Nottingham Trent University Academic Year 2012-2013 INTR32612/32652

The International Relations of Sub-Saharan Africa Module Leader: Dr Marie Gibert (marie.gibert@ntu.ac.uk)

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Contents

INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS THIS MODULE ABOUT? ........................................................... 2

ASSIGNMENTS ..................................................................................................................................... 2

WHAT I WILL BE LOOKING FOR IN YOUR ASSIGNMENTS .............................................. 3

PLAGIARISM ......................................................................................................................................... 4

OUR FILM BLOG .................................................................................................................................. 4

MODULE LEADER’S CONTACT DETAILS .................................................................................. 5

LECTURE AND SEMINAR PROGRAMME ................................................................................... 5

CORE READINGS ................................................................................................................................. 6

SEMINAR READINGS ......................................................................................................................... 6

FILMS AND ARTICLES FOR REVIEW ........................................................................................ 14

APPENDIX 1: AFRICAN AND AFRICANIST FICTION ........................................................... 20

APPENDIX 2: IN-DEPTH GRADING DESCRIPTORS – NTU LEVEL 3 ............................ 26

APPENDIX 3: ACADEMIC SUPPORT .......................................................................................... 27

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Introduction: What Is This Module About? In international relations theory and history, Africa is often given the role of a negligible periphery, under the influence of political events and decisions taken elsewhere and which it is rarely able to influence. A closer look at African conflicts and political events, however, shows that these have often tended to reflect the tensions of the West and to play the role of a proxy field for superpower rivalries. Some observers have also described Africa as a centre of experimentation for new international relations paradigms. Contrary to the general belief, Africa may therefore also be seen as an excellent case study in international relations, one that helps us cast a new light on a widely studied international political history. The aim of this optional course is to analyse African conflicts through the above-mentioned two-way process: On the one hand, how did international events and trends influence politics in Africa? On the other, how did African politics and crises influence the international agenda? The module further invites you to reflect on Africa’s regional, continental and international relations and break away with mainstream portrayals of Africa as a ‘hopeless continent’ devoid of meaningful politics. You should however note that this module cannot claim to be anything more than an introduction to sub-Saharan Africa’s – i.e. a massive and extraordinarily diverse continent’s – international relations. We will only have time to cover twelve broad themes in some (however limited) depth. So much will depend on the time you devote to your independent study this year (remember that you should devote about 5-6 hours of independent study every week to each 20 cps module), but also on your desire to take the issues and debates touched upon in this module into your future lives in order to further your understanding of an ill-known continent. My wish is that this module provides you with enough interesting material and enthusiasm for you to want to do so for many years to come! There are many places, aside from the material listed below, for you to learn more about Africa… One good place to start is in Africa’s best novels and I have provided a list of some of these below (see appendix 1). The media are also a good source of information, although you need to keep in mind that many traditional media tend to reproduce some of the worst clichés we can read/hear about Africa. But the BBC has some very good programmes on Africa (including Focus on Africa, which we will be using in our seminars). The Guardian has also just launched a new blog on Africa: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/africa-blog/2012/oct/01/africa-complex-continent-blog?newsfeed=true. I will endeavour, as much as time permits, to complete this list of alternative sources on the Links page of the module’s learning room.

Assignments 1) For full-year students: i) A ‘film and article presentation’ and its follow-up report. You will be required to prepare a fifteen-minute presentation, in which you review a film taking place in Africa, as well as an academic article which analyses a common or related issue. Your presentation should offer a critical analysis of the way Africa (and the issues broached in both the film and article) is portrayed in films – the article will provide some analytical angles, but you are of course free to decide which aspects you wish your presentation to focus on. You will also need to do some background research in order to give your colleagues a sense of the historical and cultural contexts of both the film itself and the events depicted in it. In other words, the film, whether you find it good or bad, should be the starting point for a reflection on what we know about Africa. ‘Film and article’ pairs will be distributed, on a first come, first serve basis, during the first seminar – please see the list below, which follows a chronological and thematic order that we will try to follow as much as possible. Feedback on your oral presentation (outline, contents, form) will be provided at the end of the seminar session. You should also submit a 1,000-word (maximum)

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follow-up report of your presentation in the form of an academic film review (there again drawing on the attached article and your own research). This follow-up report, which should also take on board the seminar’s discussion and comments, must be submitted in the NOW dropbox (in Word format) before 11.59 pm on the Friday of the week following your presentation. ii) A five-minute summary and commentary of the latest (ideally Monday’s) episode of the BBC’s Focus on Africa (http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/2011/04/000000_focus_on_africa.shtml). Here, feel free to concentrate on whichever issues you found interesting and try, once again, to adopt a critical perspective. How good and accurate are the reports? What do they focus on? What did you learn? Why is it that some of the events reported here never make it to the more traditional media’s pages/programmes? iii) An essay of 2,500 words to be submitted in the NOW dropbox (in Word format) by Friday, 19th April, by 11.59 pm. Your essay should offer a detailed, well-argued and neatly presented answer to the following question:

‘To what extent have sub-Saharan Africa’s international relations changed over the past decade? Discuss the nature and origins of these changes by drawing on the discussions and debates, readings, presentations and reviews you prepared throughout the module.’

Please note that this is a very broad question. You will therefore need to think carefully about which aspects you wish to focus on and which examples and case studies you want to use to illustrate your more abstract points. This essay is worth 100% of the total mark for the module. 2) For half-year students: i) A ‘film and article presentation’ and its follow-up report. Please see the instructions above with regards to the oral presentation and make sure that I am aware that you are only here for a half-year so that I allocate you a presentation slot accordingly. Your follow-up report should be 2,000 words long and draw on your film and article presentation, on the seminar’s discussions and on any other relevant reference, to offer a wider analysis of how the film industry tends to portray Africa. Your follow-up report should be submitted in the NOW dropbox (in Word format) by 7th December 2012, 11.59 pm.

What I Will Be Looking For in Your Assignments At level three, you are expected to achieve a high level of academic analysis based on a good understanding of specialist literature and this should be reflected in your presentations and essays. I will, in particular, be looking for:

1) A strong capacity to juggle abstract arguments in a clear and rigorous manner – you need to make sure you are able to summarise these arguments, discuss them and link them one to another so that they feed into an interesting and consistent debate; 2) An ability to illustrate your more abstract arguments and ideas with well-chosen examples or case studies taken from the literature on Africa’s international relations – this will require further reading and research but is essential in a module like this one; 3) An ability to achieve a considerable amount of reading, summarise the main arguments and ideas thus discovered, critically assess and discuss them and present them in a clear manner, both in oral and written form. Your presentations and essays need to draw heavily on your readings and you will therefore need to read more – both in quantitative and qualitative terms – than you have done in your first two years;

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4) General planning skills – you need to plan your work (self-study as well as assignments) throughout the year, but you also need to organise your own thoughts into clear, consistent and progressive outlines, be it in your notes or in the assignments you hand in. This capacity to plan your work and thoughts is key in a discipline like International Relations but also constitutes one of the ‘transferable skills’ that you will take with you into your future careers; 5) Strong presentation skills – be it orally or in writing, you need to make sure you present your work and ideas in a clear, rigorous, consistent and pleasant way. Please see the warning regarding referencing and plagiarism below, but you should also make sure your work is relevant, that it respects set time- or word-limits, that it is grammatically correct, that it flows and is pleasant to listen to or to look at and read. So take the time to work on your writing and presentation skills and make sure that you proof-read and polish your work before submitting or presenting it.

A new marking system has been introduced at NTU this academic year - please also refer to appendix 1 here for the grade-based marking descriptors. These descriptors will give you a very precise sense of the criteria against which your presentations, diaries and exams will be marked this year.

Plagiarism This should be no news to 3rd year level students, but let me repeat previous warnings here. Plagiarism is defined as copying others’ (or your own) work unattributed – in other words, cheating by copying. Whether copy from the web, from texts, from lecture notes or from another of your own essays, it is plagiarism if you use more than a phrase without attribution (a reference). It is possible to cheat by accident – but only if you have poor note taking and essay writing skills. But saying ‘I didn’t know I was doing it’ is no defence – you don’t have to intend to cheat to plagiarise: the fact that your work is close to or identical to another source by whatever means is enough. Remember that this is a serious offence with serious penalties. The other side of this is to ask why people plagiarise at all. One answer is laziness, of course. But another answer is that people have poor note making skills and do not notice what they are doing. Or they lack confidence in essay writing. Fear of failure is sometimes a real issue, of course. It is also possible to plagiarise if you write quite well, but do poor or inadequate referencing of sources used. If you find yourself led into bad academic practice by weak study skills, then the answer is simple – don’t plagiarise: improve the study skills you have. Ask for advice and go to some of the sessions offered by the student support services (see their programme here: www.ntu.ac.uk/llr/help_support/academic_support/academic_workshops/index.html and in appendix 3). You will also find leaflets on good practice in the student support centre. The library publishes an excellent leaflet on referencing which will help you too (available online: http://www.ntu.ac.uk/llr/document_uploads/66061.pdf).

Our Film Blog Our team has just created a new ‘Films and IR’ blog on Wordpress (http://filmsandir.wordpress.com/) and we hope that you will all actively contribute. There are numerous films that are relevant to a modern and dynamic study of Africa’s international relations and this module, in particular, should provide you with an opportunity to watch relevant films and reflect on their contribution to our understanding of the African continent. I would very much encourage you to use the above ‘film and article’ assignment to write or co-write reviews reflecting on the films you watch and their relevance to our study of sub-Saharan Africa’s international relations. Reviews can be e-mailed to me and will all be considered for publication on the blog (with a full acknowledgement of the author, of course). This is a good opportunity for you

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to: consider international relations from a different perspective, improve your writing skills and add an interesting line to your CV… so do seize it! The blog published by our Politics colleague, Dr Matthew Ashton, may provide you with some inspiration: http://drmatthewashton.com/my-political-lists/100-political-movies-you-should-see/.

Module Leader’s Contact Details I am this module’s leader and will also teach both lectures and seminars. You can contact me by e-mail (marie.gibert@ntu.ac.uk) and phone (0115 84 83695). Please note that I am now based on both the City and Clifton campuses and have offices (and hold office hours) on both campuses:

Clifton: George Eliot Building, GE22A

City: Chaucer Building, CHR 3108 You will find my contact details and office hours on this module’s learning room. You are very welcome to come and see during any of my office hours, on either campus. If the times of my regular office hours do not suit you, please e-mail me so that we can make an appointment at a more suitable time.

Lecture and Seminar Programme Please note: Lectures take place fortnightly, on Tuesdays, from 12.00 to 13.00. Seminars take place every other week on Tuesday mornings, with Seminar Group B from 9.00 to 11.00 and Seminar Group A from 11.00 to 13.00. Please check your timetable regularly as lecture and seminar rooms vary from one week to another and are susceptible to last minute changes.

Week Lecture Seminar 10 Introduction No seminar 11 No lecture Introduction: Colonial Wars and Rule

12 Decolonisation No seminar 13 No lecture Decolonisation

14 Africa in the Cold War: From Independence to Proxy Wars

No seminar

15 No lecture Africa in the Cold War: From Independence to Proxy Wars

16 Red Week 17 Post-Cold War Conflicts No seminar 18 No lecture Post-Cold War Conflicts

19 Democratisation No seminar 20-23 Christmas Break 24 No lecture Democratisation

25 Post-Conflict Reforms and Transitional Justice

No seminar

26 No lecture Post-Conflict Reforms and Transitional Justice

27 Pan Africanism and Regional Integration No seminar 28 Red Week 29 No lecture Pan Africanism and Regional Integration

30 Africa and the International Development Agenda

No seminar

31 No lecture Africa and the International Development Agenda

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32 Africa, Corruption and Capital Flight No seminar 33 No lecture Africa, Corruption and Capital Flight

34 Religions No seminar 35-36 Easter Break 37 No lecture Religions

38 Africa and the North No seminar 39 No lecture Africa and the North

40 Africa and the South: Neighbours and the Emerging South

No seminar

41 No lecture Africa and the South: Neighbours and the Emerging South

Core Readings C. Clapham (2005), Africa and the International System: The Politics of State Survival, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. I. Taylor (2010), International Relations of Sub-Saharan Africa, New York and London: Continuum. J. Herbst (2000), States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control, Princeton: Princeton University Press. C. Young (1997), The African Colonial State in Comparative Perspective, Yale University Press. M. Mamdani (1996), Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism, Oxford: James Currey. These are, to my knowledge, some of the best and most thorough introductions to sub-Saharan Africa’s politics and international relations. Christopher Clapham’s is probably the best analysis of Africa’s international relations – and worth buying and referring to throughout the year. Ian Taylor’s provides a broad (and up-to-date) review of Africa’s relations with the rest of the world and is more descriptive than analytical. I would also strongly recommend that you read one of the three other books listed here (by Crawford Young, Jeffrey Herbst and Mahmood Mamdani) – while they are not IR books per se, they will provide you with the background necessary to understand Africa’s contemporary politics and international relations. You should also make sure you make good use of some of the excellent academic journals publishing articles on Africa’s politics and international relations (and you will see that I refer to many of these below). In particular:

African Affairs Journal of Modern African Studies

Review of African Political Economy Third World Quarterly

Journal of Development Studies

Seminar Readings Please note: For access to the electronic copies or library references of the readings listed below, please use the resource list on the module’s NOW learning room.

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Week 11: Introduction: Colonial Wars and Rule D. M. Anderson (1993), ‘Black Mischief: Crime, Protest and Resistance in Kenya's Western Highlands, 1890s-1963’, The Historical Journal (36, 4), pp. 851-877. D. Birmingham (1999), Portugal and Africa, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. C. Clapham (2005), Africa and the International System: The Politics of State Survival, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. A. L. Conklin (1997), A Mission to Civilize: The Republican Idea of Empire in France and West Africa, 1895-1930, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. F. Cooper (2005), Colonialism in Question: Theory, Knowledge, History, Berkeley: University of California Press. F. Cooper (2004), ‘Empire Multiplied: A Review’, Comparative Studies in Society and History (46, 2), pp. 247-272. K. C. Dunn and T. M. Shaw (2001), Africa's Challenge to International Relations Theory, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan (especially chapter 1: ‘Introduction: Africa and International Relations Theory’, pp. 1-10). P. Geschiere (1993), ‘Chiefs and Colonial Rule in Cameroon: Inventing Chieftaincy French and British Styles’, Africa (63, 2), pp. 151-175. A. Hochschild (1998), King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror and Heroism in Colonial Africa, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. J. Kees van Donge (1985), ‘An Episode from the Independence Struggle in Zambia: A Case Study from Mwase Lundazi’, African Affairs (84, 335), pp.265-277. C. Young (1997), The African Colonial State in Comparative Perspective, Yale University Press.

Week 13: Decolonisation

T. Chafer (2002), The End of Empire in French West Africa: France's Successful Decolonization? Oxford and New York: Berg. F. Cooper (1996), ‘”Our Strike”: Equality, Anti-Colonial Politics and the 1947-48 Railway Strike in French West Africa’, Journal of African History (37), pp. 81-118. B. Gruffyd Jones (2011), ‘Anti-Racism and Internationalism in the Thought and Practice of Cabral, Neto, Mondlane and Machel’, in R. Shilliam (ed.), International Relations and Non-Western Thought: Imperialism, Colonialism and Investigations of Global Modernity, London: Routledge. J. Herbst (1989), ‘The Creation and Maintenance of National Boundaries in Africa’, International Organization (43, 4), pp. 673-692. R. H. Jackson (1993), ‘The Weight of Ideas in Decolonisation: Normative Change in International Relations’, in J. Goldstein and R. O. Keohane (eds.), Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions and Political Change, New York: Cornell University Press, pp. 111-138.

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M. Mamdani (1996), Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism, Oxford: James Currey. P. Nugent (2004), Africa since Independence: A Comparative History, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan (chapter 1: ‘African Independence: Poisoned Chalice or Cup of Plenty?’). M. Shipway (2007), Decolonization and Its Impact: A Comparative Approach to the End of the Colonial Empires, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

Week 15: Africa in the Cold War: From Independence to Proxy Wars D. N. Gibbs (2000), ‘The United Nations, International Peacekeeping and the Question of “Impartiality”: Revisiting the Congo Operation of 1960’, The Journal of Modern African Studies (38, 3), pp. 359-382. R. Grey (1984), ‘The Soviet Presence in Africa: An Analysis of the Goals’, The Journal of Modern African Studies (22, 3), pp. 511-527. J. Herbst (2000), States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control, Princeton: Princeton University Press (Chapter 1: The Challenge of State-Building in Africa, pp. 11-31). J. A. Lefebvre (1998), ‘The United States, Ethiopia and the 1963 Somali-Soviet Arms Deal: Containment and the Balance of Power Dilemma in the Horn of Africa’, The Journal of Modern African Studies (36, 4), pp. 611-643. Z. Laidi (1990), The Superpowers and Africa: The Constraints of a Rivalry, 1960-1990, Chicago, London: The University of Chicago Press. V. T. Levine (1997), ‘The Fall and Rise of Constitutionalism in West Africa’, Journal Modern African Studies (35, 2), pp.181-206. S. Ndegwa (1997), ‘Citizenship and Ethnicity. An Examination of Two Territorial Moments in Kenyan Politics’, American Political Science Review (91, 3), pp.599-616. S. N. Macfarlane (1990), ‘Superpower Rivalry in the 1990s’, Third World Quarterly (12, 1), pp. 1-25. S. Polakow-Suransky (2011), The Unspoken Alliance: Israel's Secret Relationship with Apartheid South Africa, New York: Vintage. K. Somerville (1984), ‘The U.S.S.R. and Southern Africa Since 1976’, The Journal of Modern African Studies (22, 1), pp. 73-108. Week 18: Post-Cold War Conflicts M. Boas and K. C. Dunn (2007), African Guerrillas: Raging Against the Machine, Boulder: Lynne Rienner. C. Cramer (2006), Civil War Is Not a Stupid Thing: Accounting for Violence in Developing Countries, London: Hurst. J. Flint and A. de Waal (2008), Darfur: A New History of a Long War, London: Zed Books.

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R. Lemarchand (1998), ‘Genocide in the Great Lakes: Which Genocide? Whose Genocide?’, African Studies Review (41, 1), pp. 3-16. R. Marshall-Fratani (2006), ‘The War of “Who is Who”, Autochthony, Nationalism, and Citizenship in the Ivorian Crisis’, African Studies Review (49, 2), pp. 29-43. L. Melvern (2009), A People Betrayed: The Role of the West in Rwanda's Genocide, London: Zed Books. L. Melvern and P. Williams (2004), ‘Britannia Waived the Rules: The Major Government and the 1994 Rwandan Genocide’, African Affairs (102), pp. 1-22. W. Murphy (2003), ‘Military Patrimonialism and Child Soldier Clientelism in the Liberian and Sierra Leonean Civil Wars’, African Studies Review (46, 2), pp. 61-87. K. Omeje (2006), ‘Petro Business and Security Threats in the Niger Delta, Nigeria’, Current Sociology (54, 3), pp. 477-499 G. Prunier (2011), Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe, Oxford: Oxford University Press. W. Reno (1999), Warlord Politics and African States, Boulder: Lynne Rienner. A. Simons (1994), ‘Somalia and the Dissolution of the Nation-State’, American Anthropologist (96, 4), pp. 918-924. R. Thakur (1994), ‘From Peacekeeping to Peace Enforcement: The UN Operation in Somalia’, Journal of Modern African Studies (32, 3), pp. 387-410. A. de Waal (2000), Who Fights? Who Cares? War and Humanitarian Action in Africa, Trenton (NJ): Africa World Press. P. D. Williams (2011), War and Conflict in Africa, Cambridge: Polity. Week 24: Democratisation R. Abrahamsen (2000), Disciplining Democracy Development Discourse and Good Governance in Africa, London: Zed Books. R. Banégas (2011), ‘Post-Election Crisis in Côte d’Ivoire: The Gbonhi War’, African Affairs (110, 440), pp. 457-468. S. Brown (2005), ‘Foreign Aid and Democracy Promotion: Lessons from Africa’, European Journal of Development Research (17, 2), pp.179-198. C. K. Daddieh (2001), ‘Elections and Ethnic Violence in Cote d’Ivoire: The Unfinished Business of Succession and Democratic Transition’, African Issues (29, 1-2), pp. 14-19. D. Eyoh (1996), ‘From Economic Crisis to Political Liberalization: Pitfalls of the New Political Sociology for Africa’, African Studies Review (39, 3), pp.43-80. G. Harrison (2005), ‘The World Bank, Governance and Theories of Political Action in Africa’, British Journal of Politics and International Relations (7, 2), pp.240-260.

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T. Kelsall (2002), ‘Shop Windows and Smoke-Filled Rooms: Governance and the Re-Politicisation of Tanzania’, Journal of Modern African Studies (40, 4), pp. 597-619. M. Mann (1999), ‘The Dark Side of Democracy: The Modern Tradition of Ethnic and Political Cleansing’, New Left Review (I, 235), pp. 18-35. A. E. Ojie (2006), ‘Democracy, Ethnicity, and the Problem of Extrajudicial Killings in Nigeria’, Journal of Black Studies (36, 4), pp. 546-569. G. R. Olsen (1998), ‘Europe and the Promotion of Democracy in Post-Cold War Africa: How Serious Is Europe and For What Reason?’, African Affairs (97, 388), pp.343-367. L. Whitfield and A. R. Mustapha (eds.) (2010), Turning Points in African Democracy, Oxford: James Currey. Week 26: Post-Conflict Reforms and Transitional Justice T. Borer (2004), ‘Reconciling South Africa or South Africans? Cautionary Notes From the TRC’, African Studies Quarterly (8, 1), pp. 19–38. P. Clark and Z. D. Kaufman (eds.) (2009), After Genocide: Transitional Justice, Post-conflict Reconstruction and Reconciliation in Rwanda and Beyond, London: Hurst. J. Hatzfeld (2009), The Strategy of Antelopes: Rwanda After the Genocide, London: Serpent’s Tail. S. Höhn (2010), ‘International Justice and Reconciliation in Namibia: The ICC Submission and Public Memory’, African Affairs (109, 436), pp. 471-488. R. Lemarchand (2006), ‘Consociationalism and Power Sharing in Africa: Burundi, Rwanda, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo’, African Affairs (106, 422), pp. 1-20. M. Mamdani (2009), ‘The International Criminal Court’s Case Against the President of Sudan: A Critical Look’, Journal of International Affairs (62, 2), pp. 85-92. A. Mehler (2009), ‘Peace and Power Sharing in Africa: A Not So Obvious Relationship’, African Affairs (108, 432), pp. 453-73. B. Oomen (2005), ‘Donor-Driven Justice and its Discontents: The Case of Rwanda’, Development and Change (36, 5), pp. 887-910. P. Reyntjens (2011), ‘Constructing the Truth, Dealing with Dissent, Domesticating the World: Governance in Post-Genocide Rwanda’, African Affairs (110, 438), pp. 1-34. C. L. Sriram and S. Pillay (2011), Peace Versus Justice? The Dilemmas of Transitional Justice in Africa, Oxford: James Currey. C. L. Sriram (2006), ‘Wrong-Sizing International Justice? The Hybrid Tribunal in Sierra Leone’, Fordham International Law Journal (29, 3), pp. 472-506. S. Thomson (2011), ‘Whispering Truth to Power: The Everyday Resistance of Rwandan Peasants to Post-Genocide Reconciliation’, African Affairs (110, 440), pp. 439-456. Week 29: Pan Africanism and Regional Integration

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P. Nugent (2004), Africa since Independence: A Comparative History, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan (chapter 3: ‘The Shape of Things to Come: Irredentism, Secessionism and Pan-African Ideal’). Charter of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), signed on 25th May 1963 in Addis-Ababa, Ethiopia, http://www.au.int/en/sites/default/files/OAU_Charter_1963_0.pdf (last accessed on 24th August 2012). Constitutive Act of the African Union, signed on 11th July 2000 in Lomé, Togo, http://www.au2002.gov.za/docs/key_oau/au_act.pdf (last accessed on 24th August 2012). U. Engel & J. Porto Gomes (eds.) (2010), Africa’s New Peace and Security Architecture: Promoting Norms, Institutionalizing Solutions, Farnham: Ashgate (chapters by K. van Walraven, ‘Heritage and Transformation: From the Organization of African Unity to the African Union’, and K. Sturman and A. Hayatou, ‘The Peace and Security Council of the African Union: From Design to Reality’). P. Mistry (2000), ‘Africa’s Regional Record of Cooperation and Integration’, African Affairs (99, 397), pp. 553-573. A. van Nieuwkerk (2011), ‘The Regional Roots of the African Peace and Security Architecture: Exploring Centre-Periphery Relations’, South African Journal of International Affairs (18, 2), pp. 169-189. P. D. Williams (2007), ‘From Non-Intervention to Non-Indifference: The Origins and Development of the African Union’s Security Culture”, African Affairs (106, 423), pp. 253-279. P. D. Williams (2009), ‘Into the Mogadishu Maelstrom: The African Union Mission in Somalia’, International Peacekeeping (16, 4), pp. 514-530. Week 31: Africa and the International Development Agenda S. Autesserre (2012), ‘Dangerous Tales: Dominant Narratives on the Congo and Their Unintended Consequences’, African Affairs (111, 443), pp. 202-222. D. Chandler (2007), ‘The Security–Development Nexus and the Rise of ‘Anti-Foreign Policy’, Journal of International Relations and Development (10), pp. 362–386. P. Collier (1991), ‘From Critic to Secular God: The World Bank and Africa’, African Affairs (90, 358), pp. 111-117. M. Duffield (2007), Development, Security and Unending War, Cambridge: Polity. J. Ferguson with L. Lohman (1994), ‘The Anti-Politics Machine: “Development” and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho’, The Ecologist (24, 5), pp. 176-181. M. Finnemore (1996), ‘Constructing Norms of Humanitarian Intervention’, in P. J. Katzenstein (ed.), The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics, New York: Columbia University Press (available online: http://www.metu.edu.tr/~utuba/Finnemore.pdf). P. de Renzio (2007), ‘Briefing: Paved With Good Intentions? The Role of Aid in Reaching the Millennium Development Goals’, African Affairs (106, 422), pp. 133-140.

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I. Taylor (2010), International Relations of Sub-Saharan Africa, New York and London: Continuum (see chapter 7 on the international financial institutions). A. de Waal (1997), Famine Crimes: Politics & the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa, London: African Rights & the International African Institute in association with James Currey, Oxford & Indiana University Press. D. Williams (1999), ‘Constructing the Economic Space: The World Bank and the Making of Homo Oeconomicus’, Millennium (28, 1), pp. 79-99. D. Williams (1996), ‘Governance and the Discipline of Development’, European Journal of Development Research (8, 1), pp. 157-177. Week 33: Africa, Corruption and Capital Flight J.-F. Bayart (1993), The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly, London and New York: Longman. J. Boyce and L. Ndikumana (2011), Africa’s Odious Debts: How Foreign Loans and Capital Flight Bled a Continent, London: Zed. P. Chabal and J.-P. Daloz (2010), Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument, Oxford: James Currey. N. Jensen and L. Wantchekon (2004), ‘Resource Wealth and Political Regimes in Africa’, Comparative Political Studies (37, 7), pp. 816-841. M. Khan (2001), ‘The New Political Economy of Corruption’, in B. Fine, C. Lapavitsas and J. Pincus (eds.), Development Policy in the Twenty-First Century: Beyond the Post-Washington Consensus, London: Routledge, pp. 112-135. M. Szeftel (2000), ‘Clientelism, Corruption and Catastrophe’, Review of African Political Economy (27, 85), pp. 427-441. M. Szeftel (1998), ‘Misunderstanding African Politics: Corruption and the Governance Agenda’, Review of African Political Economy (25, 76), pp. 221-240. R. Theobald (1990), Corruption, Development and Underdevelopment, Basingstoke: Macmillan (Chapter 5: ‘Is Corruption a Problem?’, pp. 107-132). M. Wrong (2009), It’s Our Turn to Eat: The Story of a Kenyan Whistle Blower, New York: Harper. Week 37: Religions J. Abbink (2011), ‘Religion in Public Spaces: Emerging Muslim–Christian Polemics in Ethiopia’, African Affairs (110, 439), pp. 253-274. E. Baines (2010), ‘Spirits and Social Reconstruction After Mass Violence: Rethinking Transitional Justice’, African Affairs (109, 436), pp. 409-430. C. Barnes and H. Hassan (2007), ‘The Rise and Fall of Mogadishu's Islamic Courts’, Journal of Eastern African Studies (1, 2), pp. 151-160.

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D. Cruise O’Brien (2003), Symbolic Confrontations: Muslims Imagining the State in Africa, London: Hurst. S. Ellis and G. ter Haar (2007), ‘Religion and Politics: Taking African Epistemologies Seriously’, The Journal of Modern African Studies (45, 3), pp. 385-401. S. Ellis (2001), The Mask of Anarchy: The Destruction of Liberia and the Religious Dimension of an African Civil War, New York: New York University Press. R. C. Garner (2000), ‘Safe Sects? Dynamic Religion and AIDS in South Africa’, The Journal of Modern African Studies (38, 1), pp. 41-69. P. Gifford (1994), ‘Some Recent Developments in African Christianity’, African Affairs (93, 373), pp. 513-534. M. Harper (2012), Getting Somalia Wrong? Faith and War in a Shattered State, London: Zed Books. S. Hutchinson (2001), ‘A Curse from God? Religious and Political Dimensions of the Post-1991 Violence in South Sudan’, Journal of Modern African Studies (39, 2), pp. 307-331. O. Kane (2008), ‘Islamism: What is New, What is Not? Lessons from West Africa’, African Journal of International Affairs (11, 2), pp. 157-187. R. Marshall (2010), ‘The Sovereignty of Miracles: Pentecostal Political Theology in Nigeria’, Constellations (17, 2), pp. 197-223. Week 39: Africa and the North A. Adebajo (2010), The Curse of Berlin: Africa After the Cold War, Scottsville (South Africa): University of Kwazulu-Natal Press (see chapter 13, ‘Obamamania: Africa, African Americans, and the Avuncular Sam’, pp. 287-311). T. Chafer and G. Cumming (eds.) (2011), From Rivalry to Partnership? New Approaches to the Challenges of Africa, London: Ashgate. U. Engel and G. R. Olsen (eds.) (2009), Africa and the North: Between Globalization and Marginalization, London: Routledge. J. Gallagher (2009), ‘Healing the Scar? Idealizing Britain in Africa, 1997-2007’, African Affairs (108, 432), pp. 435-451. J. Gallagher (2011), Britain and Africa Under Blair: In Pursuit of the Good State, Manchester: Manchester University Press. M. V. Gibert (2009), ‘The Securitisation of the EU’s Development Agenda in Africa: Insights from Guinea-Bissau’, Perspectives on European Politics and Society (10, 4), pp. 621-637 R. Moncrieff (2012), French Relations with Sub-Saharan Africa Under President Sarkozy, SAIIA Occasional Paper No 107, Johannesburg: South African Institute of International Affairs, available here: http://www.saiia.org.za/images/stories/pubs/occasional_papers_above_100/saia_sop_107_moncrieff_20120202.pdf.

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T. Porteous (2008), Britain in Africa, London: Zed Books. I. Taylor (2010), International Relations of Sub-Saharan Africa, New York and London: Continuum (see chapters 1, 2, 3 and 6 on the United States, Britain, France and the European Union). A. Vines (2010), ‘Rhetoric from Brussels and Reality on the Ground: The EU and Security in Africa’, International Affairs (86, 5), pp. 1091-1108. Week 41: Africa and the South: Neighbours and the Emerging South A. Adebajo (2010), The Curse of Berlin: Africa After the Cold War, Scottsville (South Africa): University of Kwazulu-Natal Press (see part 2, ‘The Quest for Hegemony’, pp. 101-212). C. Alden (2007), China in Africa, London: Zed Books. A. Arieff (2009), ‘Still Standing: Neighbourhood Wars and Political Stability in Guinea’, Journal of Modern African Studies (47, 3), pp. 331-348. S. Chan (2011), Southern Africa: Old Treacheries and New Deceits, New Haven: Yale University Press. C. Clapham (2006), Fitting China In, Brenthurst Discussion Paper 8/2006. Crisis Group (2012), Assessing Turkey’s Role in Somalia, Africa Briefing N°92, 8th October 2012, available online: http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/horn-of-africa/somalia/b092-assessing-turkeys-role-in-somalia?utm_source=somaliaturkeyreport&utm_medium=3&utm_campaign=mremail. G. M. Khadiagala and T. Lyons (eds.) (2001), African Foreign Policies: Power and Process, Boulder: Lynne Rienner. D. Large (2008), ‘China and the Contradictions of Non-Interference in Sudan’, Review of African Political Economy (35, 1), pp. 93-106. E. Mawdsley and G. McCann (eds.) (2011), India in Africa: Changing Geographies of Power, Cape Town: Pambazuka. I. Taylor (2010), International Relations of Sub-Saharan Africa, New York and London: Continuum (see chapters 4 and 5 on China and India).

Films and Articles for Review S. Pollack (1985), Out of Africa, starring Robert Redford, Meryl Streep, Klaus Maria Brandauer et al. with D. M. Anderson (2000), ‘Master and Servant in Colonial Kenya, 1895-1939’, Journal of African History (41, 3), pp. 435-470. J. Huston (1951), The African Queen, starring Humphrey Bogart, Katharine Hepburn, Robert Morley et al. with G. Nzongola-Ntalaja (2007), The Congo From Leopold to Kabila: A People’s History, London: Zed (chapter 1: ‘Imperialism, Belgian Colonialism and African Resistance’, pp. 13-60).

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J. Ford (1953), Mogambo, starring Clark Gable, Ava Gardner, Grace Kelly et al. with D. M. Anderson (1993), ‘Black Mischief: Crime, Protest and Resistance in Kenya's Western Highlands, 1890s-1963’, The Historical Journal (36, 4), pp. 851-877. Z. Korda (1939), The Four Feathers, starring John Clements, June Duprez, Ralph Richardson et al. with J. S. Galbraith -1971), ‘Gordon, Mackinnon, and Leopold: The Scramble for Africa, 1876-84’, Victorian Studies (14, 4), pp. 369-388. C. Endfield (1964), Zulu, starring Stanley Baker, Michael Caine, Jack Hawkins et al. with M. Lieven (1998), ‘Heroism, Heroics and the Making of Heroes: The Anglo-Zulu War of 1879’, Albion (30, 3), pp. 419-438. B. Tavernier (1981), Coup de Torchon, starring Philippe Noiret, Isabelle Huppert, Jean-Pierre Marielle et al. with P. H. Boulle (1970), ‘Eighteenth-Century French Policies Toward Senegal: The Ministry of Choiseul’, Canadian Journal of African Studies/Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines (4, 3), pp. 305-320. C. Denis (1988), Chocolat, starring François Cluzet, Isaach De Bankolé, Giulia Boschi et al. with A. L. Conklin (1997), A Mission to Civilize: The Republican Idea of Empire in France and West Africa, 1895-1930, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press (chapter 6: ‘“Democracy” Reinvented: Civilization Through Association (1914-1930)’). R. Peck (2000), Lumumba, starring Eriq Ebouaney, Alex Descas, Théophile Sowié et al. with D. N. Gibbs (2000), ‘The United Nations, International Peacekeeping and the Question of “Impartiality”: Revisiting the Congo Operation of 1960’, The Journal of Modern African Studies (38, 3), pp. 359-382. R. Bouchareb (2006), Days of Glory, starring Jamel Debbouze, Samy Naceri, Sami Bouajila et al. with R. H. Jackson (1993), ‘The Weight of Ideas in Decolonisation: Normative Change in International Relations’, in J. Goldstein and R. O. Keohane (eds.), Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions and Political Change, New York: Cornell University Press, pp. 111-138. D. Roodt (1992), Sarafina! starring Leleti Khumalo, Whoopi Goldberg, Miriam Makeba et al. with A. Klotz (1995), ‘Norms Reconstituting Interests: Global Racial Equality and US Sanctions Against South Africa’, International Organization (49, 3), pp. 451-478. M. Kauriskmäki (2011), Mama Africa, starring Harry Belafonte, Kathleen Cleaver, Leopoldo Fleming et al. with A. Schumann (2008), ‘The Beat that Beat Apartheid: The Role of Music in the Resistance against Apartheid in South Africa’, Stichproben: Wiener Zeitschrift für kritische Afrikastudien/Vienna Journal of

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African Studies (14), pp. 17-39 (available online: http://test.whtdoesittake.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/ThebeathatbeatNr14_Schumann.pdf). R. Attenborough (1987), Cry Freedom, starring Denzel Washington, Kevin Kline, Penelope Wilton et al. with D. Hirschmann (1990), ‘The Black Consciousness Movement in South Africa’, Journal of Modern African Studies (28, 1), pp.1-22. B. August (2007), Goodbye Bafana, starring Dennis Haysbert, Joseph Fiennes, Diane Kruger et al. with S. Ellis (1991), ‘The ANC in Exile’, African Affairs (90, 360), pp. 439-447. A. Fabian (2008), Skin, starring Sophie Okonedo, Sam Neill, Alice Krige et al. with D. Posel (2001), ‘Race as Common Sense: Racial Classification in Twentieth-Century South Africa’, African Studies Review (44, 2), pp. 87-113. K. MacDonald (2006), The Last King of Scotland, starring Forest Whitaker, James McAvoy, Gillian Anderson et al. with G. Glentworth and I. Hancock (1973), ‘Obote and Amin: Change and Continuity in Modern Uganda Politics’, African Affairs (72, 288), pp. 237-255. M. Saleh Haroun (2010), A Screaming Man, starring Youssouf Djaoro, Diouc Koma, Emile Abossolo M'Bo, et al. With M. Debos (2008), ‘Fluid Loyalties in a Regional Crisis: Chadian “Ex-Liberators” in the Central African Republic’, African Affairs (107, 427), pp. 225-241. T. George (2004), Hotel Rwanda, starring Don Cheadle, Sophie Okonedo, Joaquin Phoenix et al. with L. Melvern and P. Williams (2004), ‘Britannia Waived the Rules: The Major Government and the 1994 Rwandan Genocide’, African Affairs (103), pp. 1-22. M. Caton-Jones (2005), Shooting Dogs, starring John Hurt, Hugh Dancy, Claire-Hope Ashitey et al. with P. Uvin (2001), ‘Reading the Rwandan Genocide’, International Studies Review (3, 3), pp. 75-99. E. Zwick (2006), Blood Diamond, starring Leonardo DiCaprio, Jennifer Connelly, Djimon Hounsou et al. with I. Abdullah (1998), ‘Bush Path to Destruction: The Origin and Character of the Revolutionary United Front/Sierra Leone’, Journal of Modern African Studies (36, 2), pp. 203-235. C. Denis (2009), White Material, starring Isabelle Huppert, Christopher Lambert, Nicolas Duvauchelle et al. with M. Bovcon (2009), ‘French Repatriates from Côte d'Ivoire and the Resilience of Françafrique’, Modern & Contemporary France (17, 3), pp. 283-299.

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R. Scott (2001), Black Hawk Down, starring Josh Hartnett, Eric Bana, Ewan McGregor et al. with M. Mersiades (2005), ‘Peacekeeping and Legitimacy: Lessons from Cambodia and Somalia’, International Peacekeeping (12, 2), pp. 205-221. A. Fuqua (2003), Tears of the Sun, starring Bruce Willis, Monica Bellucci, Cole Hauser et al. with D. Chandler (2001), ‘The Road to Military Humanitarianism: How the Human Rights NGOs Shaped a New Humanitarian Agenda’, Human Rights Quarterly (23, 3), pp. 678-700. R. Stern and A. Sundberg (2007), The Devil Came on Horseback, starring Nicholas Kristof, Brian Steidle et al. with M. Mamdani (2007), 'The Politics of Naming: Genocide, Civil War, Insurgency', London Review of Books (29, 5), pp. 5-8, available online: http://www.lrb.co.uk/v29/n05/mahmood-mamdani/the-politics-of-naming-genocide-civil-war-insurgency. and D. Lanz (2009), 'Save Darfur: A Movement and Its Discontent', African Affairs (108, 433), pp. 669-677. C. Eastwood (2009), Invictus, starring Morgan Freeman, Matt Damon, Tony Kgoroge et al. with T. Borer (2004), ‘Reconciling South Africa or South Africans? Cautionary Notes From the TRC’, African Studies Quarterly (8, 1), pp. 19–38. G. Hood (2005), Tsotsi, starring Presley Chweneyagae, Mothusi Magano, Kenneth Nkosi et al. with L. B. Landau (2010), ‘Loving the Alien? Citizenship, Law, and the Future in South Africa’s Demonic Society’, African Affairs (109, 435), pp. 213-230. N. Blomkamp (2009), District Nine, starring Sharlto Copley, Jason Cope, David James et al. with L. Fourchard (2011), ‘The Politics of Mobilization for Security in South African Townships’, African Affairs (110, 441), pp. 607-627. L. Bailey and A. Thompson (2009), Mugabe and the White African, starring Mike Campbell et al. with A. LeBas (2006), ‘Polarization as Craft: Party Formation and State Violence in Zimbabwe’, Comparative Politics (38, 4), pp. 419-438. A. Minghella (2008-2009), The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency, starring Jill Scott, Anika Noni Rose, Lucian Msamati et al. with J. Helle-Valle (2002), ‘Seen from Below: Conceptions of Politics and the State in a Botswana Village’, Africa (72, 2), pp. 179-202. S. Jacobs (2008), Disgrace, starring Eriq Ebouaney, Jessica Haines, John Malkovich et al. with G. Kynoch (2005), ‘Crime, Conflict and Politics in Transition-Era South Africa’, African Affairs (104, 416), pp. 493-514. S. Pollack (2005), The Interpreter, starring Nicole Kidman, Sean Penn, Catherine Keener et al.

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with M. Mamdani (2009), ‘The International Criminal Court’s Case Against the President of Sudan: A Critical Look’, Journal of International Affairs (62, 2), pp. 85-92. F. Ayisi and K. Longinotto (2005), Sisters in Law: Stories from a Cameroon Court, starring Vera Ngassa, Beatrice Ntuba et al. With D. L. Hodgson (2002), ‘Women's Rights as Human Rights: Women in Law and Development in Africa (WiLDAF)’, Africa Today (49, 2), pp. 3-26. G. Reticker (2008), Pray the Devil Back to Hell, starring Janet Johnson Bryant, Etweda Cooper, Vaiba Flomo et al. with M. H. Morgan and A. Pitchter (2004), ‘”The ‘Basket Case” and the “Poster Child”: Explaining the Ends of Civil Conflicts in Liberia and Mozambique’, Third World Quarterly (25, 3), pp. 501-519. O. Schmitz (2010), Life Above All, starring Khomotso Manyaka, Keaobaka Makanyane, Harriet Lenabe et al. with N. Nattrass (2008), ‘AIDS and the Scientific Governance of Medicine in Post-Apartheid South Africa’, African Affairs (107, 427), pp. 157-176. F. Mereilles (2005), The Constant Gardener, starring Ralph Fiennes, Rachel Weisz, Hubert Koundé et al. with T. Lyons (2008), ‘Globalisation, Failed States and Pharmaceutical Colonialism in Africa’, paper submitted for presentation to the AFSAAP Annual Conference 2008, Monash University, available at: http://www.afsaap.org.au/Conferences/2008/Monash/Lyons.pdf. A. Sissako (2006), Bamako, starring Aïssa Maïga, Tiécoura Traoré et al. with D. Williams (1999), ‘Constructing the Economic Space: The World Bank and the Making of Homo Oeconomicus’, Millennium (28, 1), pp. 79-99. O. Sembène (2004), Moolade, starring Fatoumata Coulibaly, Maimouna Hélène Diarra, Salimata Traoré et al. with M. Parker (1995), ‘Rethinking Female Circumcision’, Africa (65, 4), pp. 506-523. R. Bouchareb (2001), Little Senegal, starring Sotigui Kouyaté, Sharon Hope, Roschdy Zem et al. with Y. M. Alex-Assensoh (2010), ‘African Americans, African Immigrants and Homeland-Diaspora Development in Africa’, African Diaspora (3, 2), pp. 207-234. C. Denis (1999), Beau Travail, starring Denis Lavant, Michel Subor, Grégoire Colin et al. with T. A. Marks (1974), ‘Djibouti: France’s Strategic Toehold in Africa’, African Affairs (73, 290), pp. 95-104. C. Wischmann and M. Baer (2010), Kinshasa Symphony, starring Chantal Ikina, Albert Matubenza, Armand Diangienda et al. with

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F. Reyntjens (2005), ‘The Privatisation and Criminalisation of Public Space in the Geopolitics of the Great Lakes Region’, Journal of Modern African Studies (43, 4), pp. 587-607.

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Appendix 1: African and Africanist Fiction Please note: I have (rather arbitrarily) classified these according to the place the story takes place (which does not necessarily match the author’s country of origin). The publication date is the date the book was first published in original language. Rob Spillman (2009), Gods and Soldiers: The Penguin Anthology of Contemporary African Writing. With stories from northern Arabic-speaking to southern Zulu-speaking writers, this collection conveys thirty different ways of approaching what it means to be African. Ryszard Kapuscinski (2001), The Shadow of the Sun: My African Life. An alternative record of Polish writer and foreign correspondent Kapuscinski’s experiences of Africa. West Africa Côte d’Ivoire Ahmadou Kourouma (2007), Allah Is Not Obliged. A fictional account of a West African civil war from the point of view of a child soldier. Far away from all those very bad sensationalist accounts, a great read. Ahmadou Kourouma (1998), Waiting for the Wild Beasts to Vote. Over the course of five nights, a storyteller tells the life story of Koyaga, President and Dictator of the Gulf Coast. Senegal Ousmane Sembene (1960), God's Bits of Wood. The fascinating story of the 1947 strike on the Dakar-Niger railway and the beginnings of the struggle for independence in Senegal and Mali. Mariama Ba (1979), So Long a Letter. As the novel begins, Ramatoulaye Fall is beginning a letter to her lifelong friend Aissatou Bâ. The occasion for writing is Ramatoulaye's recent widowhood. As she gives her friend the details of her husband's death, she recounts the major events in their lives. Mariama Ba (1981), Scarlet Song. Mireille, whose father is a French diplomat gets married to Ousmane, son of a poor Senegalese Muslim family. Moving back from Paris to Senegal, their marriage is threatened. Marie Ndiaye (2009), Three Strong Women. In this award-winning novel Ndiaye describes the plight of three Senegalese women. Fatou Diome (2001), The Belly of the Atlantic. Salie lives in Paris. Back home on the Senegalese island of Niodior, her football-crazy brother, Madické, counts on her to get him to France, the promised land where foreign footballers become world famous. Nigeria Chinua Achebe (1987), Anthills of the Savannah. An idealistic young couple get enmeshed in the violent politics of Nigeria, by one of Nigeria's best authors. Chinua Achebe (1958), Things Fall Apart. One of the most widely read novels from Nigeria's most famous novelist, Things Fall Apart is a gripping study of the problem of European colonialism in

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Africa. The story relates the cultural collision that occurs when Christian English missionaries arrive among the Ibos of Nigeria, bringing along their European ways of life and religion. Chinua Achebe (1966), A Man of the People. A bleak satire set in an unnamed African state which has just attained independence, the novel follows a teacher named Odili Samalu from the village of Anata who opposes a corrupt Minister of Culture named Nanga for his Parliament seat. Biyi Bandele (2008), Burma Boy. A Nigerian soldier is sent to Burma to fight on the Allied side during the Second World War. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (2003), Purple Hibiscus. When Nigeria is shaken by a military coup, Kambili’s father, involved mysteriously in the political crisis, sends her to live with her aunt. In this house, noisy and full of laughter, she discovers life and love – and a terrible, bruising secret deep within her family. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (2006), Half of a Yellow Sun. In 1960s Nigeria, a country blighted by civil war, three lives intersect. Buchi Emecheta (1979), The Joys of Motherhood. Nnu Ego is a woman who gives all her energy, money and everything she has to raising her children - leaving her little time to make friends. B. Emecheta (1974), Second Class Citizen. The struggle of Adah and her survival, moving from a high class position in her native Nigeria to a very poor class in England. Wole Soyinka (1981), Ake: The Years of Childhood. Nigeria’s great poet tells us his early childhood and boyhood in the 1930s. Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani (2009), I Do Not Come To You By Chance. Desperate to help his father, Kingsley turns to his mysteriously wealthy uncle and gets drawn in to the bizarre world of the email scammer. Guinea Tierno Monenembo (2008), The King of Kahel. Loosely based on the life of Olivier de Sanderval, a man who journeyed to Guinea to build an empire by conquering the hostile region of Fouta Djallon, this novel brilliantly underlines the folly of the colonial project. Ghana Ama Ata Aidoo (1991), Changes: A Love Story. A career-centered African woman divorces her first husband and marries into a polygamist union. Ama Ata Aidoo (1997), The Girl Who Can and Other Stories. These stories illuminate the struggles that women face in post-independent Ghanaian society. Also read No Sweetness Here and Other Stories (1970) by the same author. Kojo Laing (1986), Search Sweet Country. Set in 1970s Accra, this inventive and intense first novel by Kojo Laing provides an insight into aspects of a Ghanaian society caught in transition between tradition and modernity. Amma Darko (2003), Faceless. A middle class woman coming into contact with street children in Ghana’s capital city Accra.

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Ayi Kwei Armah (1968), The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born. This beautiful novel, set in Ghana, expresses the frustration many citizens of the newly-independent states in Africa felt after attaining political independence. Great Lakes Democratic Republic of Congo Barbara Kingsolver (2000), The Poisonwood Bible. The story is told by the wife and four daughters of Nathan Price, a fierce evangelical Baptist who takes his family and mission to the Belgian Congo in 1959. A remarkable journey into Congo’s post-independence era. Ronan Bennett (1998), The Catastrophist. A love story between an Irishman and an Italian journalist against the background of Congo’s independence crisis. Aimé Césaire (1966), A Season in the Congo. By a great Martiniquais (French Caribbean) writer, a play about Congo’s independence leader Patrice Lumumba. Mario Vargas Llosa (2010), The Dream of the Celt. It is the summer of 1916 and Roger Casement awaits the hangman in London's Pentonville Prison. Vargas-Llosa takes the reader on a journey back through a remarkable life dedicated to the exposure of barbaric treatment of indigenous peoples by European predators in the Congo and Amazonia. Rwanda Jean Hatzfeld (2009), The Strategy of Antelopes: Rwanda After Genocide (as well as Hatzfeld's two previous books on the Rwandan genocide, Into the Quick of Life and A Time for Machetes). Journalist Jean Hatzfeld talks to victims and perpetrators in the Rwandan genocide and offers a fascinating account, through their voices, of both the genocide and its aftermath. In the midst of a lot of sensationalist literature on the Rwandan literature, this is high-quality testimony. Boubacar Boris Diop (2000), Murambi, the Book of Bones. This novel recounts the story of a Rwandan history teacher, Cornelius Uvimana, who was living and working in Djibouti at the time of the Rwandan genocide. He returns to Rwanda to try to comprehend the death of his family and to write a play about the events that took place there. T. Monenembo (2000), The Oldest Orphan. The story is told by an adolescent on death row in a prison in Kigali, the capital of Rwanda Central Africa Equatorial Guinea Ferdinand Oyono (1956), Houseboy. The story starts in Spanish Guinea with a Frenchman on vacation, who finds a dying man named Daniel Owusu and a diary. The rest of the story is of the diary (exercise book) that the Frenchman is supposedly reading. Congo (Brazzaville) Alain Mabanckou (2006), Memoirs of a Porcupine. When Kibandi, a boy living in a Congolese village, reaches the age of eleven, his father takes him out into the night, and forces him to drink a vile liquid from a jar which has been hidden for years in the earth. This is his initiation and, from this point on, he, and his double, a porcupine, become murderers, attacking neighbours, fellow

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villagers, and anyone unfortunate enough to cross their path. But now Kibandi is dead, and the porcupine, free of his master, is free to tell their story at last. Emmanuel Dongala (1987), The Fire of Origins. The story is unified by the actions of one man, Mankunku, a 'destroyer', who is born in mysterious circumstances in a banana plantation and whose identity is as variable as that of his land. This novel traces his development along with that of his unnamed country, from the pre-colonial era, through the horrors of European subjugation, to independence and the complexities of the postcolonial nation. Sony Lab’ou Tansi (1979), Life and a Half. The novel takes place in an imaginary African country run by the latest in a series of cannibalistic dictators who has captured Martial, the leader of the opposition, and his family. Though shot, knifed, butchered, and bled, Martial's spirit lives on to guide his followers in their fight against the dictators. East Africa Kenya John Le Carré (2005), The Constant Gardener. When Quayle's wife is killed, his investigation of her murder leads him into a murky web of exploitation involving Kenyan greed and a major pharmaceutical company eager to promote its "wonder cure" for tuberculosis. Ngugi wa Thiong'o (2006), Wizard of the Crow. By one of Kenya’s most talented writers. The story is set in the imaginary Free Republic of Abruria, autocratically governed by one man, known only as the Ruler. Ngugi wa Thiong'o (1967), A Grain of Wheat. It is 1963 and Kenya is on the verge of Uhuru - Independence Day… M. G. Vassanji (1994), The Book of Secrets: A Novel. An Indian-born retired history teacher, Pius Fernandes, discovers a diary written by Alfred Corbin, an English consul stationed in British East Africa (now Kenya) in 1913. Read also The In-Between World of Vikram Lall by the same author. Uganda Moses Isegawa (1998), Abyssynian Chronicles. At the centre of this tale is Mugezi, a young man who manages to make it through the hellish reign of Idi Amin and experiences first hand the most crushing aspects of Ugandan society. Moses Isegawa (1999), Snakepit. An examination of corruption in Idi Amin’s Uganda. Tanzania Abdulrazak Gurnah (2001), By the Sea. Tells the story of 65-year-old Saleh Omar, a merchant refugee from Zanzibar who applies for asylum in England. Horn of Africa Ethiopia Dinaw Mengestu (2007), The Beautiful Things That Heaven Bears. In his run-down store in a gentrifying neighborhood of Washington, D.C., Ethiopian immigrant Stepha Stephanos regularly meets with fellow African immigrants Ken the Kenyan and Joe from the Congo. Their favourite

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game is matching African nations to coups and dictators, as they consider how their new immigrant expectations measure up to the reality of life in America after 17 years. Also read How to Read the Air (2010) by the same author. Southern Africa Zimbabwe Tsitsi Dangaremgba (1988), Nervous Conditions. Tambudzai dreams of education, but her hopes only materialise after her brother's death, when she goes to live with her uncle. At his mission school, her critical faculties develop rapidly, bringing her face to face with a new set of conflicts involving her uncle, his education and his family. Petina Gappah (2009), An Elegy for Easterly. In her spirited debut collection, Zimbabwean author Petina Gappah brings us the resilience and inventiveness of the people who struggle to live under Robert Mugabe's regime whilst also battling issues common to all people everywhere. Doris Lessing (1950), The Grass Is Singing. Set in Rhodesia, it tells the story of Dick Turner, a failed white farmer and his wife, Mary, a town girl who hates the bush. Trapped by poverty, sapped by the heat of their tiny brick and iron house, Mary, lonely and frightened, turns to Moses, the black cook, for kindness and understanding. South Africa Alan Paton (1958), Cry the Beloved Country. The story of the Zulu pastor Stephen Kumalo and his son, Absalom, set against the background of a land and a people riven by racial injustice. Peter Abrahams (1946), Mine Boy. Abrahams depicts discrimination in the gold mines, the appalling housing, and a country boy's simple and humanitarian act of defiance in pre-apartheid South Africa. Caryl Ferey (2008), Zulu. A crime investigation set in Cape Town, just as South Africa is experiencing its post-apartheid transition. Nadine Gordimer (1994), None to Accompany Me. By a Nobel Literature Prize winner, the story of a white civil rights lawyer whose life changes just as post-apartheid South Africa does too. J. M. Coetzee (1999), Disgrace: A Novel. Nobel Literature Prize winner Coetzee explores the downfall of one man and dramatizes the plight of South Africa-a country caught in the chaotic aftermath of the overthrow of Apartheid. Deon Meyer (2011), Thirteen Hours. And other books by the same author, all thrillers taking place in Cape Town. Angola Pepetela (1980), Mayombe. Portrays the lives of a group of MPLA guerrillas who are involved in the anti-colonial struggle in Cabinda. Mozambique Mia Couto (1992), Sleepwalking Land. As the civil war rages in 1980s Mozambique, an old man and a young boy, refugees from the war, seek shelter in a burnt-out bus. Among the effects of a

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dead passenger, they come across a set of notebooks that tell of his life. Also read Mia Couto’s other two novels translated into English: The Last Flight of the Flamingo (2000) and Under the Frangipani (2001). Botswana Alexander McCall Smith (1999-2012), The No. 1 Ladies’ Detective Agency. Mma Ramotswe, the first and only detective agency in Botswana solves mysteries great and small for friends and strangers alike. Norman Rush (1991), Mating. The female narrator, an American anthropologist, becomes enamoured of Nelson Denoon, a showy intellectual who has founded a utopian community in the Kalahari desert. Also read Mortals (2003) by the same author. North Africa Amin Maalouf (1994), Leo the African. The biography of a North African traveller and diplomat during the late XVth and early XVIth centuries. Algeria Assia Djebar (1980), Women of Algiers in their Apartment. A brilliant depiction of the lives of Algerian women nearly twenty years after Algeria’s independence. Morocco Fatema Mernissi (1995), Dreams of Trespass: Tales of a Harem Girlhood. Mernissi weaves her own memories with the dreams and memories of the women who surrounded her in the courtyard of her youthwomen who, deprived of access to the world outside, recreated it from sheer imagination. Egypt Alaa Al-Aswany (2002), The Yakoubian Building. A fading apartment block acts as a microcosm of changing Egyptian society in 1990. Fading Francophile aristocrats rub shoulders with corrupt officials and furstrated young men, who are preyed upon by violent Islamists.

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Appendix 2: In-Depth Grading Descriptors – NTU Level 3

Class Scale General Characteristics

FIRST

(Excellent)

Exceptional 1st

Exceptional breadth and depth of knowledge and understanding of the area of study; evidence of extensive and appropriate selection and critical evaluation/synthesis/analysis and of reading/research beyond the prescribed range, in both breadth and depth, to advance work/direct arguments; exceptional demonstration of relevant skills; excellent communication; performance deemed to be beyond expectation. Work may achieve or be close to publishable or commercial standard.

High 1st Excellent knowledge and understanding of the area of study as the student is typically able to go beyond what has been taught (particularly for a mid/high 1st); evidence of extensive and appropriate selection and critical evaluation/synthesis/analysis of reading/research beyond the prescribed range, to advance work/direct arguments; excellent demonstration of relevant skills; excellent communication; performance deemed beyond expectation of the level.

Mid 1st

Low 1st

UPPER

SECOND

(Very good)

High 2.1 Very good knowledge and understanding of the area of study as the student is typically able to relate facts/concepts together with some ability to apply to known/taught contexts; evidence of appropriate selection and critical evaluation

of reading/research, some beyond the prescribed range, may rely on set sources to advance work/direct arguments; demonstrates autonomy in approach to learning; very good demonstration of relevant skills; strong communication skills.

Mid 2.1

Low 2.1

LOWER

SECOND

(Good)

High 2.2 Good knowledge and understanding of the area of study balanced towards the descriptive rather than critical or analytical; evidence of appropriate selection and evaluation of reading/research, some may be beyond the prescribed range, but generally reliant on set sources to advance work/direct arguments; good demonstration of relevant skills, though may be limited in range; communication shows clarity but structure may not always be coherent.

Mid 2.2

Low 2.2

THIRD

(Sufficient)

High 3rd Knowledge and understanding is sufficient to deal with terminology, basic facts and concepts but fails to make meaningful synthesis; some ability to select and evaluate reading/research however work may be more generally descriptive;

general reliance on set sources to advance work; arguments may be weak or poorly constructed; adequate demonstration of relevant skills over a limited range; communication/presentation is generally competent but with some weaknesses.

Mid 3rd

Low 3rd

FAIL

(Insufficient)

Marginal Fail

Insufficient knowledge and understanding of the area of study; some ability to select and evaluate reading/research however work is more generally descriptive; fails to address some aspects of the brief; uses set sources to advance work; arguments may be weak/poor or weakly/poorly constructed; demonstration of relevant skills over a reduced range; communication shows limited clarity, poor presentation, structure may not be coherent.

Mid Fail Highly insufficient knowledge or understanding of the area of study; understanding is typically at the word level with facts being reproduced in a disjointed or decontextualised manner; fails to address the outcomes addressed by the brief; typically ignores important sources in development of work and data/evidence inappropriately used; weak technical and practical competence hampers ability to demonstrate/communicate achievement of outcomes.

Low Fail

ZERO Zero Work of no merit OR absent, work not submitted, penalty in some misconduct cases.

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Appendix 3: Academic Support

Whilst you are here at NTU, you will develop a range of skills and practices (writing, reading, listening, interpersonal etc) that will help you with your studies, when you start looking for jobs and during your career. This section outlines some of the Academic Support opportunities offered in the School of Arts and Humanities to help you acquire these skills. Why Come for Academic Support? Well, if making your studies even more enjoyable by talking to other people in a similar situation to you isn’t enough, listen to what students who have attended the academic support service have to say about it: ‘Definitely useful for level 1 students - I feel much more capable and feel I've got 'one up' on other students!!!’ ‘I have just got a literary review mark back and it was 80%. So that’s a 10% increase which owes much to your sessions and advice with writing and editing etc… Thanks a lot’. ‘Since completing your workshops I have been amazed at my achievements both in relation to my grades and the efficiency with which I can now embark on, and complete, an essay’. ‘After working on my exam techniques with you I went from having marks of 40's to the high 60's. Thanks for all your help I really do appreciate it :)’. ‘I would not be at the standard I am at today if it were not for Lisa’s lectures and her ‘very welcoming’ one to ones’. ‘A must, for (... the) refreshing of one’s academic skills (...) - from doing an introduction to a conclusion, and all that goes in between’. Who comes for Academic Support? Anybody! Everybody is welcome at the academic support service. We see people from all levels: from BA to Phd students to members of staff; from students who are struggling with their work to academic high flyers; from school leavers to mature students; from home to international students. What’s on Offer? There are many Academic Support opportunities in the School. These include: The Academic Support Interactive Lecture Programme. One-to-one Support. Writers’ Groups/ Writers’ Retreats (on request). Academic Support Workshops targeted to your own needs (on request – minimum 8 people). Writing and Academic Skills in the Workplace Interactive Lectures (on request). Online support materials: to access academic support online and book a one-to-one appointment, see the Academic Support learning room in NOW. You will receive details of Academic Support opportunities in a weekly email, so keep checking your inbox and looking out for posters around the School. One to One Support: What can I expect? Please Note: This is not a Proofreading Service. The Academic Support Service supports you with any aspect of your learning (such as presentations, motivation, time management), but is mainly a ‘writer development’ service. We believe it is more useful if we help you develop the critical awareness you need to assess your own

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writing and to attain the attitudes, skills and practices you need to improve it on your own. In other words, we aim to support you as you grow as independent writers and learners so you can develop your own writer’s voice. Ultimately, your work is your responsibility, but we are more than willing to help you along the way! As we emphasise your own growth as writers, we are not a proofreading service, so the tutor will not correct your work, nor tell you what to write. Nevertheless, as our guiding philosophy is that talking is useful for writing, we will discuss your writing with you and deal with such crucial matters as how you might edit your work. Where appropriate, we will also refer you to appropriate resources for your specific writing concerns. You never know - you might even have some fun with your writing and surprise yourself with what you can do. The aim of one-to-one support is, therefore, to agree your chief support needs with you and provide you with a programme of support. If possible, please identify any needs you have before you come and choose the most pressing one to be discussed during the session. A typical structure of a one-to-one tutorials is as follows: The tutor will listen to your concerns. S/he may then discuss feedback from your tutors, or read a section of your work with you to identify some of the key errors you are making. You will then agree your support needs. You might focus on one key issue within the session and then be provided with a range of resources to address other issues. Where possible, you will be offered the opportunity for follow-up support. Academic Support Programme, Term 1

WHEN? Every Wednesday during term time 1-2pm.

WHERE?

GEE 089-LT3

WHAT? Adult learning theories, academic writing, reading skills, revision skills – see NOW for

further details.

HOW? Just turn up!

Week Date Title 1 03/10/12 Learning to learn (1): Successful Learning in Theory and

Practice – Your Practice 2 10/10/12 Learning to learn (2): How do YOU Learn Effectively? 3 17/10/12 Learning to learn (3): Making the Most of Lectures and

Seminars: Don’t Just Sit There, Do Something! 4 24/10/12 Essay Structure (1): Writing Introductions to Academic

Essays 5 31/12/12 Essay Structure (2): Paragraph Structure

6 07/11/12 Essay Structure (3): Writing your conclusion 7 14/11/12 RED WEEK. Why not book a one-to-one consultation, a

writers’ retreat or a writing workshop? Just email: AAH Academic Practices

8 21/11/12 Proofreading your work (including sentence structure!). Please bring some work along if possible, or bring some

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examples of issues you have been told to work on.

9 28/11/12 ‘The Referencing Surgery: How to Fix Your References’ with Jane Bonnell.

You can also suggest workshop topics by sending an email to: AAH.AcademicPractice@ntu.ac.uk 2. One-to-One Appointments We also offer writer development consultations every Wednesday in GE085. All appointments are made via the online booking form on NOW (in the academic support learning room), rather than directly with the tutor. You can access the form at the following address: http://eresources.ntu.ac.uk/mle/acc/study_skills/humform/NOW_form.html (NB one-to-ones are limited, so we cannot guarantee a slot). Where appropriate, please make sure that, before the session, you also email a copy of the essay you wish to discuss when you book your appointment. 3. AAH Writers’ Groups/Writers’ Retreats How do you know your writing has achieved your aim of communicating with your reader? By asking your readers of course! To do this, you can request a School writers’ group (minimum 7 students). This will be a very informal group where you will be able to write and discuss your ideas and your writing with others in a friendly, supportive environment. The idea is that we train you how to run a writers’ group so that you can run your own. A writers’ retreat is an exciting new development in writing support cultures. It is simply a space where a group of people with a defined writing goal get together and, in a structured environment, write intensively for anything from 30 minutes to 5 days. Free from email, mobile phones and all of the interruptions that normally prevent us from focussing on our work, we just privilege our writing and get on with it - no excuses! Writing in a social environment can have all sorts of benefits - from providing the impetus you need to write, to the friendly ear to you need if you want to discuss your writing. This year, you can also trial group writing sessions at the new ‘Write Now!’ session on November 23rd, 2012. Check your emails for further information. Versions of Writers’ Retreats can cost up to £800: For students in AAH we are offering them for FREE! If you would like to join a writers’ group or take part in a taster writers’ retreat (lasting between 1 and 3 hours), please register your interest by emailing: AAH.AcademicPractice@ntu.ac.uk We need a minimum of 7 students to make these groups viable. 4. Academic Support Workshops on Request If there is anything specific you need help with? Just ask! Workshops are available on most types of Academic Support issue at student request. A minimum of 7 students is required per group. If you would like to request a workshop for your specific needs, email: AAH.AcademicPractice@ntu.ac.uk Academic Support Online You can find Academic Support resources and further information in the School’s Academic Support learning room, which is available in NOW. For more information, consult NOW, or email: AAH.AcademicPractice@ntu.ac.uk.