THE JUDICIAL APPLICATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS LAWassets.cambridge.org/97805217/80421/frontmatter/9780521780421... · THE JUDICIAL APPLICATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS LAW National,RegionalandInternationalJurisprudence

THE JUDICIAL APPLICATION OF

HUMAN RIGHTS LAW

National, Regional and International Jurisprudence

Since the proclamation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,

over 140 countries have incorporated human rights standards into their

legal systems: the resulting jurisprudence from diverse cultural tradi-

tions brings new dimensions to concepts first articulated in 1948. Nihal

Jayawickrama draws on all available sources to encapsulate the judicial

interpretation of human rights law in one ambitious, comprehensive

volume. Jayawickrama covers the case law of the superior courts of

eighty countries in North America, Europe, Africa, Asia, the Caribbean

and the Pacific, as well as jurisprudence of the UN Human Rights

monitoring bodies, the European Court of Human Rights, and of the

Inter-American system. He analyses the judicial application of human

rights law to demonstrate empirically the universality of contemporary

human rights norms. This definitive compendium will be essential for

legal practitioners, and government and non-governmental officials,

as well as academics and students of both constitutional law and the

international law of human rights law.

nihal jayawickrama was the Ariel F. Sallows Professor of Human

Rights at the University of Saskatchewan. He taught both constitutional

law and the international law of human rights at the University of Hong

Kong, and published on a range of contemporary legal, constitutional

and human rights issues. An advocate for a Bill of Rights in Hong Kong

prior to the transfer of sovereignty in 1997, he was involved in the

processes that led to its fruition. Executive Director of Transparency

International from 1997 to 2000, he is currently a consultant on gover-

nance and judicial reform. A member of the Sri Lanka Bar, he held the

offices of Attorney General and Permanent Secretary to the Ministry of

Justice, and served as a Representative to the United Nations General

Assembly.

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press052178042X - The Judicial Application of Human Rights Law: National, Regional andInternational JurisprudenceNihal JayawickramaFrontmatterMore information

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THE JUDICIAL

APPLICATION OF HUMAN

RIGHTS LAW

National, Regional andInternational Jurisprudence

NIHAL JAYAWICKRAMA






published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge

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C© Nihal Jayawickrama 2002

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The birds that fly in the air and the wild animals that dwell in

the jungles have the same rights as you, O great King, to live

wherever they wish or to roam wherever they will. The land

belongs to the people of the country and to all other beings that

inhabit it, while you are only its guardian.

Arahat Mahinda, the son of Emperor Asoka of the Mauryandynasty, to King Devanampiyatissa of Lanka, c. 250–210 bc,found on a rock inscription in Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka.






CONTENTS

Preface page ix

Table of cases xiii

Table of instruments civ

part i Introduction 1

1 Historical and juridical background 3

2 The international bill of human rights 24

3 The domestic protection of human rights 95

4 The international protection of human rights 130

part ii General principles 157

5 Interpretation 159

6 Non-discrimination 174

7 Limitations 182

8 Derogation 202

part iii The substantive rights 215

9 The right of self-determination 217

10 The right to life 239

11 The right to freedom from torture 296

vii






viii contents

12 The right to freedom from slavery 353

13 The right to liberty 369

14 The rights of prisoners 425

15 The right to freedom of movement 436

16 The right to a fair trial 478

17 The rights of accused persons 527

18 The right to recognition as a person 595

19 The right to privacy 597

20 The right to freedom of thought 637

21 The right to freedom of expression 663

22 The right to freedom of assembly 721

23 The right to freedom of association 735

24 The right to family life 761

25 The rights of the child 780

26 The right to participate in public life 789

27 The right to equality 816

28 The rights of minorities 842

29 The rights relating to work 852

30 The rights relating to social security 864

31 The right to an adequate standard of living 869

32 The right to health 881

33 The right to education 890

34 The right to cultural life 904

35 The right to property 908

Index 921






PREFACE

From 1978, I was associated with Professor Paul Sieghart, then chairmanof JUSTICE, the United Kingdom section of the International Com-mission of Jurists, and Professor James Fawcett, then president of theEuropean Commission of Human Rights, in a research project on theinternational law of human rights. My research on the jurisprudence ofthe Strasbourg institutions and of national courts was incorporated inPaul Sieghart’s pioneering work, The International Law of Human Rightswhich was published in 1983. The cut-off date for the law examined inthat book was 31 December 1981.

In the next two decades, the international human rights regime streng-thened considerably. Over 150 countries, spread over every continent,incorporated contemporary human rights standards into their legal sys-tems. Over 100 countries ratified the Optional Protocol to the Interna-tional Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, thereby enabling theirinhabitants to access the Human Rights Committee. Meanwhile, nearlyall the countries of South and Central America, Africa and Europe sub-scribed to regional human rights instruments with their ownmonitoringor enforcement mechanisms. The resulting jurisprudence, rich in con-tent and varied in flavour, from diverse cultural traditions, has added anew dimension to the concepts first articulated in the Universal Declara-tion of Human Rights. This book seeks to incorporate that jurisprudenceand, in that sense, complement the late Paul Sieghart’s invaluable work.

I have not set out to produce a scholarly work on human rights or oninternational law. There are already several analyses of the theoreticalfoundations and the politics of human rights, commentaries on thedifferent human rights instruments, academic studies of selected rights,and surveys of selected case law of the Strasbourg institutions and of theHuman Rights Committee. What is lacking is a volume that assembles allthe available jurisprudence on human rights from international, regional

ix






x preface

and national sources; a book that presents the content of human rightslaw as interpreted by the courts. That is the need I have set out to meet.

In identifying the substantive content of the rights recognized in theInternational Bill of Human Rights, i.e. the Universal Declaration andthe two covenants, I have drawn on the following sources:

(a) the travaux preparatoires, particularly in respect of the InternationalCovenant on Civil and Political Rights;

(b) the texts of international instruments dealing with specific rightsand other standard setting resolutions of the United Nations GeneralAssembly, specialized agencies and subsidiary institutions;

(c) the general comments of the Human Rights Committee and theCommittee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and the con-clusions of the Committee of Experts under the European SocialCharter;

(d) the judgments and advisory opinions of the International Court ofJustice and its predecessor, the Permanent Court of InternationalJustice;

(e) the decisions of the Human Rights Committee on individual com-munications received under the Optional Protocol, and of theCommittee against Torture;

(f) the judgments of the European Court of Human Rights and the re-ports and decisions of the European Commission of Human Rights;

(g) the decisions and advisory opinions of the Inter-American Court ofHuman Rights and the reports of the Inter-American Commissionof Human Rights;

(h) the judgments of superior courts in national jurisdictions interpret-ing and applying domestic Bills of Rights, wherever the specific rightsand freedoms have been formulated in terms identical or similar tothose enunciated in the two international human rights convenants;and

(i) the works of jurists.

The depth of discussion of a particular right is dependent on the avail-ability of case law. Accordingly, the chapters on economic, social andcultural rights are necessarily brief, while some on civil and politicalrights may appear inordinately long. Since I have been able to workonly in the English language, references to national jurisprudence fromthe European continent are often based on published summaries. The






preface xi

cut-off date for the law incorporated in this book is, to the extent prac-ticable, 31 December 2001.

Any work of this kind involves considerable research. Much of theearly work was done in the libraries of the United Nations in New Yorkand Geneva, and of the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies in London.I am grateful to the former United Nations Centre for Human Rights inGeneva, the General Secretariat of the Organization of American Statesin Washington DC, and the Secretariat of the Council of Europe inStrasbourg for sending me regularly a wealth of information containedin their publications, documents and reports. Many friends, includingmy former colleagues in Hong Kong, have either sent me, or directedme to, material which I was unaware of or had overlooked, or providedme access to their personal collections.

Writing a book of this nature is difficult to combinewith regular teach-ing at a university, as I soon discovered after I commenced preliminarywork on it while teaching constitutional, administrative and humanrights law at the University of Hong Kong. I am most grateful, therefore,for the opportunity afforded me by the University of Saskatchewan in1992–3, to spend an academic year in Saskatoon, in the exhilarating cli-mate of the Canadian prairies. It was during that year, when I had theprivilege of occupying the Ariel F. Sallows Chair of Human Rights, thatI began writing this book. I could not have found a more conducive orstimulating environment, made even more agreeable by the warmth andkindness with which Dean Peter MacKinnon, QC, and his colleagues re-ceived my family and me. After leaving both Hong Kong and academia in1997, progress on this book was interrupted for a while as I commutedbetween London and Berlin (and a few other places as well) learningand exploring the new, but not entirely unrelated, area of corruption inpublic life and, more especially, in the judiciary.

This book would not, of course, have assumed the shape and formin which it appears today but for the help and co-operation which wasalways forthcoming from Professor James Crawford, Whewell Profes-sor of International Law at the University of Cambridge, Ms FinolaO’Sullivan, Commissioning Editor (Law), and Dr Jennie Rubio, LawDevelopment Editor, at Cambridge University Press. I am grateful fortheir recognition of the need for a definitive text on this subject, andtheir belief in my capacity to produce and deliver within the time con-straints that regulate most things in life. An effort spread over a decade






xii preface

would not have been possible without the continuing tolerance and un-derstanding of my family. Indeed, it was their profound interest andencouragement that enabled this work to reach fruition. My deepestdebt, therefore, is owed to my wife, Sarojini, and to our two daughters,Nishana and Sharanya, all of whom, I am sure, looked forward on eachnew year’s day to life finally returning to normal in our home, whereverit might have been located.

The language of the chapters on the substantive rights that follow israrely mine. The real authors are the lawyers and judges, the men andwomen of many cultures who, individually and collectively, enhancedthe value of human life and extended the frontiers of human dignityby their courageous, imaginative and innovative approach to the inter-pretation and application of international and regional human rightsinstruments and national constitutions. I have attempted to assemble ina single volume as much of the material as I have been able to gatherin the hope that their endeavours will help and inspire others not onlyto follow but even to improve upon their achievements. Thereby, theevolving body of international human rights law will, in fact, becomethe universally accepted common standard by which the conduct of gov-ernments, public officials, private bodies, and individuals is measured. IfI have expressed a preference for a particular view, criticized a decision,or projected a dissent, I have done so because of my own perception thatin the protection of human rights, it is not possible to compromise; therecan be no half-way houses, no wayside halting places. Human rights arenot only fundamental; they are also inherent and inalienable.






TABLE OF CASES

International

Permanent Court of International Justice

Chorzow Factory Case, PCIJ Reports 1928, Series A,No.17, 29 page 7

Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations, PCIJ Reports1925, Series B, No.10, 20 97

Greco-Bulgarian Communities, PCIJ Reports 1930, Series B.,No.17 97

Minority Schools in Albania Case, PCIJ Reports 1935,Series A/B, No.64 19

Mosul Boundary Case, PCIJ Reports 1925, Series B, No.12, 32 6Polish Nationals in Danzig, PCIJ Reports 1931, Series A/B,

No.44 97Steiner and Gross v. The Polish State, Upper Silesian Arbitral

Tribunal, Cases Nos.188 and 287, Annual Digest 1927–8 19

International Court of Justice

Aegean Sea Continental Shelf Case, ICJ Reports 1978, 39 5Applicability of Article VI, Section 22 of the Convention on

the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations,Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports 1989 25, 41, 765

Application of the Convention on the Prevention andPunishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia andHerzogovina v. Yugoslavia), ICJ Reports 1993 23, 85

Application for Review of Judgment No.333 of the UnitedNations Administrative Tribunal, ICJ Reports 1987 41

xiii






xiv table of cases

Asylum Case (Colombia v. Peru), ICJ Reports 1950, 266 6Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company Limited Case

(Belgium v. Spain), ICJ Reports 1970 6, 7, 38, 356Case Concerning Maritime Delimitation and Territorial

Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain)(Jurisdiction – First Phase), ICJ Reports 1994 5

Case concerning Maritime Delimitation in the Area betweenGreenland and Jan Mayen (Denmark v. Norway), ICJReports 1993 7

Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Teheran Case (USA v. Iran),ICJ Reports 1980 6, 32, 40

Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence ofSouth Africa in Namibia (South West Africa)Notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970),ICJ Reports 1971 23, 31, 33, 40, 161, 227, 235

Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons,ICJ Reports 1996 243, 274

Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against NicaraguaCase (Nicaragua v. USA), ICJ Reports 1986 6

North Sea Continental Shelf Case (Federal Republic ofGermany v. Denmark), ICJ Reports 1969 6

Nottebohm Case (second phase), ICJ Reports 1955, 23 40Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and

Punishment of the Crime of Genocide Case, ICJ Reports 1951 43South West Africa Case (second phase), ICJ Reports 1966 40Western Sahara Case, ICJ Reports 1975 222, 227

International Arbitral Tribunals

Alabama Claims Arbitration (1872) Moore 1 Int. Arb. 495 97

Human Rights Committee

A v. Australia, Communication No.560/1993, HRC 1997Report, Annex VI.L 377, 380, 381, 417, 420, 423

A Group of Associations for the Defence of the Rights of theDisabled and Handicapped Persons in Italy v. Italy,Communication No.163/1984, HRC 1984 Report, Annex XV 53






table of cases xv

AB v. Italy, Communication No.413/1990, HRC 1991 Report,Annex XII.O 224

AB Dr v. Italy, Communication No.565/1993, HRC 1994Report Annex X.AA 53

Ackla v. Togo, Communication No.505/1992, HRC 1996Report, Annex VIII.I 445

Acosta v. Uruguay, Communication No.110/1981, HRC 1984Report, Annex XI 318

AD v. Canada, Communication No.78/1980, HRC 1984Report, Annex XVI 223

Adams v. Jamaica, Communication No.607/1994,HRC 1997 Report, Annex VI.P 324, 431

Adimayo Aduayom v. Togo, CommunicationNos.422–4/1990, HRC 1996 Report, Annex VIII.C 814

Allan Henry v. Trinidad and Tobago, CommunicationNo.752/1997, HRC 1999 Report, Annex IX.DD 488

Altesor v. Uruguay, Communication No.10/1977, HRC 1982Report, Annex IX 430

AP v. Italy, Communication No.204/1986, HRC 1988 Report,Annex VIII.A 585

ARS v. Canada, Communication No.91/1981, 28 October 1981 591Aumeeruddy-Cziffra v.Mauritius, Communication

No.35/1978, HRC 1981 Report, Annex XIII 621, 768Avellanal v. Peru, Communication No.202/1986, HRC 1989

Report, Annex X.C 493, 833B v. Netherlands, Communication No.273/1989, HRC 1989

Report, Annex XI.F 829Baboeram-Adhin v. Suriname, Communication

No.146/1983, HRC 1985 Report, Annex X 279Bahamonde v. Equatorial Guinea, Communication

No.468/1991, 20 October 1993 376Bailey v. Jamaica, Communication No.334/1988, 31 March 1993 431Bailey v. Jamaica, Communication No.709/1996, HRC 1999

Report, Annex XI.W 497Ballantyne, Davidson and McIntyre v. Canada,

Communication Nos.359/1989 and 385/1989, 31 March 1993 184Barbato v. Uruguay, Communication No.84/1981, HRC 1983

Report, Annex IX 264






xvi table of cases

Barrett and Sutcliffe v. Jamaica, CommunicationNos.270/1988 and 271/1988, HRC 1992 Report, Annex IX.F 324

Barroso v. Panama, Communication No.473/1991, HRC 1995Report, Annex X.F 557

Barzhig v. France, Communication No.327/1988, HRC 1991Report, Annex XI.F 574

Bazzano v. Uruguay, Communication No.5/1977, HRC 1979Report, Annex VII 318

Bequio v. Uruguay, Communication No.88/1981, HRC 1983Report, Annex XXII 318

Berry v. Jamaica, Communication No.330/1988, HRC 1994Report, Annex IX.D 290, 296, 576

Bhinder v. Canada, Communication No.208/1986, HRC 1990Report, Annex IX.E 660, 836

Birindwa and Tshisekedi v. Zaire, Communication Nos.241and 242/1987, HRC 1990 Report, Annex IX.I 444

Bleier v. Uruguay, Communication No.30/1978, HRC 1982Report, Annex X 55

Blom v. Sweden, Communication No.191/1985, HRC 1988Report, Annex VII.E 839

Bolanos v. Ecuador, Communication No.238/1987, HRC1989 Report, Annex X.I 412, 508

Bouton v. Uruguay, Communication No.37/1978, HRC 1981Report, Annex XIV 301

Brinkhof v. Netherlands, Communication No.402/1990,27 July 1993 837

Broeks v. Netherlands, Communication No.172/1984, HRC1987 Report, Annex VIII.B 177, 818, 833

Brown v. Jamaica, Communication No.775/1997, HRC 1999Report, Annex XI.GG 569

Burgos v. Uruguay, Communication No.R. 21/52/1979, HRC1981 Report, Annex XIX 564

Burrell v. Jamaica, Communication No.546/1993, HRC 1996Report, Annex R 278, 289

Bwalya v. Zambia, Communication No.314/1988, 14 July 1993 376Cabreira v. Uruguay, Communication No.105/1981, HRC

1983 Report, Annex XXI 431Cadoret v. France, Communication No.221/1987, HRC 1991

Report, Annex IX.A 508






table of cases xvii

Caldas v. Uruguay, Communication No.43/1979, HRC 1983Report, Annex XVIII 399, 430, 555

Camargo v. Colombia, Communication No.45/1979, HRC1982 Report, Annex XI 243, 270, 279

Campbell (Glenford) v. Jamaica, CommunicationNo.248/1987, HRC 1992 Report, Annex IX.D 289, 566, 576

Campbell (John) v. Jamaica, Communication No.307/1988,24 March 1993 507

Canepa v. Canada, Communication No.558/1993, HRC 1997Report, Annex VI.K 476, 604

Carballal v. Uruguay, Communication No.33/1978, HRC1981 Report, Annex XI 301

Cariboni v. Uruguay, Communication No.159/1983, HRC1988 Report, Annex VII.A 301

Casariego v. Uruguay, Communication No.56/1979, HRC1981 Report, Annex XX 378, 430

Celepli v. Sweden, Communication No.456/1991, HRC 1994Report, Annex IX.Z 444

Chaplin v. Jamaica, Communication No.596/94, HRC 1995Report, Annex VIII.Y 324

CLD v. France, Communication No.228/1987, HRC 1988Report, Annex VIII.E 850

Coeriel and Aurik v. Netherlands, CommunicationNo.453/1991, HRC 1995 Report, Annex X.D 604, 616

Collins v. Jamaica, Communication No.240/1987, HRC 1992Report, Annex IX.C 501, 522

Collins v. Jamaica, Communication No.356/1989, 25 March 1993 557Compass v. Jamaica, Communication No.375/1989,

19 October 1993 571Conteris v. Uruguay, Communication No.139/1983, HRC

1985 Report, Annex XI 430, 563Cox v. Canada, Communication No.539/1993, HRC 1995

Report, Annex VIII.M 327, 838Daley v. Jamaica, Communication No.750/1997, HRC 1998

Report, Annex XI.Z 324, 431Danning v. Netherlands, Communication No.180/1984, HRC

1987 Report, Annex VIII.C 838Darwinia Rosa Monaco de Gallicchio v. Argentina,

Communication No.400/1990, HRC 1995 Report, Annex X.B 596






xviii table of cases

De Gallicchio v. Argentina, Communication No.400/1990,3 April 1995, HRC 1995 Report, Annex X.B 787

De Groot v. Netherlands, Communication No.578/1994,HRC 1995 Report, Annex XI.K 823

De Lopez v. Uruguay, Communication No.52/1979, HRC1981 Report, Annex XIX 301

De Voituret v. Uruguay, Communication No.109/1981, HRC1984 Report, Annex X 555

Debreczeny v. Netherlands, Communication No.500/1992,HRC 1995 Report, Annex X.H 801

Deidrick v. Jamaica, Communication No.619/1995, HRC1998 Report, Annex XI.L 318, 324, 431

Delia Saldias de Lopez v. Uruguay, CommunicationNo.52/1979, HRC 1981 Report, Annex XIX 751

Domukovsky et al. v. Georgia, Communication Nos.623–4,626–7/1995, HRC 1998 Report, Annex XI.M 302, 583

Douglas v. Jamaica, Communication No.352/1989,HRC 1994 Report, Annex IX.G 553, 581

Drbal v. Czech Republic, Communication No.498/1992,22 July 1994, HRC 1994 Report, Annex X.N 787

EB v. Jamaica, Communication No.303/1988, HRC 1991Report, Annex XII.D 568

EHP v. Canada, Communication No.67/1980, 2 SelectedDecisions of the Human Rights Committee 20 271

EP v. Colombia, Communication No.318/1988, HRC 1990Report, Annex X.P 224

Espinoza de Polay v. Peru, Communication No.577/1994,HRC 1998 Report, Annex XI.F 430, 431

Estrella v. Uruguay, Communication No.74/1980, HRC 1983Report, Annex XII 301, 564

EW et al. v. Netherlands, Communication No.429/1990,8 April 1993 276

Faurisson v. France, Communication No.550/1993, HRC1997 Report, Annex VI.I 710

Fei v. Colombia, Communication No.514/1992,HRC 1995 Report, Annex X.J 502, 503, 508, 778

Fillastre v. Bolivia, Communication No.336/1988,HRC 1992 Report, Annex IX.N 410, 556






table of cases xix

Finn v. Jamaica, Communication No.617/1995, HRC 1998Report, Annex XI.K 431

Foin v. France, Communication No.666/1995, HRC 2000Report, Annex IX.C 818, 823

Francis (Clement) v. Jamaica, Communication No.606/1994,HRC 1995 Report, Annex X.N 324, 325, 431

Francis (Victor) v. Jamaica, CommunicationNo.320/1988, 24 March 1993 290, 557, 582

Francis Hopu and Tepoaitu Bessert v. France,Communication No.549/1993, HRC 1997 Report,Annex VI.H 620, 621

Gallimore v. Jamaica, Communication No.680/1996, HRC1999 Report, Annex XI.U 497

Gauthier v. Canada, Communication No.633/1995, HRC1999 Report, Annex XI.L 716

Gilboa v. Uruguay, Communication No.147/1983, HRC 1986Report, Annex VIII.B 301

Giry v. Dominican Republic, Communication No.193/1985,HRC 1990 Report, Annex IX.C 472

Gomez v. Spain, Communication No.701/1966, HRC 2000Report, Annex IX.I 583

Gordon v. Jamaica, Communication No.237/1987,5 November 1992 572

Graham and Morrison v. Jamaica, CommunicationNo.461/1991 HRC 1996 Report, Annex VIII.G 289, 324

Grand Chief Donald Marshall v. Canada, CommunicationNo.205/1986, HRC 1991 Report, Annex IX.A 806

Grant v. Jamaica, Communication No.353/1988, HRC1994 Report, Annex IX.H 289, 568, 573

Gridin v. Russian Federation, Communication No.770/1997,HRC 2000 Report, Annex IX.O 505

Griffin v. Spain, Communication No.493/1992, HRC 1995Report, Annex VIII.G 431, 432

Guesdon v. France, Communication No.219/1986, HRC 1990Report, Annex IX.G 508

Gueye v. France, Communication No.196/1985, HRC 1989Report, Annex X.B 179, 839

Hammel v.Madagascar, Communication No.155/1983,3 HRC 1987 Report, Annex VIII.A 418, 473






xx table of cases

Hartikainen v. Finland, Communication No.40/1978, HRC1981 Report, Annex XV 661

Harward v. Norway, Communication No.451/1991, HRC1994 Report, Annex IX.X 554

Hendriks v. Netherlands, Communication No.210/1985,HRC 1988 Report, Annex VII.H 766

Henry v. Jamaica, Communication No.230/1987, HRC 1992Report, Annex IX.B 566

Henry and Douglas v. Jamaica, CommunicationNo.571/1994, HRC 1996 Report, Annex VIII.U 557

Hermoza v. Peru, Communication No.203/1986, HRC 1989Report, Annex X.D 503, 508

Hertzberg v. Finland, Communication No.61/1979, HRC1982 Report, Annex XIV 197, 198, 697, 699

Hill v. Spain, Communication No.526/1993, HRC 1997Report, Annex VI.B 412, 554, 557, 564

Hylton v. Jamaica, Communication No.407/1990, HRC 1994Report, Annex IX.M 431

Izquierdo v. Uruguay, Communication No.73/1980, HRC1982 Report, Annex XVII 301

Jaona v.Madagascar, Communication No.132/1982, HRC1985 Report, Annex IX 378

Jarvinen v. Finland, Communication No.295/1988, HRC1990 Report, Annex IX.L 367

JB v. Canada, Communication No.118/1982, HRC 1986Report, Annex IX.B 749, 753, 754

Jijon v. Ecuador, Communication No.277/1988, HRC 1992Report, Annex IX.I 378, 407, 431, 576

JL v. Australia, Communication No.491/1992, HRC 1992Report, Annex X.EE 500

Johnson v. Jamaica, Communication No.588/1994, HRC 1996Report, Annex VIII.W 324, 557, 576, 582

JRT and WG Party v. Canada, Communication No.104/1981,HRC 1983 Report, Annex XXIV 53

Kalenga v. Zambia, Communication No.326/1988,27 July 1993 401, 431

Kall v. Poland, Communication No.552/1993, HRC 1997Report, Annex VI.J 813






table of cases xxi

Kanana v. Zaire, Communication No.366/1989, HRC 1994Report, Annex IX.J 379

Karttunen v. Finland, Communication No.387/1989, 23October 1992 504

Kelly v. Jamaica, Communication No.253/1987, HRC 1991Report, Annex XI.D 289, 290, 551, 553, 557, 568, 576, 582

Kelly v. Jamaica, Communication No.537/1993, HRC 1996Report, Annex VIII.O 289, 555, 566

Keun-Tae Kim v. Republic of Korea, CommunicationNo.574/1994, HRC 1999 Report, Annex XI.A 714

Kindler v. Canada, Communication No.470/1991,30 July 1993 266, 285, 324, 332

Kitok v. Sweden, Communication No.197/1985, HRC 1988Report, Annex VII.G 849

Kivenmaa v. Finland, Communication No.412/1990,31 March 1994 676, 725, 727

Kone v. Senegal, Communication No.386/1989, HRC 1995Report, Annex X.A 410

Kulomin v. Hungary, Communication No.521/1992,HRC 1996 Report, Annex VIII.L 408, 409

LA v. Uruguay, Communication No.128/1982, HRC 1983Report, Annex XXVI 53

Lansman v. Finland (No.1), Communication No.511/1992,HRC 1995 Report, Annex X.I 847, 849, 859

Lansman v. Finland (No.2), Communication No.671/1995,HRC 1997 Report, Annex VI.S 847, 849, 859

Laptsevich v. Belarus, Communication No.780/1997,HRC 2000 Report, Annex IX.P 689

Laureano v. Peru, Communication No.540/1993, HRC 1996Report, Annex VIII.P 308, 787

LaVende v. Trinidad and Tobago, CommunicationNo.554/1993, HRC 1998 Report, Annex XI.B 324, 583

Leslie v. Jamaica, Communication No.564/1993, HRC 1998Report, Annex XI.D 324, 557

Lewis v. Jamaica, Communication No.527/1993, HRC 1996Report, Annex VIII.N 431

LG v.Mauritius, Communication No.354/1989, HRC 1991Report, Annex XI.K 594






xxii table of cases

Lichtensztejn v. Uruguay, Communication No.77/1980, HRC1983 Report, Annex XIV 453

Lindgren et al. v. Sweden, Communication Nos.298–9/1988,HRC 1991 Report, Annex IX.E 839

Linton v. Jamaica, Communication No.255/1987,22 October, 1992 319

Lippmann v. France, Communication No.472/1991, HRC1996 Report, Annex IX.A 778

Little v. Jamaica, Communication No.283/1988, HRC 1992Report, Annex IX.J 289, 553, 582

Lluberas v. Uruguay, Communication No.123/1982, HRC1984 Report, Annex XII 431

Lopez v. Uruguay, Communication No.52/1979, HRC 1981Report, Annex XIX 48

Lovelace v. Canada, Communication No.24/1977, HRC 1981Report, Annex XVIII 846

LTK v. Finland, Communication No.185/1984, HRC 1985Report, Annex XXI 366, 659

Lubuto v. Zambia, Communication No.390/1990, HRC 1996Report, Annex VIII.B 286

Lumley v. Jamaica, Communication No.662/1995, HRC 1999Report, Annex XI.Q 569

Machado v. Uruguay, Communication No.83/1981, HRC1984 Report, Annex VII 430

MacIsaac v. Canada, Communication No.55/1979, HRC 1983Report, Annex VII 590

Maille v. France, Communication No.689/1996, HRC 2000Report, Annex IX.F 823

Marais v.Madagascar, Communication No.49/1979, HRC1983 Report, Annex XI 318

Maroufidou v. Sweden, Communication No.58/1979, HRC1981 Report, Annex XVII 471, 472

Martins v. Uruguay, Communication No.57/1979, HRC 1982Report, Annex XIII 453

Massera v. Uruguay, Communication No.R.1/5, HRC 1979Report, Annex VII 798

Massiotti v. Uruguay, Communication No.R.6/25/1978, HRC1982 Report, Annex XVIII 318, 378, 431






table of cases xxiii

Matthews v. Trinidad and Tobago, CommunicationNo.569/1993, HRC 1998 Report, Annex XI.E 431

Mbenge v. Zaire, Communication No.16/1977, HRC 1983Report, Annex X 288, 551, 563

McCordie Morrison v. Jamaica, CommunicationNo.663/1995, HRC 1999 Report, Annex XI.Q 569

McLawrence v. Jamaica, Communication No.702/1996, HRC1997 Report, Annex VI.V 289, 408, 551, 557

McLeod v. Jamaica, Communication No.734/1997, HRC 1998Report, Annex XI.X 431

McTaggart v. Jamaica, Communication No.749/1997,HRC 1998 Report, Annex XI.Y 302, 431

MF v. Jamaica, Communication No.233/1987, HRC 1992Report, Annex X.A 505

Miango v. Zaire, Communication No.194/1985, HRC 1988Report, Annex VII.F 264

Miha v. Equatorial Guinea, Communication No.414/1990,HRC 1994 Report, Annex IX.O 319

Mojica v. Dominican Republic, CommunicationNo.449/1991, HRC 1994 Report, Annex IX.W 282, 376

Montejo v. Colombia, Communication No.64/1979, HRC1982 Report, Annex XV 582

Montero v. Uruguay, Communication No.106/1981, HRC1983 Report, Annex XVII 453

Morael v. France, Communication No.207/1986, HRC 1989Report, Annex X.E 505, 550

Motta v. Uruguay, Communication No.11/1977, HRC 1980Report, Annex X 55, 301

Mpaka-Nsusu v. Zaire, Communication No.157/1983, HRC1986 Report, Annex VIII.D 378, 444

Mpandanjila v. Zaire, Communication No.138/1983, HRC1986 Report, Annex VIII.A 431, 444

Muhonen v. Finland, Communication No.89/1981, HRC1985 Report, Annex VII 594, 659

Mukong v. Cameroon, Communication No.458/1991,HRC 1994 Report, Annex IX.AA 380, 430, 717

Muteba v. Zaire, Communication No.124/1982, HRC 1984Report, Annex XIII 430






xxiv table of cases

Ng v. Canada, Communication No.469/1991, HRC 1994Report, Annex IX.CC 268, 340

Nieto v. Uruguay, Communication No.92/1981, HRC 1983Report, Annex XX 431

Nunez v. Uruguay, Communication No.108/1981, HRC 1983Report, Annex XXIII 452

Nydia Erika Bautista de Arellana v. Colombia,Communication No.563/1993, HRC 1996 Report,Annex VIII.S 281, 490

Ominayak v. Canada, Communication No.167/1984, HRC1990 Report, Annex IX.A 224, 848

Paez v. Colombia, Communication No.195/1985, HRC 1990Report, Annex IX.D 376, 671

Parkanyi v. Hungary, Communication No.410/1990, HRC1992 Report, Annex IX.Q 431

Pauger v. Austria,, Communication No.415/1990, HRC 1992Report, Annex IX.R 833

Peart and Peart v. Jamaica, Communication Nos.464/1991and 482/1991, HRC 1995 Report, Annex X.E 288, 290, 308, 572

Penarrieta v. Bolivia, Communication No.176/1984, HRC1988 Report, Annex VII.C 301

Pereira v. Panama, Communication No.436/1990, HRC 1994Report, Annex X.E 53

Perera v. Australia, Communication No.536/1993, HRC 1995Report, Annex XI.G 583

Perkins v. Jamaica, Communication No.733/1997, 30 July 1998 431Philbert v. Zaire, Communication No.90/1981, HRC 1983

Report, Annex XIX 398Pietraroia v. Uruguay, Communication No.R. 10/44, HRC

1981, Annex XVI 798Pinkney v. Canada, Communication No.R.7/27/1978, HRC

1982 Report, Annex VII 433, 582Pinto v. Trinidad and Tobago, Communication No.232/1987,

HRC 1990 Report, Annex IX.H 289, 501, 566Pinto (Daniel) v. Trinidad and Tobago, Communication

No.512/1992, HRC 1996 Report, Annex VIII.J 432Polay Campos v. Peru, Communication No.577/1994, HRC

1998 Report, Annex XI.F 312, 511






table of cases xxv

Pons v. Spain, Communication No.454/1991, HRC 1996Report, Annex VIII.E 827

Portorreal v. Dominican Republic, CommunicationNo.188/1984, HRC 1988 Report, Annex VII.D 301–302

Pratt and Morgan v. Jamaica, Communication Nos.210/1986,225/1987, HRC 1989 Report, Annex X.F 324, 557, 566, 582

Price v. Jamaica, Communication No.572/1994, 1996, HRC1997 Report, Annex VI.N 290, 569

Quinteros v. Uruguay, Communication No.107/1981, HRC1983 Report, Annex XXII 300

Ramirez v. Uruguay, Communication No.4/1977, HRC 1980Report, Annex VIII 301

Rehoboth Baster Community v. Namibia, CommunicationNo.760/1997, HRC 2000 Report, Annex IX.M 792, 836, 847

Reid v. Jamaica, Communication No.250/1987, HRC 1990Report, Annex IX.J 553, 566, 568, 569

Reynolds v. Jamaica, Communication No.587/1994, HRC1997 Report, Annex VI.O 431

Richards v. Jamaica, Communication No.535/1993,HRC 1997 Report, Annex VI.F 507

Robinson v. Jamaica, Communication No.223/1987, HRC1989 Report, Annex X.H 505, 565

Romero v. Uruguay, Communication No.85/1981, HRC 1984Report, Annex IX 430

RL v. Canada, Communication No.358/1989, HRC 1992Report, Annex X.I 224

RM v. Jamaica, Communication No.315/1988, HRC 1991Report, Annex XII.H 568

Rodriguez v. Uruguay, Communication No.322/1988, HRC1994 Report, Annex IX.B 51

Santacana v. Spain, Communication No.417/1990,HRC 1994 Report, Annex IX.P 766, 778

Sawyers v. Jamaica, Communication No.226/1987, HRC 1991Report, Annex XI.B 553

Schweizer v. Uruguay, Communication No.66/1980, HRC1983 Report, Annex VIII 412

Seerattan v. Trinidad and Tobago, CommunicationNo.434/1990, HRC 1996 Report, Annex VIII.D 557






xxvi table of cases

Sendic v. Uruguay, Communication No.R.14/63, 28 October1981 430

Setelich v. Uruguay Communication No.63/1979, HRC 1982Report, Annex VIII 300

Shalto v. Trinidad and Tobago,Communication No.447/1991,HRC 1995 Report, Annex X.C 410, 557

Shaw v. Jamaica, Communication No.704/1996, HRC 1998Report, Annex XI.S 318, 324, 431

Silva v. Uruguay, Communication No.34/1978, HRC 1981Report, Annex XII 211, 213, 214, 798

Simonds v. Jamaica, Communication No.338/1988,23 October 1992 289

Simmonds, Gentles and Kerr v. Jamaica, CommunicationNo.352/1989, HRC 1994 Report, Annex IX.G 553, 567

Simms v. Jamaica Communication No.541/1993, HRC 1995Report, Annex XI.H 324

Simunek v. The Czech Republic, CommunicationNo.516/1992, HRC 1995 Report, Annex X.K 824, 840, 910

Singer v. Canada, Communication No.455/1991, HRC 1994Report, Annex IX.Y 695

Smith v. Jamaica, Communication No.282/1988,31 March 1993 289, 290, 553, 582

Smith and Stewart v. Jamaica, Communication No.668/1995,HRC 1999 Report, Annex XI.T 569

Solorzano v. Venezuela, Communication No.156/1983, HRC1986 Report, Annex VIII.C 431

Soogrim v. Trinidad and Tobago, CommunicationNo.363/1989, 8 April 1993 431

Sprenger v. Netherlands, Communication No.395/1990,HRC 1992 Report, Annex IX.P 819

Stalla Costa v. Uruguay, Communication No.198/1985, HRC1987 Report, Annex VIII.E 815

Steadman v. Jamaica, Communication No.528/1993, HRC1997 Report, Annex VI.C 289

Stephens (Lennon) v. Jamaica, Communication No.373/1989,HRC 1996 Report, Annex VIII.A 398, 407, 431

Stewart v. Canada, Communication No.538/1993,HRC 1997 Report, Annex VI.G 475, 476






table of cases xxvii

T v. Australia, Communication No.706/1996, HRC 1998Report, Annex VI.U 268

Tae Hoon Park v. Republic of Korea, CommunicationNo.628/1995, HRC 1999 Report, Annex XI.K 714

Taylor v. Jamaica, Communication No.707/1996, HRC 1997Report, Annex VI.W 289

Taylor and the Western Guard Party v. Canada,Communication No.104/1981, HRC 1983 Report,Annex XXIV 720

Thomas (Alrick) v. Jamaica, Communication No.272/1988,HRC 1992 Report, Annex IX.G 505, 553

Thomas (Maurice) v. Jamaica, Communication No.321/1988,HRC 1994 Report, Annex IX.A 431

Toonen v. Australia, Communication No.488/1992, HRC1994 Report, Annex IX.EE 198, 199, 604, 612, 832

Torres v. Finland, Communication No.291/1988,HRC 1990 Report, Annex IX.K 417, 422

Tshshimbi v. Zaire, Communication No.542/1993, HRC 1996Report, Annex VIII.Q 308, 376

Valenzuela v. Peru, Communication No.309/1988,14 July 1993 838

Van Alphen v. Netherlands, Communication No.305/1988,HRC 1990 Report, Annex IX.M 380, 411

Van Meurs v. Netherlands, Communication No.215/1986,HRC 1990 Report, Annex IX.F 500, 509

Venier and Nicholas v. France, CommunicationNos.690–1/1996, HRC 2000 Report, Annex IX.G 823

Vidal Martins v. Uruguay Human Rights Committee,Communication No.57/1979, Selected Decisions under theOptional Protocol (Second to Sixteenth Sessions), 122 453

Voituret v. Uruguay, Communication No.109/1981, HRC1984 Report, Annex X 430

Vuolanne v. Finland, Communication No.265/1987, HRC1989 Report, Annex X.J 302

Waldman v. Canada, Communication No.694/1996,HRC 2000 Report, Annex IX.H 661, 837, 850, 861

Waksman v. Uruguay, Communication No.31/1978, HRC1980 Report, Annex VII 453






xxviii table of cases

Walker v. Jamaica, Communication No.639/1995, HRC 1997Report, Annex VI.R 431

Weinberger v. Uruguay Communication No.28/1978, HRC1981 Report, Annex IX 301

Weismann de Lanza v. Uruguay, Communication No.8/1977,HRC 1980 Report, Annex VI 210, 798

Whyte v. Jamaica, Communication No.732/1997,HRC 1998 Report, Annex XI.V 319, 324, 431

Williams v. Jamaica, Communication No.609/1995, HRC1998 Report, Annex XI.I 319

Wolf v. Panama, Communication No.289/1988, HRC 1992Report, Annex IX.K 431

Wright v. Jamaica, Communication No.349/1989, HRC 1992Report, Annex IX.O 288, 553

Wright v.Madagscar, Communication No.115/1982, HRC1985 Report, Annex VIII 318

Wright and Harvey v. Jamaica, Communication No.459/1991,HRC 1996 Report, Annex VIII.F 56, 289, 567, 569

WW v. Jamaica, Communication No.254/1987, HRC 1991Report, Annex XII.B 568

Yasseen and Thomas v. Guyana, CommunicationNo.676/1996, HRC 1998, Report, Annex XI.R 431, 557, 567

YL v. Canada, Communication No.112/1981, HRC 1986Report, Annex IX.A 500

Young v. Jamaica, Communication No.615/1995, HRC 1998Report, Annex XI.J 319

Zouhair Ben Said v. Norway, Communication No.767/1997,20 March 2000 505

Zwaan-de Vries v. Netherlands, CommunicationNo.182/1984, HRC 1987 Report, Annex VIII.D 824, 833

Committee against Torture

Khan v. Canada, Communication No.15/1994,15 November 1994 328

Mutombo v. Switzerland, Communication No.13/1993,27 April 1994 328






table of cases xxix

Tala v. Sweden, Communication No.43/1996,15 November 1996 304, 328

International Labour Organization

Case No.1034 (Brazil) 754Case No.1066 (Romania) 754Hong Kong Union of Post Office Employees v. United

Kingdom/Hong Kong, 277th Report of the Committee onFreedom of Association 1991 751

International Confederation of Free Trade Unions v. China,Case No.1500, 270th Report of the Committee on Freedomof Association 1989 748, 754

Regional

European Court of Human Rights

A v. Denmark (1996) 22 EHRR 458 513A v. United Kingdom (1998) 27 EHRR 611 350Abdulaziz, Cabales and Balkandali v. United Kingdom (1985)

7 EHRR 471 621Acquaviva v. France 21 November 1995 498Adolf v. Austria (1982) 4 EHRR 313 497Aerts v. Belgium (1998) 29 EHRR 50 417, 500Ahmed v. Austria (1996) 24 EHRR 278 329Ahmut v. Netherlands (1966) 24 EHRR 62 622Ait-Mouhoub v. France (1998) 30 EHRR 382 484Air Canada v. United Kingdom (1995) 20 EHRR 150 498, 915Airey v. Ireland (1979) 2 EHRR 305 488, 507Aksoy v. Turkey (1996) 23 EHRR 553 307, 315Albert and Le Compte v. Belgium (1983) 5 EHRR 533 313, 499, 746Alimena v. Italy 19 February 1991 566Allenet de Ribemont v. France (1995) 20 EHRR 557 550, 682Allgemeine Gold-Und Silberscheideanstalt v. United

Kingdom (1986) 9 EHRR 1 914Amann v. Switzerland (2000) 30 EHRR 843 606Amuur v. France (1992) 22 EHRR 533 382, 385






xxx table of cases

Andersson v. Sweden (1991) 15 EHRR 218 509Andersson v. Sweden (1992) 14 EHRR 615 623, 624Andronicou and Constantinou v. Cyprus (1997)

25 EHRR 491 278, 488AP, MP and TP v. Switzerland (1997) 26 EHRR 541 495, 550Artico v. Italy (1980) 3 EHRR 1 501, 568Asch v. Austria (1991) 15 EHRR 597 571Ashingdane v. United Kingdom (1985) 7 EHRR 528 393, 482Autronic AG v. Switzerland (1990) 12 EHRR 485 187, 670, 683Averill v. United Kingdom (2000) 31 EHRR 839 581Axen v. Germany (1983) 6 EHRR 195 499, 525Aydin v. Turkey (1997) 25 EHRR 251 299, 306, 316B v. Austria (1990) 13 EHRR 20 413B v. France (1992) 16 EHRR 1 618, 774Balani v. Spain 9 December 1994 504Baraona v. Portugal (1987) 13 EHRR 329 513Barbera, Messegue and Jabardo v. Spain (1988)

11 EHRR 360 501, 548Barfod v. Denmark (1989) 13 EHRR 493 693Barthold v. Germany (1985) 7 EHRR 383 191, 681, 694Baskaya and Okcuogh v. Turkey (1999) 31 EHRR 292 691Beaumartin v. France (1994) 19 EHRR 485 499, 516Beldjoudi v. France (1992) 14 EHRR 801 621Belgian Linguistic Case (No.2) (1968) 1 EHRR 252 177, 895, 896Belziuk v. Poland (1988) 30 EHRR 614 563Benham v. United Kingdom (1996) 22 EHRR 293 380, 495, 568Bentham v. Netherlands (1984) 6 EHRR 283 498Benthem v. Netherlands (1985) 8 EHRR 1 524Berrehab v. Netherlands (1988) 11 EHRR 332 623, 766Bladet Tromso and Stensaas v. Norway (1999) 29 EHRR 215 699Bock v. Germany (1989) 12 EHRR 247 499Bolkenbockhoff v. Germany (1987) 10 EHRR 163 549Borgers v. Belgium (1991) 15 EHRR 92 503Botta v. Italy (1998) 26 EHRR 241 614Bouamar v. Belgium (1987) 11 EHRR 1 392, 421Boyle v. United Kingdom (1994) 19 EHRR 179 621Boyle and Rice v. United Kingdom (1988) 10 EHRR 425 634Bozano v. France (1986) 9 EHRR 297 396






table of cases xxxi

Brandstetter v. Austria (1991) 15 EHRR 378 503Brincat v. Italy (1992) 16 EHRR 591 409British-American Tobacco Co Ltd v.Netherlands 20 November

1995 499Brogan v. United Kingdom (1988) 11 EHRR 117 390, 407, 416Brozicek v. Italy (1989) 12 EHRR 371 552Bryan v. United Kingdom (1995) 21 EHRR 342 499, 515Buchholz v. Germany (1981) 3 EHRR 597 498Bulut v. Austria 22 February 1996 523Burghartz v. Switzerland (1994) 18 EHRR 101 616Buscarini v. San Marino (1999) 30 EHRR 208 645Case Relating to Certain Aspects of the Laws on the Use of

Languages in Education in Belgium (Belgian LinguisticCase) (No.2) (1968) 1 EHRR 252 175

Campbell v. United Kingdom (1992) 15 EHRR 137 634Campbell and Cosans v. United Kingdom (1982) 4 EHRR 293

311, 334, 348, 900, 901Campbell and Fell v. United Kingdom (1984) 7 EHRR 165 495, 512,

524, 525, 565Canea Catholic Church v. Greece (1997) 27 EHRR 521 487Capuano v. Italy (1987) 13 EHRR 271 513Casado Coca v. Spain (1994) 18 EHRR 1 677, 681Castells v. Spain (1992) 14 EHRR 445 187, 672, 691, 695Castillo Algar v. Spain (1998) 30 EHRR 827 521Ceylan v. Turkey (1999) 30 EHRR 73 691Chahal v. United Kingdom (1996) 23 EHRR 413 298, 307, 327,

329, 395, 416, 422Chappell v. United Kingdom (1989) 12 EHRR 1 190, 628Chassagnou v. France (1999) 29 EHRR 615 186, 188, 189, 742,

745, 746, 756, 913Ciulla v. Italy (1989) 13 EHRR 346 389Clooth v. Belgium (1991) 14 EHRR 717 413Condron v. United Kingdom (2000) 31 EHRR 1 581Corigliano v. Italy (1982) 5 EHRR 334 559Cossey v. United Kingdom (1990) 13 EHRR 622 618, 772Coyne v. United Kingdom 24 September 1997 522Costello-Roberts v. United Kingdom (1993) 19 EHRR 12 47, 349CR v. United Kingdom (1995) 21 EHRR 363 533, 588






xxxii table of cases

Cremieux v. France (1993) 16 EHRR 357 627Croissant v. Germany (1992) 16 EHRR 135 569Cruz Varas v. Sweden (1991) 14 EHRR 1 329D v. United Kingdom (1997) 24 EHRR 423 332De Cubber v. Belgium (1984) 7 EHRR 236 522De Haan v. Netherlands (1997) 26 EHRR 417 522De Haes and Gijsels v. Belgium (1997) 25 EHRR 1 503De Jong, Baljet and Van den Brink v. Netherlands (1984)

8 EHRR 20 408, 409, 422De Moor v. Belgium 23 June 1994 499, 508, 525De Wilde, Ooms and Versyp v. Netherlands (No.1) (1971)

1 EHRR 373 366, 420, 634Delcourt v. Belgium (1970) 1 EHRR 355 557Delta v. France (1990) 16 EHRR 574 570Demicoli v.Malta (1991) 14 EHRR 47 495, 496Deumeland v. Germany (1984) 7 EHRR 409 498De Weer v. Belgium (1980) 2 EHRR 439 489, 497, 501Diennet v. France (1995) 21 EHRR 554 499, 508, 513Djeroud v. France (1991) 14 EHRR 68 623Dombo Beheer BV v. Netherlands (1993) 18 EHRR 213 507Domenichini v. Italy 15 November 1996 630Doorson v. Netherlands (1996) 22 EHRR 330 571Dudgeon v. United Kingdom (1981) 4 EHRR 149 187, 198, 612Duinhof and Duijf v. Netherlands (1984) 13 EHRR 478 409E v. Norway (1990) 17 EHRR 30 418, 422Eckle v. Germany (1982) 5 EHRR 1 497, 557, 559Edwards v. United Kingdom (1992) 15 EHRR 417 505Ekbatari v. Sweden (1988) 13 EHRR 504 504Engel et al. v Netherlands (1976) 1 EHRR 647 375, 381, 383, 495, 512Eriksen v. Norway (1997) 29 EHRR 328 386, 387, 391Eriksson v. Sweden (1989) 12 EHRR 183 624, 775Erkner and Hofauer v. Austria (1987) 9 EHRR 464 499, 920Ettl v. Austria (1987) 10 EHRR 255 499Ezelin v. France (1991) 14 EHRR 362 189, 728, 730F v. Switzerland (1987) 10 EHRR 411 770Fayed v. United Kingdom (1994) 18 EHRR 393 482, 636Fejde v. Sweden 29 October 1991 509Feldbrugge v. Netherlands (1986) 8 EHRR 425 498






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