The Integument

Overview of the Integumentary System

Organization of the Epidermis:

Figure 5–2

Layers of the epidermis are known as “strata”

Layers of the Epidermis

Top: Free surface of skin- stratum corneum

- stratum lucidum

- stratum granulosum

- stratum spinosum- stratum germinativum

Bottom: Basal lamina

A note on thick vs. thin skin

• Thick skin has an extra layer (lucidum) but that is NOT the reason that it is thicker than thin skin.

• Real reason is the other layers are thicker in thick skin than in thin skin.

The Dermis

• Deeper part of cutaneous layer

• Located between epidermis and subcutaneous layer

• Anchors epidermal accessory structures (hair follicles, sweat glands)

• Has 2 components:– outer papillary layer – deep reticular layer

The Papillary Layer

• Consists of areolar tissue

• Contains smaller capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and sensory neurons

• Has dermal papillae projecting between epidermal ridges

The Reticular Layer

• Consists of dense irregular connective tissue

• Contains larger blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerve fibers

• Contains collagen and elastic fibers

Integumentary Accessory Structures

• Hair, hair follicles, sebaceous (oil) glands, sweat glands, and nails:– are derived from embryonic epidermis – are located in dermis– project through the skin surface

The Hair Follicle

• Is located deep in dermis

• Is made of epidermal tissue (with connective tissue around the outside)

• Produces nonliving hairs

• Is wrapped in a dense connective-tissue sheath

• Base is surrounded by sensory nerves

Hair

Structures of Hair and Follicles

Figure 5–9a

Accessory Structures of Hair

• Arrector pili: – involuntary smooth muscle – causes hairs to stand up– produces “goose bumps”

• Sebaceous glands: – lubricate the hair– control bacteria

Inside the Follicle

Figure 5–9b

Exocrine Glands in the skin

• Sebaceous glands and follicles (oil glands):– holocrine glands– secrete sebum

• Sweat glands:– merocrine glands– watery secretions

Types of Sebaceous Glands

• Sebaceous glands:– associated with most hair follicles (on head

and body)

• Sebaceous follicles:– discharge directly onto skin surface– found on face and trunk– when clogged acne

Sebaceous glands

Types of Sweat Glands

• Apocrine:– found in armpits, around nipples, and groin

• Merocrine:– more numerous, widely distributed on body

surface– especially on palms and soles (thick skin)

Both are actually merocrine

“Apocrine” Sweat Glands

• Merocrine secretions, not apocrine

• Associated with hair follicles in groin, nipples, and axillae (armpits)

• Become active at puberty

• Produce sticky, cloudy secretions (thick sweat) that breaks down and causes odor

Merocrine Sweat Glands

• Also called eccrine glands:– coiled, tubular glands– discharge directly onto skin surface– sensible perspiration for cooling (thin sweat)– water, salts, and organic compounds

Sweat Glands of the Skin

Apocrine Merocrine

Epidermis

What to look for:

• Usually darkest between stratum germinativum and stratum granulosm (granulosm often a dark meandering line)

• Keratinized cells (s. corneum) often lift off the underlying layers

• S. germinativum along basal lamina, along with melanocytes

Dermis: Papillary vs. Reticular layer

What to look for

• Papillary layer– has ridges– is areolar– Just under basal lamina

• Reticular layer– much thicker– Dense irregular CT

• Hypodermis– Loose CTP

More skin

Merocrine sweat gland

• What to look for– Found in most skin– Coiled, tubular– Small lumens in cross

section– Have duct that goes all

the way to the epidermal surface and ends in sweat pore

– Smaller than apocrine, don’t extend as deep into dermis

Apocrine sweat gland

What to look for:

• Associated with hair follicle

• Only in nipples, groin, armpit

• Large lumens

• Deeper in dermis than merocrine

Apocrine sweat gland

Hair with sebaceous glands and arrector pilli

Hair

What to look for:

• Follicles are rarely complete

• Can often see root, papilla at base of hair

• Arrector pilli muscle at an angle

• Associated glands (which are?)

Sebaceous glands

Sebaceous glands

What to look for:

• Associated with hair follicle

• Found most everywhere hair follicles are found in skin

• Look like cauliflower (maybe?)

Sebaceous follicle

Sebaceous follicle

What to look for:

• Also look like cauliflower

• Found on face and trunk only

• NOT associated with hair follicle

• Have duct that opens onto skin surface

Lab Activity #7

• Look at slides:– Axillary skin (armpit)– Pigmented and Nonpigmented thin skin slide – Scalp

What will you find there?

Armpit Scalp– Hair? – Hair follicle? – Sebaceous gland? – Sebaceous follicle? – Apocrine sweat gland? – Merocrine sweat gland?

?

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

YN

N

Y