-94 yrs.
AGE at DEATH
PERCENT
10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10
0-4 yrs.
15-19 yrs.
30-34 yrs.
45-49 yrs.
60-64 yrs.
75-79 yrs.
90-94 yrs.
AGE at DEATH
PERCENT
St. Helena’s: 19th Century
St. Helena’s: 20th Century
Create a Field Experience for Your Class
An AP course should not be just about the Exam
An AP course should be about learning Field work is not a requirement for APHG But field work is essential to learning to
think geographically The experience of field work will
demonstrate for students the geographic perspective
This experience will prepare them to apply what they have learned to any situation
And this will definitely help them on the Exam
Over-arching Course Goals
Students should … Study patterns and processes that
have shaped human understanding, use, and alteration of Earth’s surface
Analyze human social organization Apply the methods and tools of
geography
Source: College Board Course Description Booklet, p. 3.