Hannah FraSt. Augustinbhfrancis@l

The Journal of

INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES...

! The Information-Seeking Behavior of Social

Science Faculty at the University of the WestIndies, St. Augustine Campusby Hannah Francis

INTRODUCTION

Research interest in the field of Library and InformationScience has produced a number of studies that aim tounderstand the information-seeking behavior of different usergroups. There have been fewer studies of social scientiststhan of their counterparts in the sciences and moreover, moststudies have been undertaken in the context of developedcountries. Since it is known that information-seekingbehaviors are significantly influenced by the prevailinginformation use environment,1,2 information professionals indeveloping countries need to discover for themselves whetherthe generalizations and assumptions which are made aboutthe information-seeking behavior of social scientists hold truein the context of small developing countries. In other words,the disparity in resources and perhaps service could influenceinformation-seeking behavior such that social scientists indeveloping countries behave differently from those ofdeveloped countries. A more poignant reason to examinethis behavior is that information technology has dramaticallyaltered the information landscape, and information profes-sionals in small developing countries need to understand howtraditional models of information seeking reported in thesestudies have changed, and how these changes can bereflected in the provision of new library services. Forexample, an important issue which must be factored intoany effort at understanding information-seeking behavior isthe ability of users, in this case faculty, to successfullybypass the library system in favor of other suppliers ofinformation as well as through personal subscription toonline products.

This exploratory study focuses on how social science facultyat the University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, are utilizinglibrary resources, especially those in electronic format, in thepursuit of their teaching, research, and current awarenessactivities, as well as the characteristics of their preferences ininformation seeking.

ncis, Main Library, University of the West Indies,e Campus, Trinidad and Tobago

ibrary.uwi.ttN.

Academic Librarianship, Volume 31, Number 1, pages 67–72

THE INSTITUTION

The University of the West Indies (UWI) is a three-campusinstitution with campuses located in the islands of Jamaica,Trinidad and Tobago, and Barbados. The St. AugustineCampus of the UWI was established in 1960 when theImperial College of Tropical Agriculture (ICTA) was incor-porated into the University College of the West Indies as theFaculty of Agriculture and became its second campus with amandate to fulfill the needs of the Region. In 1961, theFaculty of Engineering was added and 2 years later, theFaculties of Arts and Natural Sciences were introduced to theCampus. It was not until 1965 that the Faculty of SocialSciences (the Faculty of interest in this study) was instituted.Later, in 1985, the Faculty of Medicine was added. Currently,the Faculty of Social Sciences is the largest and fastestgrowing faculty on the campus with a student enrollment of2457 or 28% of the total student body of 8600. There are 339full-time faculty of which 55 serve the Faculty of SocialSciences.

The subjects offered in the Faculty of Social Sciencescorrespond to those offered in many universities. In addition tothe established disciplines of economics, political science,psychology, and sociology, the applied social sciences arerepresented in the disciplines of management and social work.These disciplines are distributed into three departments—Behavioral Sciences, Economics, and Management Studies.

In terms of research, these social scientists are interested ina broad spectrum of human behavior particularly as it relatesto Caribbean development. Although most social scientistshave been trained in universities in developed countries, thereis a strong tendency for them, upon return to the Caribbean,to indigenize themselves and concentrate upon researchproblems that are of national importance. Until recently, theresearch done at the UWI has been quite eclectic but researchpolicy has since shifted to focus on specific areas of researchof which education, cultural studies, hospitality and tourism,social and economic studies, health and wellness, andsustainable environmental studies fall in the domain of thesocial sciences. Basically, institutional financial infusions intoresearch and its supporting mechanisms such as informationresources are now targeted to these dofficialT areas ofresearch.

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Library services at St. Augustine developed concurrentlywith the faculties. The library is arranged along subjectdivisional lines according to the faculties served. The nucleusof the collection at the Main Library derived from the ICTAcollection dating back to 1922. Currently, the collection holdsover 340,000 volumes and about 16,000 journal titles. Anincreasing number of databases are available to users and inrecent years, indexing and abstracting services which areusually available in print form have been exchanged for theonline format. These databases are accessed through anetworked Internet service. The library offers an InformationLiteracy program to all its users which is available both onlinevia a campus pipeline and face to face as desired. A libraryliaison program ensures that the subject divisional librarians areable to communicate with faculty through their libraryrepresentatives as well as directly with individual facultymembers.

Over the last 7 years, the library has completely upgraded itsinformation technology capability and is now completelynetworked. This formed a part of an upgrade to the entirecampus. There are two computer laboratories with over 60computers in addition to those available in each subjectdivision from which users can access the library’s OPAC aswell as all its online databases via the Internet. In addition, anumber of computer applications are available through thenetwork. All faculty have computers in their offices which areconnected to the campus network and need not use the library’sfacilities.

OTHER STUDIES OF INFORMATION-SEEKING BEHAVIOR

AMONG SOCIAL SCIENTISTS IN

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Researchers and practitioners in the field of LIS have long heldan interest in the information-seeking behavior of differentclient groups. Research in this area dates back to the 1940s andthe focus was on scientists. In the early 1970s interest in socialscientists led to the first comprehensive study of this groupwhen Line3 investigated the Information Requirements of theSocial Sciences (INFROSS). Since then, numerous, discipline-oriented studies have been carried out such as those by White,4

Herner,5 Slater,6 Skelton,7 and Folster.8 As Hurych9 points out,each new wave of technological development saw studies thattried to measure the influence of these developments oninformation-seeking behavior. Lately, such studies havebecome more user-centric as researchers such as Dervin andNilan10 acknowledge that traditional, systems-oriented studieshave not led to improvements in the design of informationsystems. Not surprisingly, the vast majority of user studiescarried out in developed countries are well documented andwidely known. Therefore, this study focuses on the few recentuser studies of social scientists that have emerged fromdeveloping countries.

Agrawal and Lal11 reported studies carried out in Indiaincluding citation analysis of five leading Indian social sciencejournals to discover the kind of material used by this group.More recently, user studies were undertaken in Argentina andin Sri Lanka. In her 3-year longitudinal study of humanists andsocial scientists at the University of Buenos Aires, Romanos deTiratel12 reported that social scientists favored journals as theirmain source of current awareness although they cited morebooks than journal articles in their own publications. Moreover,

68 The Journal of Academic Librarianship

this group of social scientists preferred materials written intheir mother tongue and tended to use informal sources such asconsultation with colleagues before going to formal sourcessuch as journals. In terms of library use, social scientists madeless use of the library than their humanist colleagues and aswell they made less use of bibliographic tools. This finding issimilar to that of the INFROSS study which revealed that socialscientists made little use of bibliographic tools and referencedatabases. Instead, they depended on recommendations fromcolleagues, journal browsing, and citations found in otherpublications. Romanos de Tiratel13 concluded that ddespite thequality and quantity of resources and dissimilar workingenvironmentsT social scientists in developed and developingcountries share common characteristics in their information-seeking behavior.

In another study of social scientists and humanists done inSri Lanka, Lleperuma14 discovered that social scientists exhibita distinct preference for formal sources of information and, asin the Argentinean study, journals are ranked as the mostimportant source of current awareness. Maps, atlases, anddatabases were considered least important. The concept of theinvisible college, well entrenched in developed countries andfound in the Argentinean study, was not apparent in the SriLankan study. Llepreuma speculated that electronic databases,Internet, and online access to local databases are likely tochange the information-seeking behavior of social scientistsalthough there was no evidence in his study.

LOCAL RESOURCES

The acquisition of West Indiana material also plays a key rolein satisfying user requests. Essential information resources forsocial scientists reside in government documents, whichinclude those locally produced by the Central Statistical Office(CSO), and the Central Bank, as well as by intergovernmentalorganizations such as CARICOM and the Caribbean Develop-ment Bank. Examples of these resources include populationcensus, agricultural census, social and economic indicatorssuch as GDP, unemployment rates, consumer prices, andinterest rates. The CSO also produces sectoral data such asthose for agriculture, manufacturing, petroleum production,and education. These data are scheduled to be published inmonthly, quarterly, and annual statistical digests. Often, theschedule is not met and there is a time lag between thecollection of data and their publication in the statistical digests.

Although these data are computer generated, no electronicdata archives are available. Many older data sets created byobsolete computer hardware and software remain inaccessiblesince conversion to newer computer records was never under-taken. Time series, then, are more of a wish than reality.

Other types of government publications such as commis-sions of enquiry, consultants’ reports, and other studies exist.They are often governed by laws that classify this informationcausing them to be lost as inputs to future research. Decla-ssification of government documents can take several years andare thus unavailable to the social scientist. If, however, aresearcher is undertaking a study on behalf of a governmentagency, then these publications can be made accessible to thesocial scientists. More often than not, it is the informalcommunication between social science practitioners andresearchers and between information professionals that willgain access to this type of restricted of document.

Another type of locally available information resourceemanates from hemispheric international agencies such asThe Organization of American States (OAS); EconomicCommission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC);and CARICOM regional institutions. These organizations haveused their Web sites to post much of their information makingthem much more accessible. To complement the informationresources of these organizations, the Main Library at St.Augustine serves as a repository for United Nations andInternational Monetary Fund publications. The major publica-tions of these organizations including the World Bank aretherefore available to social scientists.

An important example of a locally available resource is theCarindex bibliographic database which covers social scienceand humanities materials published in the English-speakingCaribbean. The database is produced by the Main library at St.Augustine, in part, out of recognition that many areas ofinterest to Caribbean researchers will be of little concern tomajor international database producers.

Carindex is produced using CDS/ISIS software now inwindows version, WINISIS. This software was developed byUNESCO and distributed free of cost to most developingcountries. This software has served to standardize bibliographicinformation creating the ability for easy manipulation andexchange of information. Carindex has had a checkeredhistory. It first appeared as a printed journal and was thenconverted to an online database. The product has run into anumber of technical support problems and is currently hostedon the Web site of the International Network for theAvailability of Scientific Publications (INASP).

Carindex is intended to provide a visibility for Caribbeanpublications and to expose social science literature from thisregion to a larger audience. In addition to the link to INASP,users of the Main Library at St. Augustine can also use it as astand-alone product. One vision for this bibliographic databaseis that it can evolve as a full-text service for social sciencejournals produced in the Caribbean.

From the point of view of social scientists, informalcommunication such as attendance at conferences, meetings,and personal communication is still a significant informationresource in this part of the world. The role of informalinformation for small developing countries has been empha-sized by Menou.20 Social scientists maintain contact with theircounterparts of North America as well as their colleagues in theregion. This communication is greatly facilitated by thepervasiveness of the Internet and email. Such technologicaldevelopments have supplied ready access to any and all typesof expertise, specialization, and information resource.

It is against this background, and in the context of theliterature cited above, that a study of social scientists at theUniversity of the West Indies, St. Augustine, was undertaken.

THE SURVEY

A questionnaire, consisting of 19 closed questions and oneopen-ended question, was sent through the campus mail systemto each of the 55 full-time social science faculty at thebeginning of February 2003. This type of questionnaire wasused to obtain data on information-seeking habits of socialscientists in a number of studies reviewed by Folster15 andmore recently, in developing countries, in information-seekingbehavior studies by Lleperuma16 and Romanos de Tiratel.17

Twenty-six respondents (47%) returned the questionnaire.Of these, 54% of the respondents were located in theDepartment of Behavioral Sciences, 19% belonged to theDepartment of Economics, and 27% were from the Departmentof Management Studies. Eight percent of the respondents heldthe rank of professor, 19% senior lecturer, 61% lecturer, and11% assistant lecturer. Sixty-five percent were male and 35%female. Fifty-four percent of the respondents had beenemployed with the UWI for less than 6 years, 23% 6–10years, 19% 11–15 years, while 4% were employed for 15 yearsor more.

Fifty percent of respondents had published fewer than sixarticles in the last 6 years, 27% had published between 11 and15 articles, and 11% had published more than 15 articles.Decisions about which journals they should use to publish theirown work were decided by the standing of the journal in theirfield (85%), distribution and speed of publication wereconsidered (31%), and the audience to which the journal wasaddressed and the membership of the editorial board (23%).

Queried about the number of hours per week spent readingjournal articles, 34% said they spent fewer than 5 hours, 34%said they spent between 5 and 8 hours per week, and 30% spentmore than 10 hours. One person did not respond to thequestion. Thirty-one percent of the respondents used the librarytwo to three times per week, 46% two to three times per month,and 15%, two to three times per year, while 7% never use thelibrary.

Since faculty are able to delegate the process of searchingfor and finding information to research assistants, they wereasked to indicate this use. More than half (54%) said that theysometimes had an assistant, 15% said they always have anassistant, while 31% state that they never have this type ofassistance.

Finally, the findings are considered in the context of theexperience faculty would have had of other information useenvironments and the influence of training and education onthe behavior patterns of this group of scientists. The facultyHandbook shows that 16 of the 26 respondents were trainedat North American institutions, 6 in the UK, and 4 at UWI. Afew are expatriate faculty who were recruited from theseenvironments.

FINDINGS

A summary of the findings is presented below. Respondentswere asked to indicate which sources they used for teachingand research. Textbooks were the preferred source of informa-tion for teaching by respondents followed by journals and thenmonographs. For current awareness, respondents namedcurrent issues of journals followed by online database searches(Tables 1 and 2).

Retrospective information used for teaching and researchincluded citations at the end of journal articles and citations atthe end of chapters of a book (Table 3).

When asked about the methods used to obtain journalarticles, most respondents relied on the library while others hadsubscriptions to print copies. The document supply serviceoffered through the British Library Document Supply Centrewas little used (Table 4).

In order to find out the use made of online databases via theInternet, respondents were given a list of all social sciencedatabases available at St. Augustine and asked to state howfrequently they had used the databases over the last 6 months.

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Table 1Sources Used to Support Teaching and Research

Faculty Members (%)

Sources Teaching Research

Professional journals 53.8 84.6

Textbooks 84.6 30.7

Monographs 42.3 34.6

Preprints 0 23.1

Correspondence 0 30.7

Conference proceedings 26.9 57.7

Attendance at conferences 19.2 53.8

Newsletters/bulletins 15.4 38.5

Other 0 26.9

Table 3Methods Used for Retrospective Information

Method Faculty Members (%)

itations at the end of journal articles 84.6

itations at the end of chapters of a book 80.8

earching indexing/abstracting tools 42.3

ersonal communication 19.2

rowsing older volumes 34.6

ther 3.8

EbscoHost was shown to have the greatest use with 50% ofrespondents indicating use greater than five times over 6months followed by Emerald, then OCLC FirstSearch, andProquest (Table 5).

Provision was made for respondents to indicate whether ornot they had heard of the databases. Approximately one thirdhad never heard of Proquest, Emerald, or ERIC via FirstSearchand about one quarter had not heard about OCLC FirstSearch.The use of databases by social scientists has been the subject ofseveral investigations and as Hobohm18 notes, fewer that 10%use databases on a regular basis. Rates of use do not improveeven when social scientists are trained in database searchingand given more convenient access, according to Stoan.19

One open-ended question allowed respondents to make theirown observations about resources and services available at theMain Library. Content Analysis applied to the responses led tothe emergence of three broad categories—access to informa-tion, collection deficiencies, and library communication. Someof the information gaps mentioned include HIV/AIDS data,Reuters Business Briefs, and UNDP reports. Respondents werealso dissatisfied over the nonavailability of specific items suchas Caribbean election results, lack of full-text journal articles,and limitations in access to materials from the West IndianaCollection.

DISCUSSION

This exploratory study describes the information-seekingbehavior of social science faculty at the St. Augustine Campusof UWI located in the small developing country of Trinidad

Table 2Methods Used for Current Awareness

Method Faculty Members (%)

Current issues of journals 88.5

Search online databases 80.8

Personal communication 34.6

Attendance at conferences/meetings 65.4

Other 7.7

70 The Journal of Academic Librarianship

C

C

S

P

B

O

and Tobago. It is important to locate these findings in thereality of available local resources especially since the open-ended question revealed concerns over the need for betteraccess to West Indiana material.

It is understandable and expected that social scientists willengage in a research agenda that addresses significant nationalproblems. But it is also not surprising to find that the socialscientists surveyed demonstrate similar behavior patterns to theircolleagues both in the developed and developing world. There isstrong reliance on textbooks for teaching activities and is to beexpected given that the university is primarily an undergraduateinstitution. Furthermore, they rely on journal literature to supporttheir research and current awareness activities. However, whenasked to name the top five journals they used to keep up withtheir field, there was no consensus among the social scientistsand only a few held personal subscriptions to these titles. Themajority of social scientists depend on the library’s copy both forcurrent and retrospective information.

More than half of the social scientists express a preferencefor access to journal articles in electronic format. This is a newdevelopment and is a reflection of the increase in orientation toelectronic products. While the social scientists complain of lackof access to information, the document delivery service offeredthrough the British Library Document Supply Centre is poorlyused. The nonuse of this service is perhaps an indicator that thematerials available from this supply center do not satisfy theneeds of the social scientists at St. Augustine. For example,some indigenous West Indiana material is unlikely to beavailable from this source. This explanation may also hold truefor the online databases, which are not well used by the socialscientists. At the same time, others voice the need foradditional databases such as PsycInfo, which was not available

Table 4Methods Used to Obtain Journal Articles

Method Faculty Members (%)

ibrary’s copy 57.7

ersonal subscription to print 34.6

hotocopy of library’s copy 34.6

ibrary’s electronic version 26.9

ersonal subscription to electronic version 23.1

ocument delivery service 3.8

ther 23.1

L

P

P

L

P

D

O

Table 5Use of Online Databases in the Past 6 Months

N5 Times 2–3 Times Once Never Never Heard of It

Database Frequency of Response (%)

EbscoHost 50 8 4 27 4

OCLC FirstSearch 15 8 0 34 27

Proquest 15 11 4 27 31

Eric via FirstSearch 4 8 4 31 38

Emerald 19 8 0 27 31

at the time of the study. Another possible explanation for thelow usage of databases is that social scientists are able to obtainmaterials they need from other sources such as through contactwith colleagues both locally and abroad as well as from speciallibraries within the country.

As the library acquires more information via electronicdelivery systems, information professionals must be aware ofhow social scientists are making use of these systems. Thestudy confirms the findings of other studies in both developedand developing countries that journal literature is a staple in theinformation resources of this group of scientists. The study alsorevealed the significant role of informal sources of information.

One finding of the study is that the social scientists at UWIshow a preference for journal articles in electronic format overprint, which is an indicator that they have embraced electronicpublishing and electronic access capabilities. The data alsosuggest that although social science faculty make some use ofthe electronic databases, usage is not well distributed over allthe available database products. It would be easy to suggestthat this finding could signal a need for more aggressivemarketing of database products in order to realize a greatercost/benefit ratio for expensive electronic products. However, itis also true that a great deal of information useful to socialscientists in developing countries is not contained in externaldatabases and this may account for the lackluster use patterns.Locally derived bibliographic databases such as Carindexcould potentially be used to overcome some of this difficulty.

The similarities between the information-seeking behaviorof social scientists at St. Augustine and those found in otherstudies of social scientists in other countries both in thedeveloped and developing world is hardly surprising sincemany of them were socialized in information use through theirtraining and education in developed countries. Many still usetheir contacts with colleagues and travel abroad to procureinformation that is not available through the informationsystem at St. Augustine. In addition to the low use ofdatabases, other contrasting information-seeking behaviorincludes the low use of the document delivery service, whichcould be an indication that this service does not serve the needsof these social scientists.

An understanding of the information-seeking behavior of thisgroup of scientists can be used by information professionals todevelop or re-orientate a strategic plan for information services.One recommendation is for the development of a strategicinformation system which links the centers of social scienceinformation to provide a truly satisfying service to researcherand other users.

Although the study is not generalizable, being a small casestudy at the UWI, St. Augustine, in describing the information-seeking behavior of social scientists in this developing country,the study was able to confirm characteristics of this behaviorwhich have been found in other studies. This lends credence toTaylor’s argument that subsets of professionals have their owndiscernable information use environments that can be discov-ered by analyzing their information-seeking behavior.21 Forexample, the finding concerning the importance of journalliterature as an essential resource is one that is common to allstudies cited in the literature review indicating that thisbehavior transcends context. Regardless of the informationenvironment in which they operate, whether in developed ordeveloping country, journal literature remains an essentialresource for social scientists.

RECOMMENDATIONS

In considering what is necessary to proactively improveinformation resources for social science researchers, it is evidentthat local resources must be strengthened for the reasons alreadydiscussed. This means that the new technological dynamismavailable and affordable to developing countries like Trinidadand Tobago must infuse the delivery of these informationresources and services. For instance, information and dataresources currently in print format can be digitized and dataarchives can be created from the numerous published statisticaldigests. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can beemployed to enhance research by adding another layer of dataand information in areas such as crime, transportation, and landuse, for example. However, real improvements in informationwill not come from the mere addition of new tools. Seriousconsideration of information support to researchers requires avision that is both strategic and sustainable.

A different modus operandi needs to be developed to createopportunities for growth and enhancements in the informationresource capability of the library. Instead of simply formulatinga wish list of new tools that social scientists may use, it seemsmore fruitful to think in terms of a strategic informationsystem. Such a system would extend beyond the universitylibrary to form a network using electronic communication tolink all the resources available in various library, information,and documentation centers in the public and private sectors,nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and regional andinternational organizations. The result would be an enormousinformation resource sharing capability that would satisfy theneeds of social scientists in a way that has never beenexperienced.

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Social science researchers have already expressed a prefer-ence for information in electronic format. The instant recall, ata mouseclick, of data and information would boost theproductivity of both researchers and information professionals.Such an information network would not only improve theaccess local information resources but also the access to theworld literature of the social sciences. A strategic informationsystem of this kind would have many benefits for theCarribbean Social Science community. It would enablecollaborative agreements and partnerships in the acquisitionof full-text databases, multimedia, and other expensiveinformation resources, radically enhance information servicesand resources, and create a much needed sustainable informa-tion support system for researchers, practitioners, and studentsof the social sciences.

NOTES AND REFERENCES

1. Edwin Parker & William Paisley, ‘‘Patterns of Adult InformationSeeking,’’ (Stanford, CA: Institute of Communication Research,Stanford University, 1966).

2. Robert Taylor, ‘‘Information Use Environments.’’ In Progress inCommunication Sciences, edited by H. Voigts & B. Dervin(Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1991) pp. 217–255.

3. Maurice Line, ‘‘InformationUses andNeeds of Social Scientists: AnOverview of INFROSS,’’ ASLIB Proceedings 23 (1971): 412–434.

4. M. White, ‘‘The Communication Behavior of Academic Econo-mists in Research Phases,’’ Library Quarterly 45 (1975): 337–354.

5. Peter Hernon. Use of Government Publications by Social Scientists(Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1979).

6. Margaret Slater, ‘‘Social Scientists’ Information Needs in the1980s,’’ Journal of Documentation 44 (1988): 226–299.

7. Barbara Skelton, ‘‘Scientists and Social Scientists as InformationUsers: A Comparison of Results of Science User Studies with the

72 The Journal of Academic Librarianship

Investigation into Information Requirements of the Social Scien-ces,’’ Journal of Librarianship 5 (1973): 138–155.

8. Mary Folster, ‘‘Information Seeking Patterns: Social Sciences,’’The Reference Librarian 49/50 (1995): 83–93.

9. Jitka Hurych, ‘‘After Bath, Scientists, Social Scientists andHumanists in the Context of Online Searching,’’ Journal ofAcademic Librarianship 12 (1986): 158–165.

10. Brenda Dervin & Michael Nilan, ‘‘Information Needs and Uses,’’Annual Review of Information Science and Technology 21 (1986):3–33.

11. S.P. Agrawal & M. Lal, ‘‘Information Needs of Social Scientists,’’International Library Review 19 (1987): 287–299.

12. Susana Romanos de Tiratel, ‘‘Accessing Information Use byHumanists and Social Scientists: A Study at the Universidad deBuenos Aires, Argentina,’’ Journal of Academic Librarianship 26(2000): 346–354.

13. Ibid., p. 348.14. Sriyani Lleperuma, ‘‘Information Gathering Behavior of Arts

Scholars in Sri Lankan Universities: A Critical Evaluation,’’Collection Building 21 (2002): 22–31.

15. Mary Folster, 1995. ‘‘Information Seeking Patterns: SocialSciences.’’

16. Sriyani Lleperuma, ‘‘Information Gathering Behavior of ArtsScholars in Sri Lankan Universities: A Critical Evaluation.’’

17. Susana Romanos de Tiratel, ‘‘Accessing information Use byHumanists and Social Scientists.’’

18. Hans-Christoph Hobohm, ‘‘Social Science Information andDocumentation—Time for a State of the Art,’’ INSPEL 3 (1999):123–130.

19. Stephen Stoan, ‘‘Research and Information Retrieval amongAcademic Researchers: Implications for Library Instruction,’’Library Trends 39 (1991): 238–258.

20. Michel Menou, Measuring the Impact of Information on Develop-ment (Ottawa: IDRC, 1993).

21. Robert Taylor, ‘‘Information Use Environments.’’ In Progress inCommunication Sciences.