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The Israeli – Palestinian Conflict
Three Formative Pairs Shaul Arieli
2012 www.shaularieli.com
The Israeli – Palestinian Conflict
Three Formative Pairs 1. The Balfour declaration (1917) and the mandate (1922)
recognizing the right for self-determination and its
tools of implementation
2. The partition resolution (1947) and the independence
war (1948 – 1949) the establishment of the state and
the “inheritance”
3. The six day war (June 1967) and “resolution 242”
(November 1967) the assets the basis of the conflict
resolution
“Opening Shot” Balfour Declaration (1917)
The Mandate (1922)
Balfour and others
Balfour – “His majesties government looks favorably towards the establishment of a national home for the Jewish people in Israel with hopes to endeavor to facilitate the achievement of the project …” (Nov. 1917)
Combo – “It would only be the justice and compensation , to support, with the help of the powers, the revival of the Jewish nation from the country it was expelled from centuries ago. The French government , has nothing to say but support your victory” June (1917)
Wilson – "I am convinced that the allies, with full consent of our government and people, agree that in Palestine the foundation is laid for a Jewish community (1919) “
Balfour for the Zionist movement: 1: The support of the central world powers, Great
Britain, within the vision of the Zionist Movement. 2: Historical right for the land of Israel – “ it is
completely justified, that exiled Jews all around the world, will have a national center and a national home, where they can come together as one. And where could that place be if not in the land of Israel, where they are connected with for over 3000 years on such a deep and close level…” (Winston, 1919)
3: The need of the hour: “ Is the Zionism wrong or right, for better or worst, it revives from centuries of tradition, present needs and future hopes, and it has a much deeper significance many times more than the aspirations and prejudices of the 700,000 Arabs which inhabit this ancient land” (Balfour, 1917)
What's in the Balfour declaration The term Palestine – region of Israel
in general.
The British governments desire to avoid any commitment -
• The latest draft that was rejected “his majesties government accepts the printable that the land of Israel must rise again as the national home for the Jewish people.”
The land of Israel during the ottoman empire – 1914 (separation of 1988)
Tzur
Haifa
NablusPetah – Tiqwa
Jerusalem
Damascus
Jenin
Gaza
Tel Aviv – Jaffa
Ber shebba
Hebron
The sanjak of Eglon
The
wai
lyah
of B
eiru
t
Rational Wayilyah
(provenience)
Sanjuk (district)
Gaza
Allied plan concerning the Israel May – 1916 – Sykes Picot Rational
A new region within British, Russian and French custody
French region
An Arabic state under British custody
An Arabic state under French custody
British enclave
Egypt (under British control)
Haifa
Tzur
Jerusalem
Tel Aviv
Ber shebba
45 – 50,000 km
Rational
The Zionist organizations Proposition for the borders of Israel
Egypt (under British control)
The Zionist organization proposal during the peace conference in Paris 1919
"The principle of self-determination is not applied to Palestine during the British Mandate created in 1922 due to the desire to enable the establishment of the Jewish national home."• "The will of the Arab people of Palestine to ensure their national existence is a natural desire indeed. However, a nationalist Palestinian state, as opposed to Arab nationalism is in itself a phenomenon created not long ago and came into being only after the division of the Arab region by the settlement at the end of the First World War." (Distribution Report, 1947)"We can not accept Zionist claims to include the Transjordan territory of the Land of Israel because there are no Jewish colonies there, and the local population publicly expressed its desire to join the Syrian Arab country"
For the Arabs of Palestine
• 673,400 Arabs
• 83,790 Jews
•28,000 km
Rational Border lines according to the mandate
Arab settlement
Jewish settlement
Co-existing territories
Mandate for Palestine – Israel - 1922 Jewish – Arab settlements
Hussein - McMahon -1915Faisal - Weizmann - 1920
Cyprus (British)
Wailyah of Haleb
Wailyah of Damascus
Rational Pure Arabic area (as declared by Hussein Ben Ali the
sheriff from Mecca The border lines in the west of outside the Arabic state (as proposed
by the British commissioner Mcmahon)
HijazianTrain tracks
Wailyah of Beirut
Map 6 . Great Brittan and the Arabs 1917 and on
Past Turkish territories, that were established with the British mandate in 1921, and later as independent countries
Land of Israel
Rational Past Turkish territories, that were left to be supervised by the French in 1920 and later received independence
Arab states that were assisted by Britain in their war against Turkey, 1915 – 1918 and received financial support from Brittan
Arab territories under the British authority or supervision in 1914 that have all received independence
Saudi Arabia Egypt
Golf Of O
man
Golf Of Oman
Balfour for Arabs as designed for Palestine:
1: Definition in the statement has also been but in a negative way "non-Jewish testimony". Thus, religious communities without national rights.
2: Britain granted piece of land that is not of hers )in 1917 the area was within Turkish rule( to a group which is not entitled to it ) the Zionist movement( at the expense of the owners and those who are entitled to it )local Arabs( )Edward W. Said(.
3: " In addition council confirms that the aggression on the Palestinian nation and the its territory began in 1917" )PLO Convention, 1964(.
The Zionist
movement- self
definition in the state
of Israel“While the basis for the Jewish aspiration for national
independence was not essentially different from the aspiration of other nations, the way in which the Jewish
people fulfilled its right of self definition indeed was extraordinary- because the Jewish tragedy was
extraordinary. Is the moral justification being lessened, in the case of the Jewish people?” (Rubinshtain and
Yaacobson, 2003)
קמ"ר28,000
Rational
-Mandate Border lines-Arab villages-Jewish settlement-Integrated villages
Egypt- Under British authority
Jordanian River
The Mediterranean
sea
•28,000 sq.km
“To create political, administrative and
economical conditions in the state of
Israel, that will promise the
establishment of the National Jewish
home”
The mandate document (1922)
The Mediterranean
sea
Egypt- Under British authority
Jordanian River
For the Zionist Movement 1: “the Jewish people’s historical connection to Palestine
was recognized and it is their right to reestablish their national home in this land”.
2: "Both the Balfour Declaration and the mandate included an
international commitment to the Jewish people as a whole.“
3:”During the last two to three generations the Jewish people created
a settlement that now includes approximately 80 thousand in
population and about a quarter of them are farmers. This settlement
has its own political tools… its issues are being run in Hebrew as a
spoken language and Jewish press is utilizing its needs. It has its
special intellectual life in the city and in the village therefore it has
“national virtues”
“Establishment of a national home for the Jewish people in the land of Israel... being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may infringe the civil and religious non-Jewish committees ... ")Balfour Declaration 1917(
"... While preserving the civil and religious rights of all the inhabitants of Palestine, irrespective of race or religion"
Mandate in 2012
Israel - Identity, Borders and Regime
Democracy
Geography Demographic
Jewish
State
“..And encourage
the immigration
of the Jewish
masses to this
land, so they can
shape their
destiny and
establish their
home”
• The rise of the national Palestinian
movement (1920, 1921,1929, 1936-9)
• The White paper(1922, 1930, 1939)
• Eastern European Jews- The “Bond”
and North America
• The holocaust
1947
•638,000 Jews
•1,325,000 Arabs
United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine
Jewish stateArab state
The separate body
“Reduction of the area - this is the price we
pay for the delay of the Jewish people in
building the country and for the rapid
growth of the Arab Movement”
(Mordechai Namir, 1937)
" Certainly the Arab community in Israel has a right to self-determination and self-government, good faith dictates, that we will not deprive nor will we
dismiss this right.”
Ben Gurion, Feb 1947
"Inheritance The"
Partition Resolution
)1947(
The war of independence and the “Nakba” (1947-1949)
…only by the means of partition, can the two conflicting national aspirations portray themselves and allow their two nations to come to terms with their independent nations within the international community and United
Nations”…
Partition Resolution(181)
November 1947
)Partition Report Conference, 1947(
55%
45%
Jewish stateArab state
The separate body
United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine
The Zionist Movement:The establishment of the state of Israel (May 14th 1948)-
“.. The State of Israel was established as a Jewish State in
the Land of Israel, by virtue of the historical connection
between the Nation of Israel and its land and by the
recognition and approval of the nations of the world. In the
Declaration of Independence of the State of Israel, the new
State was defined by the members of the National Council
The Arabs of Israel:
Recognition of the nation and its right for self-determintation
Population – The Rural Villages Survey (April 1945)
District Arabs Jews Total
Galilee Acre 184,46037,350230,840
Haifa 115,790104,310224,430Jerusalem 284,440100,280384,880
Lod 207,210293,520501,040Gaza 187,8303,040190,880Samaria 217,09014,900232,220
Total 1,196,820553,40031.4%))
1,764,320
Land Proprietary Right (April 1945)
District Arabs Jews Communal Total
Galilee Acre1,815,536576,028398,6332,801,383
Haifa434,666364,276208,0471,031,755
Jerusalem3,993,00139,679243,4464,333,534
Lod828,812251,59896,5911,205,558
Gaza
2,766,709114,49110,806,96713,688,501
Samaria2,736,077145,627360,7213,262,287
Total12,574,8011,491,699 (5.7%)(10.6%)
12,114,40526,323,018
"While 37% of the Jewish population in Palestine own only 7% of the field, 55% received their sovereignty from Israel, the Palestinians could not understand why they should pay the price for the occurrence Holocaust ...
They were unable to figure out why it is unfair that the Jews will be a minority in undivided Palestine while considered FAIR that the Palestinians who are living in the Jewish region , half the population is almost being of native-born ancestry - will override a minority subject to foreign rule ")Walid al - Khalidi , 1988(
Israeli Arabs:
Article 16 of the Palestinian Covenant:
"Distribution of Palestine in 1947 and the establishment of Israel are essentially flawed,One is how it persist to exist, because they are contrary to the will of the Arab nation and the Palestinians and the natural right to its homeland, and since they Contradict the principles contained in the Declaration of the United Nations, and foremost - the right to self-determination. "
"Representative of the Jewish Agency told us yesterday that they are not the aggressor. Because it was the Arabs who started the conflicts and when the Arabs will stop firing, Jews will do too. As a matter of fact, we do not deny this fact .... We said to the world ... that we do not agree that little Palestine should be divided. ... and that we intend to fight against it ")Jamal al - Husseini, the Arab Higher Committee representative Security Council on April 16, 1948(
Results of the warPalestinians Israelis
De facto loss of the right to self-determination
Establishment of an independent state and a UN recognition
The division of Palestine between Israel and Jordan and Egypt
Armistice Agreements lest 78% of the land of Israel
about 711 thousand refugees, a small minority in Israel
demographic balance of 84-16 towards the Jews
The destruction of over 400 villages, the abandonment of the 11 cities involved, massive property loss (3.5 to 4.6 million hectares ...)
Control over the land and the refugees’s property
Loss of 3,000 peopleLoss of 6,000 people
About a million Jewish refugees from Arab and Muslim countries
"The military can conquer all territory
between Jordan and the ocean. But what
kind of country will we have, assuming
that there are elections and Deir Yassin is
not our policy. We will have a parliament
with an Arab majority. Between the
choice of the whole country or a
Jewish ."state, we chose a Jewish state
The Zionist stand
David Ben Gurion(Parliament debate, Volume 1, th4 April 1949)
•1,000,000 JEWS
•156,000 ARABS
78%
1.2%
20.8%
Rational
Jordan and the West Bank under its control
-Armistice lines
Egypt and Gaza under its authority
UnExcessive region
Israel
1949-Armistice lines
Assets and SolutionsSix Day War / cover
)June 1967(Security Council Resolution
242)November 1967(
Rational1967 border -
lines
-Israel
Territories that were -occupied the war
Israel and the territories in authority post six day war 1967
Israel
Egypt
Jordan
Saudi Arabia
Syria
Sinai Peninsula
Israel, the Arab countries and the Palestinians
1. International legitimacy for the 1949 border lines in
exchange for the occupation in 1967.
2. Arab countries - the return of occupied sovereign territory
)peace agreements(.
3. Establishment of a Palestinian state only on 22% of the territory in exchange for the recognition of Israel )1988(.
Israel / Palestine
Size28 000 square kilometers
PopulationIsrael
Jews - 5.55 millionArabs - 1.3 million
West Bank + Gaza + East Jerusalem
Arabs - 4.2 millionJews - 0.5 million
The new threatEastern Front - surface
missiles and terrorism, including rockets and
mortars
Palestinian state
1. Conventional capabilities 2. Terrorism
Regions = securitySecurity =
demilitarization
1. Demilitarization for the exchange of strategic depth
2. International Presence
3. Warning stations4. Aerial space
Development of Israel's position in the negotiations regarding the permanent border
Anapolis7%
Taba
What is the Israeli stance
toward the old secure territories ?
What is the Israeli stance toward
strategic roads ?
Control over waters?
AirportLanding routes?
Israeli borders Beyond the Green
LineJudea and Samaria324 thousand JewsIn 124 communities
East Jerusalem193 thousand JewsIn 12 neighborhoods
Total persons beyond the Green Line
517 thousand Jews
--1967 borders
Jewish settlements –
Jewish Infrastructure/farming –
area –
Palestinian village -Settlements that were evacuated in 2005 -
Rational
Israel
the west bank
Jerusalem
Territory and borders The Israeli proposal
85% ISRALIES
6.5% TERRITORIES
-1967 borders-The historical basin-Annexed territory to Israel 6.5%-Annexed territory to Palestine 5.8%-Jewish settlement that will be annexed to Israel-Jewish settlement outside of Israel’s borders-Palestinian village
Palestine (the west
bank)
IsraelJerusalem
Rational
Territory and borders
The Palestinian proposal
70-75%
ISRALIES 2 %
TERRIROTIES
-1967 borders-The historical basin-Annexed territory to Israel 2%-Annexed territory to Palestine 2%-Jewish settlement outside of Israel’s borders-Palestinian village
Israel
Palestine (the west
bank)
Jerusalem
Palestine (Gaza strip )
Rational
Two Capitals in Jerusalem
United Jerusalem(2010)
•126.4 KM
•500,000 JEWS (64%)
•)193,000 IN THE EASTERN SIDE(
•281,000 ARABS (36%)
The issue of Jerusalem
-1967 borders-Jerusalem municipal borders-Old city
-Israeli settlement
-Palestinian village -Jewish settlement
-Jewish infrastructure/ Agriculture
WEST BANKJerusalem
Israel
In many ways I think Jerusalem is advancing“ said Olmert and immediately altered “... I'm talking about West Jerusalem. I'm talking about neighborhoods where Jews live, even the parts that were not part of the city until 1967. Regarding other parts of Jerusalem, where no Jews live, there is no big change.
"I've reached very sad conclusions regarding Jerusalem's future as a united city.. No Israeli government, since the year of 67’, has made even the smallest effort to unite the city in the practical sense.
Even the government I led didn’t do everything in its power to turn Jerusalem to a united city. While we did invest in Jerusalem, we consciously invested in the western part of city, primarily the new neighborhoods like Har Homa, Pisgat Ze'ev, Ramot Gilo. We avoided from investing in territories that I believed were not going to be apart of Jerusalem under Israeli sovereignty. “
Ehud Olmert, May 2012
.
JerusalemIsraeli proposal
Israel
Jerusalem Palestine
-1967 borders-Municipal Borders of Jerusalem -The historical basin-Annexed territory to Israel 6.5%-Annexed territory to Palestine 5.8%-Jewish settlement that will be annexed to Israel-Jewish settlement outside of Israel’s borders-Palestinian village
JerusalemPalestinian Proposal
Israel
Jerusalem - Palestinian Proposal – Annapolis )2008(
1967 Borders
Jerusalem's municipal boundaries
The Old City
The historic basin
An attached territory to Israel
Palestine
An attached territory to Palestine
Israeli settlement
Jewish settlement
Jewish Industrial/Agriculture Zone
Palestinian settlement
Jerusalem
Bethlehem
GushEtzion
Ramallah
MountScopus
Giv'at Ze'ev
Efrat
קמ"ר2.5
60,000 Residents
• Palestinians - Demographic division
• Israel- International Management
Solution in the historic basinThe historic
basin
The Old City
1967 Borders
2.5 Square Kilometer
Jerusalem - The historic basin Annapolis )2008(
Jerusalem
The Old CityThe Temple Mount
Kidron Valley
Mount of Olives
Mount Zion
Gehenna
Refugees
Refugees Absorption
•Israel – 1000\5000 for 5 years•Palestinians – 10,000 for 10 years
•“It will be unreasonable to ask Israel to absorb 5 million refugees or even a million refugees”, says Abu Mazen. “The meaning of that will be the end of the state of Israel”.
Key Issues And Parameters for The Arrangement
• Borders – ’67 borders as a base (With territorial exchanges in ratio of 1:1)
• Security - demilitarization of the Palestinian state and ending the terror and violence.
• Jerusalem – dividing east Jerusalem to two capitals.
• Refugees - solving the refugee problem not by returning to Israel.
“I was within touching distance from a peace agreement. The Palestinians never rejected my proposals. And even if in the 1,000th time there will be factors that will try to claim that they rejected my proposals, the reality was different. They didn’t accept them, and there is a difference. They didn’t accept them because the negotiation didn’t end, it was almost done. If I was to stay prime minister for four-six more months, I believe that you could reach a peace agreement. The differences were very small, we reached the last stretch” Ehud Olmert, May 2012
Molcho and Erekat Conversation at Amman
TerritorySecurityIsrael•How many more Israelis
and less Palestinians under Israeli sovereignty
Israel will maintain a presence in the Jordan Valley for a certain time •Israel will annex the large
settlement blocs
•The border in Jerusalem will not be discussed
Palestinians •1967 borders as a base.•Demilitarization of the Palestinian state army and heavy weapons
•1:1 land swaps in the amount of 1.9%
•Placing an international force in the borders.
Demographic Forecast Percentage of Jews :
YearState of Israel(78%)
Land of Israel(100%)
201580.8%48.6%
203078.3%43.9%
205077%33%
What is the proposed alternative for the division?
The Religious Sect and The Recruited Religion
“There is no national or international law to change our position, our rights… The fate of these areas, according to Jewish law, as the Land of Israel under Jewish rule, and overall there is sovereignty, Jewish property and ownership..”
(Rabbi Goren, 1995)
“In term of pure religion… Every knowingly concession (of areas in Israel) is a intentional violation of the sanctity of the land and Covenant of the pieces” (The Chief Rabbis, 1937).
We Returned HomeWe Returned HomeHere, in Bet El 3,800 years ago the Here, in Bet El 3,800 years ago the Land of Israel was promised to the Land of Israel was promised to the
People of Israel by the Creator of the People of Israel by the Creator of the UniverseUniverse
By virtue of this promise we are living By virtue of this promise we are living today in Haifa, Tel Aviv, Shilo and today in Haifa, Tel Aviv, Shilo and
HevronHevron
“Under the wing of Islam, it is possible for the followers of the three major
religions - Islam, Christianity and Judaism - to coexist in peace and quiet with
each other. Peace and quiet would not be possible except under the wing of
Islam. Past and present history are the best witness to that” (The Hamas
Covenant, 1987).
“The land of Palestine is one unit that can’t be divided, there is no difference
between Haifa or Nablus, between Lod or Ramallah, and between Jerusalem
and Nazareth… the land of Palestine is a Waqf land consecrated for the
benefit of all Muslims, from east and from west. No one has the right to divide
it or give any part of it.”
(PA Radio, 1999)
The Religious Dimension and the Recruited Religion
We pray three times a day "and forecasts eyes return to Zion in mercy." We want to return to Israel. But the question if this whole land of Israel, or a half or a quarter of it is not a religious question. Our sources anywhere [...] No command of "one inch." On the contrary [...] is your responsibility here and now [...] reality in which you live. And if after all the horrors of the 20th century finally gathered here five million Jews, we are responsible for them [...]. I am totally against Christianity, it can kill and cause us to lose this country“.Yonatan Bassi 2005
"You come to the conclusion that in very difficult circumstances you must withdraw. But the withdrawal is made while internalizing that there is no other choice and without doubting your right. You say: It is my absolute right and justice is with me, but in this generation I do not have the power to exercise it. "
Ze'ev Hever, Zambish, before the disengagement in 2005
It is inconceivable that because of these precious places ... We shall give up the acquisition of new real options (meaning country) ... across the country we poured blood, we created spiritual values, built tombstones. However, we now face the possibilities to be a great power in the land, without getting our facilities and tombstones. We must find in us Potency moral decision. “
Moshe Sharett, Zionist Congress 1937
A non-Jewish state• “It is better that the Palestinians would be citizens of Israel, than to divide the country," Parliament Speaker Rivlin, May 2011.•"If Jordan was ready to absorb both territories and more population, it would have been much easier and natural. But Jordan does not agree. This is Why I say you can look at another option. An option for Israel to apply its law to Judea and Samaria and grant citizenship to a million and a half Palestinians" Moshe Arens, 2011
•Begin the process culminating in the Palestinians' Blue identity card, a yellow number, social security and the right to vote for the Knesset. “ Uri Elitzur, 2011
.•The "one country, in which the children of settlers and Palestinian child will be on the same bus together" Emily Amrousi, July 2010
Non democratic state•“If the Palestinian leadership will continue in the one-sided political disturbance, the Prim Minister must act on the same coin: Apply immediate sovereignty on all Jewish settlements in Yehuda and Samaria”. Parliament member Danon, April 2011
•You have turn to to a positive action ... to clarify that we are allowed to act unilaterally to declare the sovereignty of Judea and Samaria, or at least part of the territory )like the settlements territory(, depending on the majority we can get in the parliament ... swarm of sovereignty on the land and slowly move forward." )Parliament member Elkin, May 2011(
•"Israel will extend sovereignty over areas B and C in the West Bank, including all the Jewish settlements in the West Bank without any exception. Israel would allow the Palestinians in these areas to receive Jordanian - Palestinian national citizenship... in A, the IDF will continue to dominate in terms of security, in coordination with the Jordanian police “ Parliament member Orlev, 2011
•“The annexation should be done in stages, starting with the Jewish settlement. But the other half of the equation ... the Arab residents of Judea and Samaria will be Israeli residents and citizens of the Palestinian state in Jordan .... The day is close, when the Arab spring will come to the Kingdom of Jordan, and the king will rule over the Palestinian people. Thus they will have their own state. “Parliament member Eldad, 2011
• “The Anti Boycott Law and Inquiry committees are the first stage in a country that wishes to be ruled by a right-wing, because so people voted. And there is nothing more important to the public in Israel than the sovereignty, since it the most profound implementation of the people in Israel. We want sovereignty! .... This is something that will be politically possible only if a large popular movement will call the government to apply sovereignty to Judea and Samaria, and run counter to the media to pressure the left “
• The first step must be applied sovereignty over the territory C. 100,000 Palestinians live in Area C in Total , this is the whole story. Accommodate 100,000 Palestinians is something that Israel can certainly deal with. It will be a important test to the large application of sovereignty. "
• "... The one who does not accept the solution of the Jewish state can not be a citizen with political rights. "(Parliament member Hotobuely, June 2011)
• "They tell us there is an issue, two values collide: the land of Israel or democratic government. Do not even compare the two. Eretz Israel is a vision, it's a target, it's a goal. Democracy is a rule, the tool, we should not be confused here, the issue is simple. How can you even compare the land of Israel and a democratic government or other? "Jewish Katzover, July 2011
• Applying Israeli sovereignty unilaterally on Area C, providing blue identity cards to tens of thousands of West Bank residents and transfer of Gaza to Egypt” Naftali Bennett February 2012
201252.2% JEWS IN THE LAND OF ISRAEL82.3% JEWS IN THE STATE OF ISRAEL
Position of the international communityRecognition of the Palestinian people and their
right to an independent state within the 1967 borders with Israel
Palestinian offer
Expected changes?Nuclearization in the Middle East?Weakening of the U.S.?Arab world led by the Islamic movements?Hamas - the PLO?Zero increase - refugees?Jordan - alternative homeland?
Website WWW.SHAULARIELI.COM
"Israeli negotiations territorial aspect - Palestinian permanent status” Ron Pundak, Shaul Arieli, Rabin center 2004
"You've got great did not really see," Shaul Arieli, Carmel Publishing, 2006
"Injustice and Folly" Download site Floersheimer Institute, Shaul Arieli, Dubi Schwartz, Hadas Tagari, 2006
WWW.FIPS.ORG.IL
• “Homa Umihdal”, “aliat hagag publishing- Yediot books, Shaul Arieli and Michael Sfarad, 2008
"The right of thought”, Shaul Ariely, Download in the website, 2010
Shaul Ariely ,"People & Borders", Download in the website, 2010