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THE KENNEDY & JOHNSON YEARS
Chapter 18
Democrat Junior Senator Young: 43 Wealthy,
Connected Family Handsome Catholic
Republican VP Youngish: 47 Humble Means “Tricky Dick” Quaker
John F. Kennedy Richard M. Nixon
Election
1960 Elections first to have televised debates
Kennedy & Nixon Debates Kennedy had Hollywood
producers to coach Makeup, suit, speaking
Nixon refused makeup, grey suit Kennedy played on Cold War
Fears claiming the US had fallen behind in the Arms Race – said Eisenhower not doing enough
Also championed the poor: 17 million hungry
Camelot
Jack & Jackie Photographs
showed JFK strong, athletic, handsome
Young, beautiful wife Jackie (31)
Two small children (first in White House since 1908)
NEW FRONTIER (536-537) JFK’s plan to change the nation
Tried to reduce taxes – congress said no Federal aid to education – congress said no Cancelled government contracts with steel
companies to lower prices Area Redevelopment Act of 1961- financial
assistance to economically distressed regions Minimum wage raised from $1.00 $1.25
SPACE PROGRAM: we were losing in the Space Race Sets the goal of landing on the moon before the
decade is up – it would be an accomplishment for the entire nation
John Glenn: First American to Orbit Earth
WARREN COURT
Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren
Made many reforms BROWN V. BOARD
OF EDUCATION – desegregate schools
MIRANDA V. ARIZONA – right to a lawyer
ENGEL V. VITALE – banned prayer/Bible reading in schools
Foreign Affairs
1959 FIDEL CASTRO overthrows Fulgencio Batista (US backed Cuban Dictator)
Takes over Private Business Makes Anti-American
Speeches Signed trade agreement with
the USSR CIA believed an invasion of
Cuba would inspire Cubans to rise up
Eisenhower Okayed the operation (about to leave office)
Foreign Affairs
1960: Kennedy learns of a plan to train Cuban Exiles to invade Cuba
Kennedy in tough spot: to invade, or not to invade?
CIA assures Kennedy that the plan will succeed
JFK gave the go-ahead
BAY OF PIGS INVASION
No secret “The Perfect Failure”
April 15:Cuban Exiles, fly bomber planes and attack Cuban airfields, Cuban Exiles also invade beaches
April 17:US Navy ships assist Cuban Brigade, but don’t fight Cuban Forces, led by Fidel Castro, sink 2 ships, and capture 1,200 men
Outcome
JFK took the blame – got respect from the people
Collins Type II – Write an article! Describe the Bay of Pigs Invasion What was the lead up to the event? What happened? What was the outcome? What do YOU think??
Vienna Conference
JFK invited Khrushchev to meet with him in Vienna, Austria in June 1961 to ease tensions
Khrushchev demanded: US and allies recognize
Communist East Germany as an independent nation
Withdraw from West Berlin
Vienna Conference
West Berlin was an “island of freedom” surrounded by East Germany 3.5 Million East Germans
escaped through West Berlin
JFK & advisors afraid East Germany would use force to regain West Berlin Called reserves into
active duty, built nuclear shelters in US, troop buildup in West Germany
Berlin Wall
August 13, 1961: Khrushchev closed crossing points between East and West Berlin
Within hours 25,000 troops were in place to guard a barbed wire barrier around West Berlin
A proper wall soon followed: 97 miles around the three Western Sectors, 27 miles between West & East Berlin
No Mans Land in Between
Collins Type II – Write a letter
What was the Berlin Wall? What led up to its
being built? What was its
purpose? How will it affect
East & West Germans?
Cuban Missile Crisis
US actions at the Bay of Pigs and Berlin Crisis encouraged USSR to become more aggressive
Khrushchev pledged to defend Cuba USSR concerned about nuclear missiles
placed in Turkey Convinced Castro to allow Surface - to – air
missiles (SAM) and nuclear missiles in Cuba
JFK accused of being “soft on communism”
Cuban Missile Crisis
JFK ordered U-2 spy planes to fly over Cuba 1962: photos showed the building of SAMs JFK’s advisors advised an airstrike
Followed by an invasion Act of war
Robert McNamara & Robert Kennedy wanted a naval blockade This would be an act of war too, less threatening
JFK chose blockade For two days the US prepared for war as Soviet
ships sailed for Cuba – Khrushchev said if we try to stop them, WAR!
Khrushchev wrote a letter…
Offering to remove the missiles if the US promised to never invade Cuba
Then he wrote another letter demanding the US pull missiles out of Turkey JFK ignored the second letter Secretly, Robert Kennedy promised we would take
missiles out This is the closest the world has ever come to
nuclear war JFK & Khrushchev installed a hotline so they could
communicate directly LIMITED TEST BAN TREATY: end testing nuclear
weapons in the atmosphere & underwater
13 Days
John F. Kennedy – President Robert Kennedy – Attorney
General Kenny O’Donnell - Advisor Robert McNamara –
Secretary of Defense Dean Atcheson – Secretary
of State under Truman Adlai Stevenson –
Ambassador to the UN
November 22, 1963
JFK went to Dallas to campaign for the 1964 election Rode in a convertible LEE HARVEY OSWALD shot Kennedy from the 6th
floor of the Texas School Book Depository Two days later Oswald was shot by Jack Ruby LYNDON BAINES JOHNSON gave the oath of office
on Air Force One Set up the WARREN COMMISSION TO INVESTIGATE
JFK’S DEATH “The legacy of hope died with him. You never had
that same sense again that we were moving forward.”
LBJ – Lyndon Baines Johnson
Powerful Senator from Texas Hated being VP “It was my duty to carry on” what
JFK had planned Master Legislator – used the
JOHNSON TREATMENT WAR ON POVERTY GREAT SOCIETY: DOMESTIC
PROGRAMS , AIMS TO END POVERTY AND RACIAL INJUSTICE
MEDICAID: healthcare for poor MEDICARE: healthcare for 65+ DAISY AD: election of 1964
Beat Barry Goldwater
Turn to Page 546
Look at the Major Great Society Programs Chart
Write a Collins Type II: What was the Great Society & its
aims Use three examples from chart to
describe its goals (underline examples!)