6.082 Fall 2006 The Internet, Slide 1

The Internet

Based on information contained inhttp://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/

6.082 Fall 2006 The Internet, Slide 2

1968• Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc.

(BBN) awarded Packet Switchcontract to build InterfaceMessage Processors– 56kbit network interface– High-speed serial host interface– “As reliable as accumulator on

the host machine”US Senator Edward Kennedy sends acongratulatory telegram to BBN for its million-dollar ARPA contract to build the "Interfaith"Message Processor, and thanking them fortheir ecumenical efforts.

1971: BBN starts building IMPs usingthe cheaper Honeywell 316. IMPshowever are limited to 4 hostconnections, and so BBN develops aterminal IMP (TIP) that supports up to64 terminals

6.082 Fall 2006 The Internet, Slide 3

1969

http://www.cybergeography.org/atlas/historical.html

1969 sketch planning Arpanet build-out

6.082 Fall 2006 The Internet, Slide 4

1972• 1971: Ray Tomlinson of BBN invents email program to send

messages across a distributed network.• 1972: Ray Tomlinson (BBN) modifies email program for

ARPANET where it becomes a quick hit. The @ sign waschosen from the punctuation keys on Tomlinson's Model 33Teletype for its "at" meaning

• 1973: ARPA study shows email composing 75% of allARPANET traffic

"I was lucky. I was writing this code and hadto find some character to separate the namefrom the place. I looked at the keyboard andwhen you get right down to it, there aren't alot of options. I thought of the @ sign in just afew seconds," says Tomlinson, who in 1965earned a master's from MIT in electricalengineering.

6.082 Fall 2006 The Internet, Slide 5

1973

http://www.cybergeography.org/atlas/historical.html

6.082 Fall 2006 The Internet, Slide 6

1973• Bob Metcalfe's Harvard PhD Thesis

outlines idea for Ethernet. The conceptwas tested on Xerox PARC's Altocomputers, and the first Ethernetnetwork called the Alto Aloha System

6.082 Fall 2006 The Internet, Slide 7

1974• Vincent Cerf and Bob Kahn publish "A Protocol for

Packet Network Interconnection" which specified indetail the design of a Transmission ControlProgram (TCP)– Build a reliable data stream on top of a “best efforts”

datagram service– Use sequence numbers and acknowledgements to provide

• Error-free data transfer• Ordered-data transfer• Retransmission of lost packets• Discarding duplicate packets• Congestion throttling

• 1978: TCP split into TCP and IP– Give users access to datagrams (UDP) which have no

ordering or delivery guarantees

6.082 Fall 2006 The Internet, Slide 8

1979• On April 12, Kevin MacKenzie emails the MsgGroup

a suggestion of adding some emotion back into thedry text medium of email, such as -) for indicatinga sentence was tongue-in-cheek. Though flamed bymany at the time, emoticons became widely usedafter Scott Fahlman suggested the use of :-) and:-( in a CMU BBS on 19 September 1982

:-)

6.082 Fall 2006 The Internet, Slide 9

1982• DCA and ARPA establish the Transmission Control Protocol

(TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), as the protocol suite,commonly known as TCP/IP, for ARPANET.– This leads to one of the first definitions of an "internet"

as a connected set of networks, specifically those usingTCP/IP, and "Internet" as connected TCP/IP internets.

– DoD declares TCP/IP suite to be standard for DoD

6.082 Fall 2006 The Internet, Slide 10

Encapsulation

IPData

TCP Packet

Encapsulation

IPHeader

IP Packet

Destination Address: IP “B”Source Address: IP “A”Protocol = TCP

TCPData

TCPHeader

EthernetData

EthernetFCS

EthernetHeader

Ethernet Packet

Destination Address: MAC “R1”Source Address: MAC “A”Protocol = IP

Encapsulation

6.082 Fall 2006 The Internet, Slide 11

1983• Desktop workstations come into being, many with

Berkeley UNIX (4.2 BSD) which includes IPnetworking software– Networking needs switch from having a single, large time

sharing computer connected to the Internet at each site,to instead connecting entire local networks

6.082 Fall 2006 The Internet, Slide 12

1984• 1983: Name server developed at Univ of Wisconsin, no

longer requiring users to know the exact path to othersystems

• 1984: Domain Name System (DNS) introduced• 1984: Symbolics.com is assigned on 15 March to become the

first registered domain. Other firsts: cmu.edu, purdue.edu,rice.edu, berkeley.edu, ucla.edu, rutgers.edu, bbn.com (24Apr); mit.edu (23 May); think.com (24 may); css.gov (June);mitre.org, .uk (July)

6.082 Fall 2006 The Internet, Slide 13

1986• NSFNET created (backbone speed of 56Kbps) This allows an

explosion of connections, especially from universities.

This image is avisualization study ofinbound traffic measuredin billions of bytes on theNSFNET T1 (1.544Mbps)backbone for the month ofSeptember 1991. Thetraffic volume range isdepicted from purple (zerobytes) to white (100 billionbytes).

6.082 Fall 2006 The Internet, Slide 14

1988• A program “worm” infects about 10% of the machines on the

network– Gain access to a machine via a buffer overflow attack on

sendmail and fingerd where extra “characters” (actually bytesof a small program) overwrite the client program and grabcontrol of the machine.

– Fetch the main body of the worm and install/hide it– Spread to other machines it locates using host’s resources (and

permissions!)– Works on “cracking” the password file

• It takes 48-72 hours to patch the victimized programs andstop the spread of the worm– Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) formed by DARPA

• Perpetrator is tried and convicted, sentenced to 3 yearsprobation, 400 hours of service and fined $10,500.– Was the act ethical? Professional? Criminal?– He’s now on the faculty here at MIT

6.082 Fall 2006 The Internet, Slide 15

1989In providing a system for manipulating this sortof information, the hope would be to allow apool of information to develop which couldgrow and evolve with the organisation and theprojects it describes. For this to be possible,the method of storage must not place its ownrestraints on the information. This is why a"web" of notes with links (like references)between them is far more useful than a fixedhierarchical system.

-- Tim Berners-Lee in his 1989 proposal

6.082 Fall 2006 The Internet, Slide 16

1991

The net’s dramatic growth continues with NSF lifting any restrictions oncommercial use. The NSFNET backbone upgrades to T3, or 44 Mbps. Totaltraffic exceeds 1 trillion bytes, or 10 billion packets per month! Over 100countries are now connected with over 600,000 hosts and nearly 5,000separate networks. Backbone transitioned to commercial carriers in 1994/1995.

6.082 Fall 2006 The Internet, Slide 17

1994• NSFNET traffic exceeds 10 trillion bytes/month

• WWW edges out telnet to become 2nd most popular serviceon the Net (behind ftp-data) based on % of packets andbytes traffic distribution on NSFNET– The first banner ads appear on hotwired.com in October. They

were for Zima (a beverage) and AT&T

6.082 Fall 2006 The Internet, Slide 18

1994• Arizona law firm of Canter & Siegel "spams" the

Internet with email advertising green card lotteryservices; Net citizens flame back

The term spam is derived from the MontyPython SPAM sketch (see video in ExternalLinks), set in a cafe where nearly every item onthe menu includes SPAM luncheon meat. Asthe server recites the SPAM-filled menu, achorus of Viking patrons drowns out allconversations with a song repeating "SPAM,SPAM, SPAM, SPAM... lovely SPAM,wonderful SPAM," hence "SPAMming" thedialogue. The excessive amount of SPAMmentioned in the sketch is a reference to Britishrationing during World War II. SPAM was oneof the few foods that was widely available.

6.082 Fall 2006 The Internet, Slide 19

1999• Shawn Fanning along with his friend AMAR from BU along

with volunteer Sean Parker release the original Napster whileFanning was attending Northeastern University in Boston.Fanning wanted an easier method of finding music than bysearching IRC or Lycos.

Napster used central servers tomaintain lists of connected systemsand the files theyprovided—directories,effectively—while actual transactionswere conducted directly betweenmachines. Napster was sued andfinally forced to cease operation in2001

CableLabs, the research organization of the North American cable industry,believes that BitTorrent represents 55% of the upstream traffic on the cablecompany's access network. CacheLogic puts that number at roughly 35% of alltraffic on the Internet, although there are dissenting opinions on themethodology to measure P2P traffic on the Internet.

6.082 Fall 2006 The Internet, Slide 20

Growth in Internet Hosts

6.082 Fall 2006 The Internet, Slide 21

2006 -- Internet

BBN is the random scatter of green in the middle (early ARPANET). Sprint is the organized startopology in purple near the top. AOL is a gray disconnected island in the lower center. There islittle correlation between this network connectivity graph and physical geography, except for aclustering of Pac Rim connectivity.

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