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Nuclear Energy in the Future
Brad Nelson
Chief Engineer, US ITER
The ITER Project
Presentation for
NE-50 Symposium on the
Future of Nuclear Energy
November 1, 2012
Fusion research is ready for the next step –
A self-heated “burning” Plasma
11/1/2012 NE 50 ITER 2
We Have Produced Fusion Power
NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 3
Joint European Torus (JET) is largest existing
tokamak,
The next step is ITER:
JET
~15 m
ITER
~29 m
NE 50 ITER
R=6.2 m, a=2.0 m, Ip=15 MA, B
T=5.3 T, 23,000 tons
NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 5
500 MW fusion power, gain (Q) of 10
Fusion has made steady progress,
ITER goal is a big step
11/1/2012 6
ITER is a special partnership to address
a global challenge and opportunity
Mission:
to demonstrate
the scientific and
technological
feasibility of
fusion energy
Partnership:
a unique arrangement of nations jointly responsible for
construction, operation, and decommissioning
NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 7
The Signatories of the ITER Agreement Elysée Palace, Paris: November 21, 2006
with French President Jacques Chirac, in Paris, France, on November 21, 2006. From left to right: Vladimir Travin (Deputy Director of the Federal Atomic Energy Agency, Russian Federation), Kim Woo Sik (Vice Prime-Minister,
Ministry of Science and Technology, Korea), Takeshi Iwaya (Vice-Minister for Foreign Affairs, Japan), José Manuel Barroso (President of the
European Commission), Jacques Chirac (President of the French Republic), Xu Guanhua (Minister of Science and Technology, People's
Republic of China), Anil Kakodhar (Secretary to the Government of India, Department of Atomic Energy), Dr. Raymond Orbach (Under
Secretary for Science, U.S. Department of Energy), and Janez Potočnik (European Commissioner for Science and Research).
NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 8
Negotiated Value Proposition
Benefit Sharing
• Equal access to data
• Right to propose and
conduct experiments
• Participation in design
and access to design
information
• U.S. industry role in
manufacturing high-
technology components
• Joint ownership of
intellectual property
Cost Sharing (mostly in-kind)
NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 9
ITER – site is in France
NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 10
ITER – site is in France
NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 11
The ITER Site Plan shows ITER scope
Magnet Power Convertor Buildings
(500 MW Pulsed)
Cryoplant Building (85 kw @ 4.5k, 1300 kw @80K)
Hot Cell
Cooling Towers
(1200 MW)
Tokamak / Assy Buildings
2x750 ton cranes 170 m long
PF Assy Building
Birdseye View of the ITER Site
• Will cover about 60 ha (150 acres)
• Large number of systems
NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 12
The ITER Site Plan shows ITER scope
Magnet Power Convertor Buildings
(500 MW Pulsed)
Cryoplant Building (85 kw @ 4.5k, 1300 kw @80K)
Hot Cell
Cooling Towers
(1200 MW)
Tokamak / Assy Buildings
2x750 ton cranes 170 m long
PF Assy Building
Birdseye View of the ITER Site
• Will cover about 60 ha (150 acres)
• Large number of systems
NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 13
ITER Today – construction in progress
NE 50 ITER 14 Photos by ITER organization NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 14
ITER Today – construction in progress
NE 50 ITER 15 Photos by ITER organization NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 15
ITER Today – construction in progress
NE 50 ITER 16 Photos by ITER organization NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 16
ITER Today – construction in progress
NE 50 ITER 17 Photos by ITER organization NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 17
ITER Today – construction in progress
NE 50 ITER 18 Photos by ITER organization NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 18
ITER Today – construction in progress
NE 50 ITER 19 Photos by ITER organization NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 19
ITER Tokamak Building – Defined by Levels
L5
L4
L3
L2
L1
B1
B2
Seismic bearing pedestals
NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 20
ITER Tokamak Core in Building
9/18/2012 NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 21
• First Plasma November 2020
• ~20 years operation
ITER Level 0 Construction Schedule
First plasma
NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 22
How do we:
• Provide specified magnetic field over a large volume?
• Protect the device from high heat flux and neutrons?
• Heat the plasma and drive the plasma current?
• Diagnose the plasma?
• Fuel the plasma?
• Maintain the device over time?
ITER has many engineering challenges
NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 23
The Core of ITER
NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 24
ITER’s Magnet System
Toroidal field (TF) coils produce confining/ stabilizing toroidal field
Poloidal field (PF) coils position and shape plasma
Central solenoid (CS) coil induces current in the plasma
Magnet System weighs ~ 8,700 tons (same as frigate USS Bainbridge) NE 50 ITER 25
Magnets are unprecedented in size and
performance for fusion systems
TF coils
11.8 Tesla, 41 GJ
40,000 tons centering force
40 mm dia
NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 26
Magnets are unprecedented in size and
performance for fusion systems
40 mm dia
TF conductor, as formed into
pancakes
TF conductor close-up
NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 27
TF conductor is being delivered
Over 70% of required 450t of Nb3Sn strand
has been produced around the world
NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 28
TF coils are being constructed now
A1 Segment
B3 Segment
TF Coil ~360 t, 16 m Tall x 9 m Wide
NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 29
Magnets are unprecedented in size and
performance for fusion systems
Central Solenoid
13 Tesla, 7 GJ
30 kV, 1.2 T/s 6 coil modules in stack
NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 30
Magnets are unprecedented in size and
performance for fusion systems
Central Solenoid
13 Tesla, 7 GJ
30 kV, 1.2 T/s 6 coil modules in stack
Single CS module, 553 turns
NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 31
Central Solenoid Conductor
NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 32
Insulation wrapping machine
CS conductor with cabling exposed
• Nb3Sn cable in conduit • 45 kA max current at ~13T • > 40 km finished conductor required
Conductor forming trials
Inside the magnet set are the vacuum
vessel and in-vessel components
Toroidal
Field Coil
Poloidal
Field Coils
Vacuum Vessel 9 sectors
Blanket 440 modules
Divertor 54 cassettes
NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 33
Vacuum vessel is the plasma chamber
• Double walled, water-cooled, stainless steel structure provides high quality vacuum and first confinement barrier for radioactive materials.
• Prototype constructed to prove feasibility of double wall construction with prototypic size and tolerances.
• Vessel must be protected from the plasma.
+/- 15 mm
2000 m3
NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 34
Vacuum vessel is the plasma chamber
• Double walled, water-cooled, stainless steel structure provides high quality vacuum and first confinement barrier for radioactive materials.
• Prototype constructed to prove feasibility of double wall construction with prototypic size and tolerances.
• Vessel must be protected from the plasma.
+/- 15 mm
2000 m3
NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 35
Plasma interacts with surfaces
Photos courtesy JET
NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 36
Divertor Exhausts a Major Part of Plasma
Heating Power and Helium “Ash”
Divertor Cassette (upgradeable) Challenge:
Absorb 10–20 MW/m2 heat flux while minimizing
impurity influx, tritium retention
NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 37
First Wall and Blanket Take Balance of
Neutron Radiation and Plasma Heat Load
• To remove the useful neutron power and most of the particle power
in the plasma
• To provide shielding of the vacuum vessel structure and S/C coils
• To help in passive stabilization of the plasma
The blanket serves three main functions:
38
First Wall Plasma Heat Load requires
special technology
NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 39 Ref: Raffray
Plasma Heating/Current Drive Require
Multiple Systems
NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 40
~ 50 Diagnostics Monitor Plasma Behavior
Must Survive Harsh Operating Conditions
NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 41
ITER relative to JET High neutron and gamma fluxes (up to x 10)
Neutron heating (1 MW/m3) (essentially zero)
High fluxes of energetic neutral particles from CX (up to x5)
Long pulse lengths (up to x 100)
High neutron fluence (> 105 ! )
Fueling of plasma by frozen pellets
Pellet injection to achieve
efficient core fueling
Protium, Deuterium and Tritium Pellets
@ 14° Kelvin
NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 42
Test Blanket modules demonstrate
tritium breeding technology
• Tritium breeding is necessary for the fusion fuel cycle.
• Several breeding blanket concepts are under consideration.
• ITER provides three equatorial ports for test blanket modules.
NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 43
Other challenges
In addition to challenges already discussed
(related to component performance requirements
and design), there are global challenges.
• Availability issues
– Reliability issues
– Remote Maintenance issues
– Vacuum quality, leaks, and in-situ leak detection
• Safety and interaction with regulators
NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 44
Blanket maintenance requires in-vessel
rail and vehicle
• Maintenance system deployed through 4 ports, requires rail, vehicle,
system to hand components from vehicle to port, etc.
• Larger-scale system built and tested in JA.
• Development of new system will include significant deployment and
use during machine assembly.
1 blanket in months, all in ~2 years
Demonstration of
• Blanket module handling
• Rail deployment NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 45
What ITER Means for the US
• Create, understand, and control a reactor-prototypical fusion plasma
• Demonstrate the scientific and technological feasibility of a promising virtually inexhaustible and relatively clean energy source
• Position the US to provide fusion-reactor technology
• Create high-tech jobs and work in the US
• International partnership: working together toward a global goal.
NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 46
US Scope is provided by multiple
institutions
NE 50 ITER
ORNL 100% Central Solenoid
Windings + JA Support
ORNL
8% of Toroidal Field Conductor
+ JA Support
ORNL 100% Pellet Injector
100% Disruption Mitigation
ORNL Blanket/Shield
(design only)
ORNL 100% Tokamak Cooling
Water System
PPPL 75% Steady State Electrical Network
PPPL 14% of Port-based
Diagnostics
ORNL 88% Ion Cyclotron Transmission Lines
ORNL 88% Electron
Cyclotron Transmission Lines
PPPL In-Vessel Coils
(prelim. design only)
ORNL 100% Roughing Pumps,
Vacuum Standard Components
SRNL 100% Tokamak Exhaust
Processing System
NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 47
US Scope is highly integrated with
central ITER core
NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 48
Cooling Water System
ICH Transmission
Lines
Vacuum
System
TF Coil Conductor
Blanket/Shield Design
Pellet Injection System Disruption Mitigation
Port Diagnostics
Central Solenoid
ECH Transmission
Lines
TEP SSEN
Over 80% of Project Funding will be Spent in the US
As of June 2012,
over $808M
(in total value with options)
has been awarded to US
industry, universities, and
DOE laboratories in 38
states plus DC.
Note: This data does not reflect contracts Awarded to US Industry by the EU (>$55M) or Korea (>$23M)
NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 49
Summary
• The ITER project combines the expertise from around
the world to build the first fusion reactor – China, EU,
India, Japan, Korea, Russian Federation and the U.S.
• An international organization is already operating in
Cadarache, France, where ITER is under
construction.
• There are many engineering challenges, but each can
be met.
• ITER is proceeding toward a first plasma in 2020.
NE 50 ITER 11/1/2012 50