Partnership Update- Part One

Trauma and Reconstruction in Kobe, Bosnia-Herzegovina,and Cambodia

by Richard Mollica

he end of the twentieth century has seen an increase in societies devastatedby mass violence. The world has also witnessed natural disasters of extra-ordinary proportions, such as the Great Hanshin-Awaji (Kobe) earthquake.

Problems of violence and natural disaster and resulting trauma affect millions ofpeople worldwide and will be central issues in the next century. Yet assistance inthese “complex humanitarian emergencies” have remained largely unchanged orunchallenged since the end of World War II. One dilemma for international policymakers is that they do not have a scientific methodology for assessing the cultural,political, and social meanings of trauma in the lives of civilian populations andhow these traumatic experiences alter the everyday lives of the affected individuals.Little empirical research assessing outcomes is conducted and humanitarian goalsare often subordinated to political agendas. Although the magnitude of the problemis becoming clearer, methods of prevention and reconstruction of damaged societieshave remained elusive. As a consequence, the enormous burden of human suffer-ing and loss of social and economic productivity remains hidden behind a veil ofneglect, ignorance and denial.

The Harvard Program in Refugee Trauma (HPRT) of the Harvard School ofPublic Health and Waseda University’s newly created Institute for Asia-PacificStudies (WIAP) recently organized a symposium to address these issues. Takingplace in May 1997 in Tokyo, this meeting brought together innovative thinkers toaddress the issues of economic and social recovery of communities extensivelydamaged by human and natural disaster. Equal time was given to the Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia, Cambodia , and Kobe Japan. Croatia, Cambodia, andKobe, Japan. The participants gave brief lectures and participated in moderateddiscussions with the audience. The exchange of ideas exploring the political, cul-tural, and social meaning of trauma focused on the following themes:

•The impact of violence and natural disaster on personal, social,and community development;

•Scientific knowledge on the effect of mass violence and naturaldisaster on physical, psychosocial, and socioeconomic behavior;

•The role of medical and mental health system in recovery andreconstruction of traumatized populations; and

•New policies for economic and social reconstruction of societiesaffected by mass violence and natural disaster.

Since 1986 HPRT has helped establish mental health policy for traumatizedpopulations worldwide. HPRT has been collaborating with Waseda University

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Summer 1997-V

Table of Contents

Partnership Update

Trauma and Reconstruction inKobe, Bosnia-Herzegovinaand CambodiaBy Richard Mollica 1

Tokyo Guidelines for Trauma and Reconstruction: Draft Conclusions andRecommendations 3

Thoughts on the “Trauma andReconstruction” Symposiumand Future US-JapanCooperationBy Naoki Furuta 4

Report on the CGP Health Care Workshop 6

Grantee Publications List 8

Grants Awarded 10

The Japan Foundation Center for Global Partnership

CGN E W S L E

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Dr. Richard MollicDirector of the HaProgram in Refugeand an Associate of Psychiatry at HMedical School anSchool of Public Hreceived his medifrom the UniversitMexico and compresidency at Yale School. While he whe received trainidemiology and comphilosophy degreYale Divinity Scho

In 1993, Dr. Mollicathe human rights athe American PsyAssociation. In 19American OrthopsAssociation presethe Max Hayman Amaking an outstantribution to the knoand understandingcides.

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Reconstruction, May 1997, will present neprinciples and approaches to the recovery traumatized communities worldwide. As a plement to the Tokyo Guidelines, HPRT willin partnership with Japanese institutions to elish a global training program capable of proing policy and field staff with the new knowand skills necessary for enhancing their effecness in the development of traumatized natioThrough the collaboration of WIAP and HPRWaseda University and Harvard University h

to formalize a unisity-to-university tionship which winclude an exchaof scholars. HPRTcolleagues in Japalso hope to devea public health fodation capable ofproviding technicassistance and puhealth personnel Japan and the UnStates to countriesuch as CambodRecently, theCambodian Minisof Health signaleddesire for its newinstitute of publihealth to establisacademic linkagewith HPRT, theHarvard School oPublic Health, ancomparable Japaninstitutions. Thesrecent successes Cambodia and KoJapan highlight th

potential which an expanded Harvard-Japancollaboration may have addressing one of tmost critical issues of the next century – the vention and reconstruction of the enormouphysical and psychosocial damage caused violence and natural disaster.

since 1993 when Yasushi Kikuchi, professor ofsocial anthropology, participated in a meetingorganized by HPRT which lay the groundworkfor most of HPRT’s current activities. Throughrecent filed work in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia,and Cambodia, HPRT has worked with the respec-tive government ministries to plan a nationalmental health policy which aids recovery andreconstruction of communities devastated by massviolence. Since 1995, HPRT has also played a majorrole in evaluating and recommending psychosocialassistance to the resi-dent populations dev-astated by the Kobeearthquake.

HPRT has beengreatly assisted in itsacademic and policyinitiatives by Japaneseinstitutions and profes-sionals. Specifically,Japanese private foun-dations have supportedHPRT’s activities inKobe and Cambodia.Professor Kikuchi andhis students at WasedaUniversity have contributed criticalanthropologicalknowledge and fieldwork. For more thantwo years. HPRT’steam of Japanesedoctors studying atthe Harvard Schoolof Public Health hasbeen meeting weeklyfor research meetingsThe group was an inte-gral part of the devel-opment of the first Japanese screening instrumentand manual for assessing the psychosocial impactresulting from the Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake. Inaddition, they prepared the first major scientificreview of the mental health impact of the Japaneseearthquake. This review was presented at the sym-posium in Tokyo.

HPRT’s Japanese and American team will expandits global activities following the symposium. Theresulting proposals essential to a new model of“trauma and reconstruction” which emerged fromthe May meeting are being organized into a doc-ument to be widely circulated to UN, govern-mental, and humanitarian assistance agencies.This document,Tokyo Guidelines for Trauma and

“These recentsuccesses inCambodia and Kobe,Japan highlight thepotential which anexpanded Harvard-Japanese collaborationmay have addressingone of the mostcritical issues of thenext century – theprevention andreconstruction of theenormous physicaland psychosocialdamage caused byviolence and naturaldisaster.”

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Definitional Issues•Traumatic outcomes include the health andmental health status, functional limitations, andsocioeconomic and sociocultural productivity ofaffected populations.•Traumatic outcomes which affect the short-termand long-term recovery process have been poorlydefined, resulting in a lack of monitoring andassessment of reconstruction activities.

Research Issues•Little analysis has occurred of the long-termimpact of humanitarian assistance and develop-ment programs to traumatized populations.•Until recently, measurements have not beendeveloped to assess the cultural efficacy ofreconstruction activities. •Traumatic outcomes have not been clearlydefined, and a definition of “caseness” as a mea-surement of disability that links health and mentalhealth to socioeconomicıc and social behaviorhas not been described.•All recovery efforts should allocate resources toevaluate the cultural efficacy and socioeconomicsuccess of implemented projects.

Emergency Phase to Reconstruction Continuum•The reconstruction process must be plannedfrom the beginning of the emergency phase. Inother words, recovery is nested within the earliesthumanitarian response to trauma.•The emergency phase and subsequent humani-tarian assistance efforts need to incorporateknowledge of the natural history of the socioeco-nomic and sociocultural effects of trauma overtime into the planning process.•In the emergency phase, standards of humandignity and human needs should be defined intoa “gold standard” that reconstruction plans aspireto achieve in spite of limited resources and politi-cal agendas.•The emergency phase and subsequent recon-struction should be monitored by the implementersthemselves in order to limit the possible uninten-tional harm of humanitarian assistance.•Traumatized persons are often seen as powerlessand needy and sometimes are forced into depen-dent situations which may have a negative long-term effect on independent socioeconomicbehavior.

The Importance of Altruism•Survivors of mass violence and natural disasterneed to be given permission and empowered todo good.•The international humanitarian assistance com-

munity needs to have more information about theexistence of opportunities to generate altruisticbehavior for rebuilding.•Scientific evidence clearly suggests that there isa surge of resourcefulness and mutual assistanceearly in the posttraumatic phase that can be uti-lized for recovery in spite of limited resources.

The Importance of Work.•Trauma survivors will do whatever they need tosurvive. Although trauma survivors have beenshown to maintain the ability to maximize survivalin spite of high levels of psychosocial impairment,this productivity has rarely been harnessed in therecovery phase. •While basic income generating activities forsurvival (“BIGS”) may be limited by traumaevents, health and mental health status, andfunctional limitations, basic employment activityfor survival (“BEGS”) appears to be primarilylinked to the survivor’s sociopolitical environmentand existing economic opportunity such as jobs.•Recent evidence suggests that until employmentbecomes available, promotion of social functioningand modest income generating activities (BIGS) isan essential foundation of the recovery process.•Small funds for self-recovery by survivorsshould be allocated during the emergency andlong-term reconstruction phases.•There is a moral responsibility to take care ofthose who cannot work. Some people will beunable to work even if they are provided withopportunities and without assistance, they maybecome serious burdens on their families.

The Importance of Home•Planning for a permanent residence for survivorsneeds to be a top priority in the emergency phase.•Displaced populations, as in all recovery efforts,need to be involved in the decision-makingprocess in regard to the choices and optionsrelated to housing. Local recipient communitieswhich are sometimes ignored during repatriationneed to be consulted as to the suitability of livingconditions for newcomers.•The promotion of neighborliness is at the coreof the long-term solution to difficult housing issues.Rebuilding neighborhoods and local communityenvironments must replace concepts of repatria-tion and reconstruction which primarily focuseson physical locations, structures, and transportationissues.

Tokyo Guidelines for Trauma and Reconstruction

Draft Conclusions and Recommendations

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is difficult to accept mutual responsibility foconflict, and once that conflict ends it is equachallenging to immediately overcome trauma rejoin a community, making the road to socrecovery one with many problems. Now takeCambodian example where the foundation for csociety has yet to be established, but nearly thentire population lives in accordance with Buddteachings and hatred among the populace is ndeeply rooted. If social reconstruction can progas a result of reconciliation (we have seen sigthat people are participating in such a procepeople should gradually come to live in peac

In any event, rejoining society is never easfor sufferers of severe trauma, and they are nehealed solely by material aid from surroundiareas. First of all, the level of trauma varies accordto the strength of the individual sufferers, caudifferent reactions that result in vast differencein the time required to heal such wounds. Anthe damage is too great a person may fall intoirreversible state of psychological abnormalitywhich is extremely difficult to cure using currmedical treatments. This becomes clear whenconsider veterans of the Vietnam War, no smnumber of whom are still afflicted by variouforms of trauma. In many cases, true recovecan only result from the passage of time and tpersistence of experts such as psychiatrists ancounselors who warmly support the injured. Wcannot declare that trauma has been overcomuntil a sufficiently long period of time has elapand a patient is once again actively engagedpsychological activity at a level comparable tnot greater than that before the injury.

If we consider the issues from this perspecit becomes necessary to rethink our current stragies for public health and medical cooperati(including emergency medical assistance) to demine whether such activities have played a roin directly or indirectly healing the trauma ofthose in developing nations. Such an evaluatis necessary because the ideological confrontathat fueled the Cold War and produced a bipoworld no longer exists, and many people arouthe world now suffer from trauma as a resultethnic strife in various forms, civil unrest on scale sufficient to drag in surrounding countand genocide. Until now Japan’s activities in innational public health and medical cooperatiohave been based on ODA (overseas developmassistance), but this perspective on internatiocooperation is now inadequate. Japan has nowitnessed severe civil unrest since its own ciwar, and given its cultural identity as a homoneous island nation, many citizens find it hardbelieve that civil unrest could occur at home.

Speaking of the unbelievable, it was a mer

o be frank, I have doubts as to whetheror not it is appropriate for me to share mythoughts on this issue given that I madethe transition from cardiac surgery to the

field of international cooperation and am not anexpert in healing the spiritual wounds of thosewho have suffered trauma resulting from violenceor natural disasters. However, I recently partici-pated in an international symposium entitled“Psychological Injury and Social Recovery,” andas one who is actively engaged in the practice ofinternational cooperation in the field of publichealth, I am extremely interested in the issue ofmental illness and recovery of mental health.

In developing nations, where I am currentlyengaged in activities concerning public healthand medical cooperation, many people are une-ducated due to poverty, poor government, orother cultural or historical reasons. They are alsoput in situations where they are robbed of theirrights to work and live healthy lives. Despite thisdepravity, very few people consider these condi-tions a cause of mental illness because they differfrom those generally associated with trauma.Many believe that these people will graduallyclimb out of poverty as a result of internationaldevelopment cooperation, becoming active par-ticipants in society and seeking reforms as theybecome aware of social injustice.

This may be an oversimplification, but peoplewho do not suffer from mental illness may considerthose living with just enough food, clothing, andshelter (income)—or poor people, or those suffer-ing from diseases such as tuberculosis or malaria,or even the physically handicapped—as basicallyhealthy. On the other hand, many people whohave suddenly lost something important and irre-placeable as a result of social violence or naturaldisaster must receive assistance that goes beyondmaterial aid, even if that aid is provided over along period of time. It goes without saying thatpeople suffering from trauma experience suchgrief that no amount of food, clothing, or sheltercan cure psychological injury.

Various opinions surfaced in the “Trauma andReconstruction” symposium’s sincere and diligentexamination of these issues, and among thememerged two recognized patterns. In Europe, forexample, where individualism is important in civilsociety, people go about their everyday lives pur-suing their own ends while striving to improvehumanity, but feelings of hatred are usually con-cealed deep inside. When hatred flares, it becomesdifficult for people to believe in the good inten-tions of humanity, and, because of human weak-ness, they may come to assume that people aredriven solely by violent motivations latent withintheir minds. From an individualistic standpoint it

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by Naoki Furuta

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Partnership Update - Part Two

Dr. Furuta is DirectorGeneral of the Bureauof International Cooper-ation, InternationalMedical Center ofJapan. A Graduate ofthe Tokyo UniversitySchool of Medicine, Dr.Furuta specialized incardio-vascular andthoracic surgery before focusing on inter-national cooperation atthe Medical Center. Heconcurrently holds theposition of Trustee ofthe Japan Associationfor Internal Health andalso teaches at theDepartment of Inter-natinoal Health at Tokyo University.

Thoughts on the “Trauma and Reconstruction” Symposium and FutureUS-Japan Cooperation

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occurs under different circumstances requiresdifferent methods of treatment according to thedifferent religious and cultural mores of thepeople involved. In every society, Japan included,we see many people who are easily injuredpsychologically, and generally speaking medicalcare providers have a responsibility to providemoral support for patients feeling sadness andhopelessness when confronted with death. Thedegree of recovery varies according to the extentof the psychological support that is provided,and this is something that every doctor hasexperienced. In promoting international coop-eration in trauma care, it is also important tonote that when a patient suffers from trauma, thecaregivers must put aside their own cultural valuesand methods of diagnosis to focus solely onunderstanding the patient’s suffering. If theexperts involved can begin to truly relate to thatsuffering, they will be able to apply the properdiagnosis and alleviate the patient’s ills. This pointmust be recognized when considering plans forinternational cooperation in this field.

There are over six billion people in the world,80% of them live in developing nations, and peoplein diverse regions such as Asia, Africa and theAmericas adhere to varying religions, philoso-phies, and cultural values. Many of those whosuffer from trauma as the result of civil unrest ornatural disasters are in those developing nations.

Clearly, we must transcend national boundariesto cooperatively study the different cultural valuesof developing nations and the corresponding diag-nostic methods. Attending the Harvard/Wasedasymposium helped me understand the problemsof Cambodia and Bosnia which appear similar atfirst but are actually quite different when viewedfrom the cultural perspective. These disastroussituations unfortunately occur repeatedly in humanhistory, sometimes without limit. And even whenwe are living in peace, new trauma patients areemerging all over the world. This may seem likean impossible problem, but I believe that the daywill come when people can be relieved from thissuffering, at least a little. To accomplish this goal,research and cooperation for a comprehensiveprevention strategy should begin with the USand Japan, with cooperating countries aroundthe world contributing research on a number ofimportant themes. Japan, for example, couldconsider an international project to research thevarious mechanisms of trauma, leading to theestablishment of an “International Psychologyand Cultural Research Center” in Asia. If wecould establish a framework for engagementwherein Japan and the US could effectively

two years and four months ago that we experi-enced a large-scale disaster known as theHanshin-Awaji Earthquake, which struck Japanwithout warning and killed more than 5,000people. Japan did not pay much attention tovictims of psychological trauma in the past, butwe are now confronting this issue as a result ofthe earthquake. From an administrative stand-point, both the central government and localgovernments are working together to help thevictims, and the recovery plan which the govern-ment created at great expense is being imple-mented in concert with various assistants. Oneexample of ongoing assistance is a recovery center(called “Kokoro no Fureai Center”) run by localcitizens and volunteers. I heard from a symposiumparticipant involved in the recovery effort thatthis center was created to provide long-term psy-chological assistance for the victims, and I can’thelp but be impressed. Japan is now studyingvarious systems and devising strategies that willenable us to respond to if not prevent this sort oflarge-scale disaster.

Frankly speaking, we must acknowledge thatJapan’s engagement in providing support for traumavictims lags far behind the efforts of the US andEuropean countries. However, I believe that weshould start actively studying methods of interna-tional cooperation with our Asian neighbors.The resurgence of small-scale military clashesin Cambodia has recently grabbed the attentionof world opinion, and still fresh in our memoriesis then Assistant Director General of the UNYasushi Akashi’s visit to Cambodia, when heentered the center of violence and made a sig-nificant contribution to achieving the peace thatmany Cambodians themselves hoped for. Sincethen, we have seen greater awareness in Cambodiaand Vietnam of the necessity to seriously thinkabout the many citizens afflicted with trauma asa result of the repeated wars of the past. The recentsymposium on trauma and reconstruction wassignificant in that it allowed individuals involvedin the reconstruction efforts in Bosnia, Cambodiaand Kobe to exchange opinions on support mech-anisms and share the lessons learned from suchdisasters.

I want to touch briefly on the kinds of interna-tional cooperation to be considered for traumavictims. It goes without saying that the participationof psychotherapists is indispensable. In addition,it is extremely important that experts conductcontinuing, comprehensive research from national,historical, cultural, social, educational, religious,political, and financial perspectives. That is to say,we first need to recognize that trauma which

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cooperate in promoting trauma research, we willprovide unprecedented benefits to the world as wemove toward the 21st Century.

The 20th Century has witnessed startlingadvances in various fields of medicine with thesupport of technologically advanced engineering.But when it comes to psychiatry, the science ofthe mind, and psychological culture, adequateprogress has not been achieved. This becomes evi-dent if we examine the societies in which we live,where we don’t even emphasize the sound devel-opment of the generation that is to follow us.Thus, serious consideration of how to heal traumasufferers means thinking of ways to construct asociety which provides peace and prosperity to allpeople in the bright future of the 21st Century.

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Health Care Finish

Nori, the employee of the month, tends to relaxby chillin’ with the Tribe, occasionally reachingfor that big bong...

Vulnerable Groups•Vulnerable groups have a particularly high burdenof traumatic outcomes.*•Since adolescents are often coping with despairabout their future opportunities, addressing theirspecial needs can help reduce the cycle of vio-lence.•The elderly are particularly burdened with soli-tary death, despair, and isolation.•In the emergency to reconstruction continuum,individuals seriously damaged psychiatrically bytrauma and those with prior mental illness in thepre-trauma phase often have no access to mentalhealth services.

The Role of the Mental Health System in Recon-struction•Using scientific methods developed over thepast twenty years, the health and mental healthsystem can produce clinical care in a culturallysensitive way to traumatized populations andsubgroups such as rape victims.•The mental health providers can serve as publichealth educators supporting local responses tothe general community such as through the edu-cational system.•By maintaining a nonpolitical role and servingall affected populations regardless of ethnicity,social class, or political world view, the healthand mental health professional can participate inthe process of reconciliation.•recognizing the enormous stress of reconstruc-tion organizations and their staff, technical assis-tance and training can be provided to reduceburnout.

—————-*Vulnerable groups are defined as “children,unaccompanied minors, adolescents, victims oftorture and sexual torture, the poly-traumatized,elderly, psychiatric patients, ex-detainees, prison-ers of war, relatives of missing persons, and otherpriority target groups which may emerge.”(Guidelines for Evaluation and Care of Victims ofTrauma and Violence, UN High Commissionerfor Refugees, December 1993)

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Tokyo Guidelines...

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Carnegie Council on Ethics and International AffairsHuman Rights Dialogue. A quarterly bulletindesigned to highlight the shifting parameters ofthe human rights discourse, particularly withrespect to East and Southeast Asia. This bulletindraws upon the work of a CGP-supported projectentitled “The Growth of Asia and its Impact onHuman Rights,” conducted by the CarnegieCouncil in collaboration with the Japan Institutefor International Affairs (JIIA) and ChulalongkornUniversity (Thailand). The bulletin also coversother current projects, conferences and writingson the most challenging issues of the humanrights debate. The most recent issue, Volume 9(June 1997), contains a series of articles on inno-vative human rights implementation strategies inEast Asia. For more information, please contactJoanne Bauer or Tonya Cook, Human RightsInitiative, Carnegie Council, 170 East 64th Street,New York, NY 10021-7478.

Carnegie Endowment for International PeaceNext Steps in Arms Control and Non-Proliferation,William Clark, Jr. and Ryukichi Imai, eds. Finalreport of a two-year Japanese-American dialogueon arms control and non-proliferation issues atthe global level and in East Asia. A study groupcomposed of Japanese and American expertsexamined 13 arms control and non-proliferationissues including how to reduce nuclear weapons;what policies Washington and Tokyo shouldpursue in dealing with China; theater missiledefense; North Korea; and whether the growthof plutonium-based civilian nuclear-power pro-grams poses a proliferation threat. (Washington,DC: Carnegie Endowment for InternationalPeace, 1996, 196pp.)

Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS)The Market Systems of Three Economies: Japan,the United States, and Europe. Results of a jointCSIS-Japan Research Institute project and sym-posium on “Corporate Governance Systems,”which define the core relationships in the privatesector, and “Industrial and Trade Policy,” which,along with other public institutions and policies,defines the critical relationship between theprivate sector and government. The book containseight papers which analyze these two topicsfrom Japanese, European, and American per-spectives and address the challenges faced bycurrent market systems, such as the recent“bubbles” in developed economies, increased

international economic friction, and the needassess market systems in developed countriesthe developing world struggles to define its owsystems. (Washington, DC: Center for Strategand International Studies, 1997, 457pp.)

Earlham College, Center for Educational Media (CAudio-Visual Resources on Asia for K-12 EducatA print-out of the on-line listing of selectedresources compiled by CEM on China, JapaKorea, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and AsiaGeneral. The listing is continually updated anincludes information about a variety of audiovisual resources, including: audio cassettes, CROMs, curriculum units containing audio-viscomponents, slides, and videos categorized country or region and subject. The booklet iavailable free of charge from CEM and can albe found on the World Wide Web athttp://www/cs/earlham.edu/~cem.(Center for Educational Media, Indiana: 199734pp.)

International House of JapanReisen Go no Nichibei Kankei: Kokusai Seido noSeiji Keizai Gaku, Peter Gourevitch, TakashiInoguchi, and Courtney Purrington, eds. Resulta research project conducted by the InternatioHouse of Japan, in collaboration with theUniversity of California, San Diego, that focuseon the US-Japan relationship and internationainstitutions in the Asia-Pacific Region. This volupublished in Japanese, considers the questionhow, given the post-Cold War context, Japaand the US can create a mechanism to facilitacoordinated action in areas that go beyond tbilateral relationship. Paper topics include thfollowing: the creation of a framework toensure security in the Asia-Pacific region; thmaintenance and strengthening of free tradegovernmental development assistance; UNpeace-keeping and peace-making operationsand country perspectives on the role of the UJapan relationship in multilateral organization(e.g., ASEAN, APEC). (Tokyo, Japan: InternationHouse of Japan, 1997, 466pp.)

8 Grantee Publications List

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Milton S. Eisenhower FoundationYouth Investment and Police Mentoring, by LynnA. Curtis, reports on ten years of EisenhowerFoundation programming, evaluation, and analysisin the cities of Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles,Philadelphia, and San Juan. Experimental police-community partnerships conducted at these fivesites integrate Japanese policing principles,including koban, foot patrols, home visits andpolice mentoring of youth, into American pro-grams for the inner city and the disadvantaged.This program design began with a delegation toJapan of American Police Chiefs and communityleaders in the late 1980’s. The report was createdas a handbook and manual for program practitionersand as a guide for policy makers. (Washington,DC: The Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, 1997,334pp.)

Policy Study GroupUS-Japan Collaboration in Advanced Technologies:Future Role in Asia. A series of research paperspresenting strategies for technological develop-ment that could foster an industrial partnershipbetween the US, Japan, and the rest of Asia toensure mutual prosperity in the coming century.Based on a series of seminars among Americansand Japanese from various industries, the bookfocuses on advanced technology areas such ascomputers, nanotechnology, biotechnology,telecommunications, and the development ofnew materials. (Tokyo, Japan: The Policy StudyGroup, 1997, 132pp.)

University of California, San Francisco (UCSF)Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromesand Human Retrovirology, Volume 14, Supplement 2,1997. A special edition of this medical journalhighlighting the results of a CGP-supportedresearch project entitled, “AIDS Prevention:Building Japan/US Cooperation and Exchange.”UCSF, in collaboration with the JapaneseFoundation for AIDS Prevention, focused onidentifying and exploring ways in which the twocountries can benefit from each others’ experiencein AIDS prevention. This issue contains 11 articlesincluding a descriptive epidemiology of HIV/AIDSin Japan (1985-1994); overviews and case studiesof HIV prevention in both countries; analysis ofAIDS-related community-based organizations inJapan; and calls for increased international col-laboration. (Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-RavenPublishers, 1997, 80pp.)

University of Maryland at College ParkInterest Group Structure and Regime Change inJapan, by Yutaka Tsujinaka, I.M. Destler andHideo Sato, eds. The sixth of a series of Maryland-Tsukuba Papers on US-Japan relations publishedby the Center for International and Security Studiesat Maryland (CISSM). The author argues that irre-versible changes have occurred in Japan’s inter-est group structure. While causality is difficult toestablish, data from his study indicate an ongoingtransformation of the Japanese political systemtoward greater pluralism and accountability.With growing participation of civic groups,reform-minded business and labor organizations,and transnational foundations, Japan shouldassume a more active and independent role inthe international order. (Center for Internationaland Security Studies, Maryland: 1996, 69pp.)

Has Conflict Passed its Prime? Japanese andAmerican Approaches to Trade and EconomicPolicy, by I.M. Destler. The seventh and final of aseries of Maryland-Tsukuba Papers on US-Japanrelations published by the Center for Internationaland Security Studies at Maryland (CISSM). Destlerstates that the US-Japan tensions over trade andeconomic issues have increased sharply betweenthe early 1970’s and the mid-1990’s because theagenda shifted from US-market issues to Japanese-market issues. Faced with increased Japaneseproduction and trade, the US chose to demandmarket liberalization across the Pacific, but constantpressure resulted in a slow response and fueledJapanese resentment. Destler does argue, however,that the intensity of tensions will diminish if Japandoes in fact succeed in deregulating and openingup its economy and China continues to replaceJapan as the focus of US trade policy. (Center forInternational and Security Studies, Maryland:1997, 35pp.)

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The Graduate School of International Economics and Finance at Brandeis University established in 1994 to promote research which integrates economic, political and busperspectives to address key issues in international trade, investment, technical changeinstitutional development. It also provides a network for research and dialogue on tAsia-Pacific region.

CGP has provided a second year of support for a collaborative research project ornized by Brandeis in collaboration with Keio University and the East-West Center. goal of this project is to analyze specific possibilities for cooperation within APEC,to examine the economic effects of such cooperation on different countries and on diffinterest groups within countries. A multidisciplinary team of experts is continuing reseon a number of issues central to the current dialogue on economic integration, suthe economic interests of member states in APEC; vertical and horizontal integratwithin the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN); and the dynamics of poand economic change in China.

The results of the research are being synthesized through the development of a cputable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the APEC region. This model will allowresearchers to examine the quantitative results of their work, combine those results political and social considerations to produce policy assessments, and to offer various poptions both at the national and regional level.

Participants will present the results of this research and introduce the CGE model policymakers, academics and professionals at a conference entitled “Making APEC Wscheduled for May 1998 at Brandeis University. All written products will be publisha conference volume, and the project directors also plan to issue a series of policy bin collaboration with the United States Pacific Economic Cooperation Committee (Pthat would summarize project findings and underscore the opportunities and challenfacing the United States, Japan, and other APEC countries in creating an integrated APacific marketplace. $101

The East-West Center has been fostering mutual understanding and cooperation wigovernments and peoples of Asia since its establishment in 1960. CGP has providsupport for the second phase of year two of the Rethinking Security: In Search of an AParadigm program, designed to increase the conceptual and theoretical study of secuin the Asia-Pacific. Three conferences have already been held, in Honolulu, Singapand Japan, that examined each individual country’s conceptions of security and regiodynamics.

Using the findings from previous activities, the second phase will continue to invgate the determinants of security in various sub-regions as well as the Asia-Pacific whole. One of the central themes that emerged from the first year is that the neoreparadigm is inadequate to explain security constructions in Asia. While the neoreaparadigm attempts to interpret security of all countries using a single theory, the parpants found that Asian security was influenced in substantial measure by indigenous idhistory, culture, and domestic considerations. Building on this and other insights fromfirst phase, the East-West Center’s research will take up two interrelated questions: 1) do these indigenous and other local factors affect security interaction at the sub-regiolevel? How significant are they in relation to systemic factors as determinants of sregional security dynamics? and 2) To the extent that local factors have become imtant, what is their consequence for the investigation of security in Asia-Pacific regDoes this suggest a new framework for analysis? What are the key elements of thiframework?

A workshop is scheduled in Singapore for November 1997 to further develop the Asecurity paradigm. Papers will be submitted for publication as a book in both EnglishJapanese, scheduled for publication in late 1998. $100

Intellectual Exchange Grant Listings

Brandeis UniversityMaking APEC Work: Economic Challengesand Policy Alternatives

Dr. Peter A. PetriDean, Graduate School ofInternational Economics and FinanceBrandeis UniversitySachar CenterWaltham, MA 02254Tel: (617) 736-2256

East-West CenterRethinking Security: In Search of anAsian Paradigm - Phase Two

Dr. Muthiah AlagappaSenior Fellow and DirectorCenter for the Study of Politics & SecurityEast-West Center1601 East-West RoadHonolulu, Hawaii 96848Tel: (808) 944-7392

Policy-Oriented Research

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Grants from the period April 1-June 30, 1997

Note: Japan grant awards are calculated at ¥11

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The Institute for International Economics (IIE) is a private, non-profit research institutionestablished in 1981 to provide objective analysis of issues concerning international eco-nomic policy. The Institute attempts to provide specific suggestions to shape and informthe public debate on topics such as trade and related social issues, international financeand investment and tax policy, with particular emphasis on Europe, East Asia, and LatinAmerica. Its audience includes government officials and legislators, business leaders, themedia, and university-based scholars.

With CGP support, IIE, in collaboration with Hitotsubashi University, will launch atwo-year collaborative research project to review recent economic and social changes inthe US and Japan, evaluate government policies and economic relations over the past fewyears, and make specific recommendations for managing these relations in the future. Thestudy will examine five main issues: the effect of structural change in Japan on its economy, its external position, and its trade relations with the United States; structural changein the US such as the decline in the budget deficit, downsizing, and the potential for asaving rate increase; possible convergence between Japan and the United States; theClinton Administration’s trade policy toward Japan and Japan’s trade policy toward theUS since 1993; and the interaction between national security and economic issues in thUS-Japan relationship.

Study groups will be established in both countries to discuss methodological issues anreview papers over the course of the study. A series of smaller meetings and press confer-ences will also be held to share the results with the press and policy community. The project will result in a book to be published in both English and Japanese and formallyreleased at meetings in Tokyo and Washington in the fall of 1998. $150,000*

The Center on US-Japan Relations at the International University of Japan was establishedin 1985 to conduct research projects and seminars, produce publications on US-Japanrelations, and to run a database, entitled “Japan-US Advanced Studies Network” (JUS-Net), with information on trends in the governments and legislatures of both countries.

The end of the Cold War structure, the rapid economic growth of China, Vietnam, andthe newly industrialized economies, and regional concerns such as environmental degra-dation and population growth, has given the US and Japan an increased number of oppor-tunities for joint leadership and policy coordination in East Asia. In a time when the EastAsian economic system is adjusting to the fall of the Cold War system and rapid economicdevelopment, the International University of Japan, in collaboration with the ReischauerCenter at Johns Hopkins University, has entered the third year of a three-year researchproject focusing on key political and economic issues in the region.

Working groups composed of US and Japanese researchers have focused on the followingtopics: the international order; security; mutual perceptions between Japan and the UShuman rights and democratization; economic development; and China. The group willconvene in Tokyo for a final bilateral conference scheduled for July 1997, the results ofwhich will be published. $79,544

Institute for International EconomicsJapan-United States Economic Relations

Mr. C. Fred BergstenDirectorInstitute for International Economics11 Dupont Circle, NWWashington, DC 20036Tel: (202) 328-9000

International University of JapanRedefining Critical Issues for theUS and Japan in East Asia, Year 3

Prof. Chihiro HosoyaInternational University of Japan777 Anaji-shindenOaza, Yamata-choMinami Uonuma-gun, Niigata 949-72Tel: (0257) 79-1113

*indicates grant amounts which include anticipated payments to be made in subsequent fiscal years

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Policymakers in both the United States and Japan are engaged in major reviews of tlevel of and institutional channels for basic research funding in the hope of using natresources more effectively to foster more rapid economic growth. As basic-science brethroughs are increasingly directly applicable to commercial products, a nation musa scientific innovator—with depth of top scientists to capitalize on breakthroughs whever they occur—or lag behind in entirely new industries and be left with failing firin technologically transformed industries.

CGP has provided support for the first year of a two-year collaborative research probetween the University of California, Los Angeles and the Nomura Research InstitLtd. on the evolution of the science and commercial applications of biotechnologyJapan and the United States. This study seeks to examine the effects of differencefunding, other policies, institutions, and cultures on scientific advance and its translinto technological progress and economic growth.

Using a methodology proven in the US which identifies the very best bioscient(“stars”) and their effects on the entry and success of firms pursuing commercial apptions of biotechnology, participants will conduct comparative Japan-US analyses of following: determinants of the creation of firm-star collaborations; the effect of firm-collaborations on the commercial and financial success of the firms involved; the efof firm-star collaborations on the scientific productivity of the stars; the effect of fundand university characteristics on the number of star scientists who first publish in a couor are attracted from elsewhere; and whether the Japanese reliance on preexisting firelative to the American dedication to new biotechnology firms has a significant efon the differential success of commercialization of biotechnology in Japan. By examithe structural differences in the two countries, participants hope to illuminate the aspwhich play a key role in facilitating or retarding scientific and technological progres

This initiative will result in a series of articles in academic journals and a projvolume tentatively titled Star Scientists and the Birth of Biotechnology in the UniStates and Japan. The project directors will also conduct dissemination conferences policy officials in both countries. $50

Dialogues

In July 1993, the US and Japanese governments announced a Common Agenda, calfor cooperation between our countries on issues like AIDS, population issues, the eronment, and other concerns of global scale. To date, the two governments have claboratively taken up such issues as promoting “Health and Human Development,”responding to “Challenges to Global Stability,” helping to preserve the “Global Environmencourage the advancement of “Scientific and Technology” and assisting to secur“Global Food Supply.” Over 20 projects have been conducted, such as planning the world-wide eradication of polio, the support of women in developing countriand the preservation of coral reefs. Yet, the Common Agenda Roundtable Confereestablished in February 1996, is the first opportunity for those in the private sector, csisting of mainly economists and other academics, to offer suggestions on possiblelaborative models between the public and private sectors.

The Association for Promotion of International Cooperation is acting as the coordinainstitution for the Common Agenda Round Table Conference and the project is beingby Keio University Professor Kaya Yoichi. CGP is providing support for a workshoexamine environmental education, focusing on aid to developing countries. A workwas held on April 14-15, 1997, and included nine participants from the US consistin

University of California, Los AngelesBasic Science Research and EconomicGrowth: Effects of Funding, UniversityPolicies and Regulations, and Institutionsin Biotechnology

Dr. Michael R. DarbyAnderson School of ManagementUCLA, Box 951481Los Angeles, CA 90095-1481Tel: (310) 825-4180

Association for Promotion of International CooperationThe US-Japan Cooperation Workshop on“Environmental Education”

Mr. Yoshio OkawaraPresidentAssociation for Promotion ofInternational CooperationKowa Bldg. No. 32 6F5-2-32 Azabu, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106Tel: (03) 5423-0571

12

¥11

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officials from the Environmental Protection Agency, NGO leaders, and journalists. Therewere also 11 participants from Japan, including such experts as: Yasuo Goto, Presidentof Yasuda Fire Insurance; Akio Morishima, Professor at Sophia University; and KimikoOzawa, Professor at Tokyo University.

After the completion of the workshop, a proposal will be submitted to both governmentssuggesting possible priority areas and human resource development activities, programsof interest, and possible measures for networking opportunities. $26,087

The Hudson Institute is a private, non-profit research organization founded in 1961 bythe late Herman Kahn. Since their inception, Hudson has analyzed and made recommen-dations about public policy for business and government executives, as well as for thepublic at large. With a diverse, interdisciplinary research and publishing effort, they havelooked at many Asian issues including major works on the Japanese and Korean economiesand a long list of Asian security and transpacific relationship studies.

Building on their past experience in Asia, Hudson will collaborate with the Universityof Shizuoka and the Sejong Institute in Seoul to foster a trilateral dialogue on the future ofJapanese-Korean relations in the context of the possible unification of Korea. The organizers believe the topic of Korea’s imminent unification or transformation not only demandsattention by US, Japanese, and Korean thinkers but also is an ideal vehicle for promotingbetter Japanese-Korean dialogue. For that reason, this year-long US-Japan-ROK projectwill make policy responses to possible political, economic, and strategic changes in NorthKorea. Some issues to be addressed during the project include: each country’s vision ofJapan-Korean relations before and after possible unification; ways to improve Japanese-Korean relations; and the contributions that Japan and the US can make in improving thatrelationship.

The project will include the commissioning of reports and papers by experts from allthree countries, which will be presented at a trilateral conference in Tokyo in November 1997These papers will then be revised and published as a book by the Hudson Institute. $50,00

The Japan-American Cultural Society was established in 1947 for the purpose of promotingexchange among the citizens of the US and Japan. Activities include lectures by Americanopinion leaders in Japan, artist exchanges, exchanges of Japanese high school students tthe US, as well as the distribution of the Washington Report, a publication which tracksthe trends in American politics, security, and economy.

In light of recent efforts to redefine the US-Japan security relationship, the need for adialogue between the two countries’ political leaders has dramatically increased. At thesame time, the environment in Japan surrounding the debate on security matters has beenundergoing change, making a substantive dialogue on these issues possible. With this inmind, the Society organized this project to allow Japanese Diet members to visit the USand meet with several Congressmen and other policy experts. The themes of the meetingsincluded: revisions to strategic doctrine in the post-Cold War era; the implications of theburgeoning Chinese economy and military; the state of the world’s military structure; andpossible multilateral measures to control regional and ethnic warfare. During their stay inthe US, from April 27 to May 3, 1997, five Diet members were able to attend numerousconferences and meetings in Mississippi and Washington DC, with the assistance of orga-nizations like the Society for the Promotion of Japanese Diplomacy, Mississippi StateUniversity’s Center for International Security and Strategic Studies, and the Washington,DC-based Center for Strategic and International Studies. $43,478

Hudson InstituteJapan and Korea’s Future: A TrilateralDialogue of Japanese, South Korean,and US Institutions

William E. OdomDirector of National Security StudiesHudson Institute1015 18th Street, NW, Suite 300Washington, DC 20036Tel: (202) 974-2401

Japan-American Cultural SocietyJapan-US Parliamentary Exchangeon Security Issues

Mr. Ryojiro WatanabePresidentJapan-American Cultural Society1-10-3 Kudan-KitaChiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102

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The Japan Center for International Exchange (JCIE) was established in 1970 as a nonprnon-partisan private organization devoted to international exchange, research and podialogue on Japan’s role in international relations. As a member of Japan’s NGO sectJCIE provides a forum for independent voices to be heard in debates on policy-relevaissues, and strengthens public education and involvement in international affairs.

CGP is continuing support for the US-Japan Young Political Leaders Exchange Progconducted by JCIE in collaboration with The American Council of Young Political Lea(ACYPL) of Washington, DC, to introduce young, emerging leaders to the complexitiesthe US-Japan relationship. Delegations travel to each other’s country for a two-week vof the capital and regional cities. In meeting with national, state and local leaders, pticipants gain a better understanding of the other country’s current political, economand social concerns, the internationalization of regional economics, and emerging issuin Japan-US relations at the regional level.

The Japanese delegation will travel to the US in July 1997, and the American delegatplans to visit Japan in November 1997. Each delegation is comprised of approximatelyparticipants chosen from state and prefectural governments, city councils, legislative sand federal agencies, as well as from the private sector. $69

The Nautilus Institute is a non-profit, policy-oriented research and consulting organizathat promotes international cooperation for security and ecologically sustainable deopment. Nautilus programs embrace both global and regional issues with a focus on Asia-Pacific, and research draws from many disciplines such as environmental econominternational relations and security analysis. The Institute produces reports, organiseminars, and provides educational and training services for policymakers, media, researcand community groups.

CGP has provided support for the second year of a joint US-Japan initiative on stainable and secure energy in Northeast Asia. The Nautilus Institute, in collaboration wthe Center for Global Communications at International University (GLOCOM), hestablished a bi-annual US-Japan policy study group, composed of 15-20 scholarjournalists, and business leaders, to develop foundational policy analysis and recomendations for such an initiative. In the first year, participants met to discuss papersthe problems associated with acid rain and the feasible alternatives to coal combustioWhile continuing that research, the group now turns its attention to energy-relatemarine degradation with papers on a wide range of topics including projected mapollution from energy sources, issues of energy security and opening sea lanes, and role of public awareness and NGOs. The policy study group will hold a conferencthe US in September 1997 to review the papers, followed by another meeting in Febru1998 to prepare policy briefings on the potential for regional environmental governanover energy-related marine degradation.

Results of the ESENA project are posted on the Nautilus Institute’s Website,www.nautilus.org/esena/psg.html. In addition, the project directors will produce a shosummary of key issues and policy recommendations from this second year that will be distribto government officials in Japan, the US, and other countries in the region. $147

Japan Center for International ExchangeUS-Japan Young Political LeadersExchange Program

Mr. Tadashi YamamotoPresidentJapan Center for InternationalExchange4-9-17 Minami-azabuMinato-ku, Tokyo 106Tel: (03) 3446-7781

Nautilus InstituteEnergy, Security and Environment inNortheast Asia (ESENA) - Year Two

Dr. Peter HayesDirectorNautilus Institute1831 Second StreetBerkeley, CA 94710Tel: (510) 204-9296

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The Society for Promotion of Japanese Diplomacy (SPJD) is a non-profit organization thatseeks to educate the public regarding trends in international affairs and the development oJapanese diplomacy. In 1974, under the leadership of the late Shina Etsusaburo, the Societfor Promotion of Democratic Diplomacy, which itself was founded in 1947, was renamedthe Society for Promotion of Japanese Diplomacy (SPJD). Activities include a monthlylecture series for members, classes on diplomacy for students, debate and essay contestsfor students throughout Japan, and research and study groups on development aid anddiplomatic policy.

At a time when the US-Japan security relationship is being redefined and the two coun-tries are becoming closer, and at a time when there has been a generational change in botlegislatures, the need to create links between legislators and strengthen the political dialoguebetween the countries has increased. In the hope to fill this demand, SPJD sent aJapanese delegation of mostly young Diet members to the US, from April 26 to May 4, 1997,to meet with members of the second Clinton administration concentrating on nationalsecurity issues, officials at the State Department, and other security specialists. In light othe increasingly important role of Russia for both Japanese and American foreign policy,the Japanese delegation also visited Moscow before coming to the US, where they exchangeviews with Russian foreign policy specialists. $43,478

Access to Current Information

The Asia Society, in collaboration with the Japan Institute for International Affairs, has begunthe second phase of a three year dialogue among American, Japanese, Pakistani, and Indianscholars to promote US-Japan understanding of nuclear-related issues in South Asia and toexplore possibilities of policy coordination and cooperation regarding these issues.

The core of phase I was a set of meetings, held in New York in June 1996 and in Islamabadand New Delhi in November 1996, that dealt with the issue of “Civilian Nuclear Power andTechnology.” Within these sessions the participants came to the conclusion that cooperatioin civilian nuclear power and technology is extremely difficult and complex, due to pre-vailing nonproliferation concerns of the non-regional powers and the preoccupation of thecurrent Indian and Pakistani governments with internal economic and political concerns.However, a few possible areas for cooperation include enhanced scientific and technicalexchanges, non-nuclear sources of power, and the concept of “islanding” of new nuclearpower plants.

Phase II will look at the topic of “The US, Japan and South Asia and the InternationalNuclear Nonproliferation Regime.” Commissioned papers formed the basis for the firstmeeting, held in Tokyo in April 1997. The conference examined the nonproliferationregime and possible alternative approaches to the problem of the spread of nuclearweapons in a broad strategic context. The project participants also joined in discussionswith Japanese officials and experts concerned with nonproliferation and South Asian securityThe project will return to South Asia for follow-up meetings in October 1997.

Policy briefings were conducted after the first set of meetings and this practice will continuthroughout the course of the project. In addition, a final report will be published shortly aftethe conclusion of the final set of meetings and will be widely disseminated. $100,100

Society for Promotion of JapaneseDiplomacy (SPJD)Japan-US Interexchange Program forAssembly Members

Mr. Yasue KatoriPresidentSociety for Promotion of JapaneseDiplomacy3-1-2 Azabu-daiMinato-ku, Tokyo 106Tel: (03) 3584-6200

The Asia SocietyThe United States, Japan andSouth Asia: Cooperation onNuclear Challenges

Mr. Kevin QuigleyVice PresidentContemporary Affairs andCorporate ProgramsThe Asia Society725 Park AvenueNew York, NY 10021Tel: (212) 288-6400

¥115 = $

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H-Net was established in 1994 to assist humanities scholars and teachers, a group whichgenerally been underrepresented on the Internet, to go on-line. It provides a positive, frieenvironment for the purpose of sharing information, testing new ideas, and making inquH-Net now publishes numerous electronic discussion groups or “lists” in the humanitiessocial sciences. All the lists are moderated by two or more scholars and have an editoboard which sets overall policy. H-Net has over 53,000 subscribers in 73 countries.

This is the second year of CGP support for three H-Net lists: H-Japan, H-Asia, and H-UH-Japan is a bilingual list geared towards specialists in Japanese culture and history; H-is an English language list for scholars in Asian Studies; and H-USA is a bilingual listspecialists in Japan and worldwide in American studies. This year will also see the induction of H-Zipang, a Japanese language list for humanities scholars.

H-Net has also started a book review project. Their plan is for H-Japan and H-Zipangcommission 50-75 book reviews a year and have another 100-150 book reviews commsioned by other H-Net lists and reprinted on H-Japan. H-Japan and H-Asia will also comission reviews of new software products, textbooks, museum exhibits, and CD-ROM

In March 1997, H-Net organized an exhibit at the annual meeting if the AssociationAsian Studies in Chicago and provided demonstrations of its programs. They have simplans for the Association of Japanese American Studies annual convention in Aichi preture in June 1997 and the American Historical Association annual convention in SeattJanuary 1998.

In order to subscribe to H-Japan (or any of the other lists), write to listserv@h-net.msu.edu; and, in the text of your message (not the subject line), write: “subscribe hjapan (or other list) firstname lastname, university (or other affiliation),” e.g., “subscribh-japan Mary Smith, Michigan State University.” $47

The National Coordinating Committee on Japanese Library Resources (NCC) is a profit organization founded in 1992 that focuses on Japanese language materials resources. Its primary purpose is to coordinate, develop and locate funding for projects idevelopment of Japanese collections, improve access to Japanese language resources, provide education in Japanese librarianship and related activities.

Retrieving documents for research is complicated by the paucity of documents in elecformat and the scattered nature of print collections in libraries and other agencies, botJapan and in the US. This process of retrieving documents is more troublesome when oattempts to access foreign materials. To alleviate this problem, NCC, in collaboration wthe National Center for Science Information System (NACSIS) of Japan, will attemptmake Japanese documents more accessible to US citizens by teaching five US librarhow to access electronic information resources from Japan. To broaden this knowledga wider audience, these librarians will in turn train end users in the US during 15 regioworkshops scheduled to begin in September 1997.

The librarian trainers will first study at the NACSIS campus for ten days in Tokyo staJuly 28, 1997, with additional field trips to the National Diet Library and the UniversitTokyo Library during that time. The project will focus mainly on electronic files availthroughout the NACSIS system because they are particularly valuable for US users, bparticipants will also cover other Internet-accessible resources from Japan.

As mentioned above, the final dissemination phase will consist of 15 regional workshwith participants from Japanese studies libraries, university faculty and students, and of government agencies, business organizations and research institutes. $35

Austin Peay State UniversityH-Japan: Scholarly InternetContacts Between Japan & the US

Dr. D’Ann CampbellDepartment of HistoryAustin Peay State UniversityP.O. Box 4486Clarksville, TN 37044Tel: (615) 648-7704

National Coordinating Committeeon Japanese Library ResourcesAccess to Current Electronic Informationfrom Japan: A Project for TrainingLibrarians and End Users

Dr. Dorothy GregorDirectorNational Coordinating Committee onJapanese Library Resources201 University Ave. H6Berkeley, CA 94710-1618Tel: (510) 883-1424

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Public Radio International launched its Japan Initiative in 1990 to create consistent andthoughtful coverage of Japan that would illuminate the intricacies of the US-Japan relation-ship and that of the Japanese people and culture for the American audience. In 1994, PublicRadio International (PRI) changed its name from American Public Radio, mirroring the fun-damental change in the organization’s strategic focus. The experience they had with Japanplayed a role in their decision to concentrate their efforts, especially in the news and infor-mation area, on international coverage.

This sixth year of the project (1997-98) reflects a continued effort on the part of PRI toexpand its programming on Japan through the Japan Desk of its business news program,Marketplace. Themes for Japan coverage this year include: the upcoming deregulation oJapan’s financial markets and continuing bureaucratic reform; new laws and new companieto address health needs of the aging population; and US-Japan trade issues such as film,telecommunications, and insurance. The Japan Desk will also produce mini-series thatexplore key Japanese issues in greater depth, such as the many roles of Japanese womenand the future of Okinawa. $100,000

The Gordon W. Prange Collection, housed at the University of Maryland at College Parkis the most comprehensive collection in existence of Japanese-language publications issuein Japan during the early years of the Occupation (1945-1949). It includes an array of bookspamphlets, newspapers, periodicals, and other publications. Over 600,000 documents thawere censored during the Occupation are also part of the collection, and paint a picture ofthe Supreme Commander for the Allied Power’s influence on the media. The collection isbeing catalogued and microfilmed so that researchers will be able to identify and accessthe materials.

This is the final year of a four-year project to ensure the preservation and accessibility othe newspaper holdings. Although the vast number of titles is what makes the PrangeCollection comprehensive, this also makes the organization and preservation of thesematerials an enormous and complex task. The activities of the first three years of the project consisted of sorting and compiling the materials, along with planning and beginningthe microfilming process. This process is critical because the high acid content of the papeon which the newspapers were printed is causing their rapid deterioration. These activitieswill proceed through the fourth year, as the Prange Collection continues to make significantprogress in providing access to their holdings for scholars around the world.

This collection is truly an invaluable resource for scholars of post-World War II Japan.Although CGP’s focus has been primarily on contemporary issues, this collection providescrucial insight into the interaction of the US and Japan at a significant juncture in our relationship. Through CGP’s contribution, it is hoped that the Prange Collection will be pre-served and in the future will benefit those in both the US and Japan. $402,387

Public Radio InternationalMarketplace’s Japan Desk

Ms. Melinda WardSr. Vice President, ProgrammingPublic Radio International100 North Sixth Street, Suite 900AMinneapolis, MN 55403Tel: (612) 338-5000

University of Maryland at College Park,The University LibrariesPreserving and Providing Access to theNewspaper Holdings of the Gordon W.Prange Collection and Archive

Dr. Desider L. VikorAssociate Director for CollectionManagement & Special CollectionsMcKeldin LibraryUniversity of MarylandCollege Park, MD 20742-7011Tel: (301) 405-9112

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IMADR is a non-profit organization founded in 1990 to promote the resolution of issincluding human rights violations and discrimination in Japan and in the world at larga member of the international anti-discrimination movement, IMADR cooperates withUN’s human rights protection efforts in Japan and works to support the International HumRights Declaration by conducting surveys, research, and educational and lobbying effo

In response to the United Nation’s call for ten years dedicated to human rights educ(1995-2004), this project aims to promote human rights awareness in both schools asociety in general. The program includes sending 15 individuals in leadership positifrom such fields as the NGO sector, education, government, and the media to the Uconduct research in the promotion of human rights education in Japan and the promoof US-Japan grassroots exchange in their respective fields. The project will also prodeducational materials for making human rights issues more meaningful in Japan.

After their selection from among representatives of human rights-related NGOs, educagovernment, business, and the media, the 15 participants attended a program on hurights education at Columbia University, over a two-week period in June 1997. The trainprogram was designed in collaboration with the People’s Decade of Human Rights Educa(PDHRE, a private organization with headquarters in the US) and Prof. Steven MarkColumbia (coordinator of the training course). The participants are to create human reducation programs and analyze their results upon returning to their respective fields in Ja

The 15 participants will reassemble in November 1997 for a five-day seminar to diwith experts and NGO delegates the results of the program analyses and educational matethat can be used in Japan. The completed materials, which will incorporate the results ofseminar, will be published in March 1998 (500 copies) and distributed to human rigrelated organizations, schools, government, and businesses. Finally, in May 1998, thsame materials will be translated into English and sent to US organizations, with the intion of promoting a regional grassroots exchange in human rights education. $51

The Japanese American National Museum was established in May 1992 with the missto “make known the Japanese American experience as an integral part of our nation’s itage in order to improve understanding and appreciation for America’s ethnic and cudiversity.” To express a Japanese American perspective in the context of a multicultusociety, the Museum conducts various educational programs, from interactive exhibitsworkshops and institutes.

With CGP support for the first year of this three-year project, the Museum will devea collaborative model for multicultural education, plan develop educational materi(teaching units, narrative slide lessons, educational video, pull-out displays, educatiresource handbook) to accompany a traveling exhibition on Hawaii that focuses on role of the second generation in democratizing Hawaii and fostering a unique multicultconsciousness among its people. Educational materials will be tested by K-12 classroteachers at the Hawaii Multicultural Institute in October 1997.

The Museum will also hold International Multicultural Institute to provide a forumdialogue and interaction between educators in the US and Japan to discuss criticalissues that relate to the changing cultural identity and values that ethnic groups andnations face throughout the world. Follow-up workshops will also be held.

The Museum will also retain a Digital Archivist to manage National Teacher ResoCenter (NTRC) digital collections and virtual exhibitions development. The Archivist also help teachers select resources for lessons. $120

International Movement Against AllForms of Discrimination (IMADR) JapanCommitteeTraining and Exchange Seminar forTrainers in Human Rights Education

Mr. Kinhide MushanokojiActing PresidentIMADR Japan Committee1-6-12 Kuboyoshi, Naniwa-kuOsaka, Osaka 556Tel: (03) 3586-7447

Japanese American National MuseumJapanese American Education Program

Ms. Irene HiranoExecutive Director / PresidentJapanese American National Museum369 East First StreetLos Angeles, CA 90012Tel: (213) 625-0414 ext. 229

18 Regional/Grass Roots Grants ListingsGrants from the period April 1-June 30, 1997

Educational Outreach Note: Japan grant awards are calculated at ¥1

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Founded in 1907, the Japan-America Society of Oregon seeks to strengthen the relationshibetween Oregon/SW Washington and Japan through a balance of business, educational andcultural programming and the promotion of Japanese language education in the region.

The Society is currently developing a long-term school visitation program to provideover 8,000 elementary students in Oregon and SW Washington with an understanding ofcontemporary Japanese society by comparing and contrasting the lifestyles of Americanand Japanese, providing a visualization of everyday life in Japan, and discussing traditionaand contemporary culture to illustrate how the Japan of today is affected by its past.

In this program, teams of American and Japanese volunteers visit schools with threespecially designed realia kits and curriculum guides, including “Japanese School Life” an“Japanese Family Life.” With CGP support, the Society is developing the second kit, “Japan:The Land and Its People,” which focuses on geographic themes. $20,000

Founded in 1907, the Japan Society is comprised of individual and corporate memberinterested in furthering dialogue and understanding between the US and Japan. The Societsponsors discussions, seminars, and performances in addition to its regular programs, whichinclude language and cultural instruction. The Society’s US-Japan Program sponsors lectureand conferences on topics ranging from public policy to finance and disseminates themoutside the New York area.

Now in its second year, the Japan Society’s America Forum takes prominent Americanspeakers to regional centers of Japan in order to expose the Japanese public to a range ofAmerican views on contemporary issues pertinent to US-Japan relations. CGP will providsupport for the outreach portion of this year’s Forum, entitled “Japan and the US in the 21stCentury,” featuring stops in Sendai, Morioka, Sapporo, and Hachi-no-he. The America-Japan Society in Tokyo will serve as the primary counterpart in Japan, having hosted anorganizer’s workshop earlier this year to decide on the theme and speakers for the ForumThe local programs, organized by their respective America-Japan Societies, will consist ofpublic symposia and small discussions targeting the business community, local and regionagovernments, the media, and interested members of the general public. $30,690

Experts in intercultural understanding from Obirin University and the Center for InternationaStudies of the University of Missouri St. Louis are cooperating in a project designed toallow youth from the US and Japan to learn from one another, in order to maintain afoundation for intercultural understanding and to construct a better relationship betweenthe two countries for the future. The project, entitled “Learning about Each Other from EachOther,” will feature a workshop for educators on teaching intercultural understanding, anexamination of possibilities for mutual understanding through the Internet, e-mail, andvideo exchange, and the creation of a “museum” for intercultural understanding includinga collection of necessary information and teaching materials. CGP will provide support forthe workshop for educators, which will introduce primary, middle, and secondary-schoolteachers with an interest in intercultural understanding to perspectives, skills, materials,and information resources for understanding the US and Japan. Approximately 50 individualswill participate on the US side, at the University of Missouri St. Louis in September 1997.An additional 50 will participate in Japan at Obirin University in November 1997.

The US counterpart for this project, the Center for International Studies, was founded in1974. The Center’s Japan-related activities include conferences, workshops for teachers, alibrary of teaching materials, and the publication of a newsletter, all of which reflect anawareness of the importance of East Asia. $53,700

Japan-America Society of OregonJapan on the Road: TeachingElementary Students aboutContemporary Japan

Ms. Dixie McKeelExecutive DirectorJapan-America Society of Oregon221 NW Second AvenuePortland, OR 97209Tel: (503) 228-9411

Japan Society, Inc.America Forum (1996-1999) Year Two

Ruri KawashimaDirector, US-Japan ProgramJapan Society, Inc.333 East 47th StreetNew York, NY 10017(212) 715-1224

Obirin UniversityLearning About Each Otherfrom Each Other

Mr. Toyoshi SatoPresidentObirin University3758 Joban-choMachida, Tokyo 194-02Tel: (0427) 97-2661

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Exchange

Gallaudet University, established in 1864, is a private, multipurpose educational instituand resource center that serves deaf and hard of hearing people through a range of acaderesearch, and public service programs. The Young Scholars Program (YSP) was created1985 to help talented deaf and hard of hearing high school students develop through theand dance, and focuses on a cultural theme each summer.

With partial support from CGP, YSP implemented the first phase of an exchange betwUS and Japanese deaf students and staff in July 1995, when a group of 17 high school dents and 15 staff from the US traveled to Japan to conduct workshops for hearing and Japanese students and teachers in cities throughout Japan.

With continued CGP support for the second phase, Gallaudet University, in collaborawith Tanpopo-no-ye, will complete the exchange process by bringing five teachers anstudents from Japan to the US to participate in an intensive, two-week YSP performingprogram in July. Japanese teachers will work with US teachers in using performing arteach deaf and hearing Japanese and US teenagers about the indigenous arts and cultof North America. While Japanese students attend lab sessions of workshops, lectures demonstrations by Native American artists, Japanese teachers will participate in specworkshops conducted by YSP faculty that will demonstrate the instructional methodemployed during the program and guide the teachers in designing a similar program implementation in Japan. $57

The International Education Center was founded in 1945 and based on the fundameidea of “fostering leaders for the global age.” The Center conducts various educationprograms geared toward international understanding, such as the management of thNichibei Kaiwa Gakuin (US-Japan Conversation School) and a Japanese language confor non-Japanese.

The Japan-America Student Conference (JASC) has a 62-year history and is organizby students from Japan and the US who serve on the conference’s Executive CommittThe conference was first held in Tokyo in 1934 and continues to take place every yeaalternately in the US and Japan. This year marks the 49th conference and will be heldcooperation with the International Education Center, which will host the student organias they plan the conference.

The conference was held in Japan from July 22-August 18, during which the stude(30 from each country) lived together and discussed the problems facing their respectcountries as well as those of the world at large. The theme for the participants of the 4conference to consider was “Exploring our Roles in the Emerging Asia-Pacific CommunThe conference was comprised of a forum with the speakers that was open to all studeas well as smaller discussion groups which considered specific topics including econodevelopment, current political issues, human rights, mass media, security issues, and the envment. CGP has provided support for the report production costs for this project. $8

Gallaudet UniversityYear Two: 1995 and 1997 Gallaudet Uni-versity’s US and Japan Culture Exchangefor the Deaf

Dr. Richard MeisegeierProfessor of Sociology & Director,University Honors Program / YoungScholars ProgramGallaudet University800 Florida Avenue, NEWashington, DC 20002

International Education CenterJapan-America Student Conference

Mr. Heiji ItabashiChairman, Board of TrusteesInternational Education Center1-21 YotsuyaShinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160Tel: (03) 3359-0561

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*indicates grant amounts which include anticipated payments to be made in subsequent fiscal y

¥11

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The International Youth Foundation (IYF) is a non-profit organization founded in 1990 withthe mission of supporting the health and development of youth around the world. IYF’sactivities center around the promotion of philanthropy related to youth development,including the evaluation of worldwide child-rearing practices, exchanges among individualfrom various countries for sharing experiences, knowledge, and methods, financial andtechnical support for the strengthening and expansion of youth-related institutions in developing countries, and education for improving the means of addressing youth issues. Onehundred and eighty active organizations chosen from 30 countries belong to the IYF net-work, as well as partner foundations active in seven countries. IYF’s primary counterpartorganization in Japan is the National Assembly for Youth Development (NAYD), foundedin 1956, which conducts evaluations and surveys of IYF’s membership network in Japan.

IYF will conduct a series of seminars to assert the importance of an inclusive approachto children’s health and development as an effective means of preventing the various problems associated with youth. The project hopes to arrive at this inclusive approach throughthe completion of the three-seminar series, each seminar examining one concrete factorthat is necessary to health and development. The seminars will include NGOs involvedwith youth development in Japan and abroad, educators, government officials, representa-tives from private organizations with an interest in human resource development, and journalists. They will discuss common youth-related issues and try to learn from each other’spractices for addressing these issues. Each seminar series will involve three elements: (1) astudy group of 15 to 20 professionals and journalists, (2) a forum for approximately 200individuals, and (3) the publication of a newsletter. The project will consider what isnecessary for children’s health and development from the various cross-sections pro-duced in the three seminars. $217,391

The Japan NPO Center was established in November 1996, in order to develop the non-profit sector in Japan. The Center’s mission is to strengthen the social foundation for thedevelopment of the entire NPO sector throughout all regions and fields of activity, and toform equal partnerships between the government and corporate sectors. Among the Center’activities are: (1) collecting and disseminating information, (2) consultation, (3) networkingfor individuals and organizations, (4) exchange and training, and (5) surveys and research.

In June of this year, the Center hosted a forum to examine what sort of society can becreated through the strengthening of NPOs in Japan. CGP provided support for the nationa“NPO Forum ‘97 in Kanagawa,” which was held in Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, as weas a series of “NPO Mini-Forums,” which were conducted in Sendai, Nagoya, Hiroshimaand Osaka. The forum was the first such meeting held on a country-wide level in Japan,and featured the theme, “The Creation of Civil Society and the Role of NPOs.” Over 1,000were in attendance during the two-day period, including not only those active in the NPOsector, but many from business, government, and other communities, as well. Guest speakersincluded Virginia Hodgikinson, a special consultant to the Independent Sector in the USand professor at Georgetown University, and Hiroshi Peter Kamura, the US ExecutiveDirector of the Japan Center for International Exchange (JCIE/USA), who addressed thetopic of the state of NPOs in the US. The national forum featured a keynote address, semi-nars, and break-out sessions, and the local mini-forums provided local audiences with theopportunity to exchange opinions. $84, 934

International Youth FoundationIYF Seminar Series

Mr. Masayuki NakaoRepresentativeTokyo Secretariat OfficeInternational Youth FoundationEminance Takanawa 3024-10-63 TakanawaMinato-ku, Tokyo 108Tel: (03) 3440-3373

Japan NPO CenterNPO Forum and NPO Mini-Forum in Rural Areas of Japan

Dr. Yoshinori YamaokaSecretary and Managing DirectorJapan NPO Center8F Hongo Building, 6-17-9 HongoBunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113Tel: (03) 3815-1656

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There is a conspicuous imbalance in student exchanges between Japan and the US, wan extremely low number of Americans in Japan in comparison to that of Japanese inUS. The Osaka Foundation of International Exchange is working in cooperation with California International Relations Foundation to conduct an Osaka-California high schstudent exchange. This project was created in response to the imbalance and inspiredthe Hashimoto-Clinton summit, in which the leaders agreed to solidify grassroots-leveyouth exchanges between their two countries.For three weeks in July 1997, approximately 100 students and six chaperones (schoteachers, etc.) from California visited seven Osaka-area high schools, to experienceculture of the Kansai region by staying with Japanese students and attending classeUS-Japan relations. To join the program, potential participants were required to includtheir applications an essay about the program. Following the selection process, there worientation programs for the chaperones in May and for the students in the beginning oat the University of California at Sacramento. In July, the delegation went to the Kansai on an itinerary that included visits to Osaka businesses, homestays, an Osaka city tourdebate, and participation in high school activities. $17

The Research Institute of Learning Disabilities was established in 1989 to improve edutional practices for children with learning disabilities through surveys, research, and leing assistance. The Institute also conducts lectures, study groups, and other activities seek to inform the general public about learning disabilities. Incorporated in 1995 byKanagawa Board of Education, the organization’s membership is comprised of researcparents of children with learning disabilities, and office volunteers.

The term “learning disabilities” generally encompasses a range of difficulties in learor using specific skills such as hearing, speaking, reading, writing, calculating, or reasonwhile not having any slowness in general intellectual development. Research, treatmeand special educational programs have been in place in the US since the 1960s, but leardisabilities have only begun to be addressed seriously in Japan in the 1990s. While Jahas a great deal to learn from the US in this field, there are also differences in languawriting, and culture, which form the backdrop for dealing with this issue. Accordinglyprogram will examine the differences and commonalities between the US and Japan, sing to better understand children with learning disabilities and to construct a system to can ideal guidance and support system for them by promoting teamwork among educatwelfare, and medical fields.

In the first year of activities, the Institute worked with counterparts in the US to proguidelines for research and evaluation methodology, and conducted a pilot survey foing on one area of learning disability: reading and writing. During the second year ofproject, now underway, the full survey of those with learning disabilities will be conductaking 20 cases from the pilot study and conducting more in-depth medical and psylogical tests and creating an advisory program. In addition, the Institute will study thissues involved in integrating learning-disabled children in society. In the third year ofproject, the study on societal integration issues will continue, along with the completiothe guidelines, and a symposium in Yokohama will be held. Finally, a written report wbe produced and distributed to researchers, educators, and medical and welfare professioconcerned with learning disabilities in the US and Japan. $72

Osaka Foundation ofInternational ExchangeCalifornia-Osaka Scholar Program

Mr. Yoshihisa TakadaPresidentOsaka Foundation of InternationalExchangeSakura-Morinomiya Building, 10F1-10-26 Nakamichi, Higashinari-kuOsaka 537Tel: (06) 973-7500

Research Institute of Learning DisabilitiesA Comparative Study of Learning Disabil-ities between Japanese and AmericanChildren

Ms. Yoshiko MoritaChairperson, Board of DirectorsResearch Institute of LearningDisabilitiesHornest Plaza Tokaichiba E 203801-8 Tokaichiba, Midori-kuYokohama, Kanagawa 226Tel: (045) 984-7910

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Youth for Understanding (YFU) was founded in the US in 1951 to contribute to the deepeninof mutual understanding and trust among societies through youth-oriented internationalexchange and intercultural experience. Student exchange with Japan began in 1958.

The Japan-US Senate Exchange program was started in 1982 with bilateral support tosend American high school students to Japan, where they would develop their under-standing of Japan through daily experiences and engage in a mutual, grassroots-levelexchange with their hosts. The program selects one student from each US state and sendthem to Japan for one month, following regional orientation programs in the US. This year,the students spent the month of July in Japan, offering them the opportunity to experienceJapanese life and culture through government office visits, homestays, and participation inlocal schools and cultural events. The writings of the students will be collected and printedafter the trip. $86,957

Youth For Understanding JapanFoundation, Inc.Japan-US Senate Exchange Program

Mr. Yoshio OkawaraChairmanYFU Japan Foundation, Inc.Kowa Building, No. 451-15-9 Minami AoyamaMinato-ku, Tokyo 107Tel: (03) 3504-0141

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Application Deadlines In MemoriamNew York:

Junichi Chano, Director

Satoshi Hasegawa, Assistant Director

Yoshihiro Wada, Assistant Director

152 West 57th Street39th FloorNew York, NY 10019Tel: (212) 489-1255Fax: (212) 489-1344

Tokyo:

Yoshihiko Wakumoto

Executive Director

Masachika Yamazaki

Deputy Executive Director

Ark Mori Building 20th Floor1-12-32 AkasakaMinato-ku, Tokyo 107Tel: (03) 5562-3541Fax: (03) 5572-6324

The Center for Global PartnershipNewsletter is published four times ayear by CGP New York. Authors‘views are their own and do not nec-essarily reflect those of the Centerfor Global Partnership. Reprintingany portion of this publication is not permitted without the consent of the publisher.

©1997 by Japan Foundation Centerfor Global Partnership

The Japan FoundationCenter for Global Partnership152 West 57th Street39th FloorNew York, NY 10019

Printed on recycled paper.

The Japan Foundation Center for Global Partnership

December 1, 1997, will be CGP’s next dead-line for new grant applications. We encouragethe submission of concept papers at leasttwo months prior to the deadline so that wemay offer comments and suggestions toapplicants.

For more information, feel free to visit ourwebsite at http://www.cgp.org/cglink/, orsend us an e-mail: info@cgp.org.

We at CGP would like to express our condo-lences to the family and friends of Mrs. HisayoMurakami, Manager of the Gordon W. PrangeCollection at the University of Maryland atCollege Park By preserving and providingaccess to a comprehensive collection ofJapanese-language publications issued inJapan during the early years of the Occupation(1945-1949), Mrs. Murakami has made tremen-dous contributions to the Japanese studiescommunity that will never be forgotten.

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