1

THE INFLUENCE OF PREVIOUS AUDIT OPINION GOING CONCERN, AUDIT

QUALITY AND COMPANY’S FACTORS TO AUDIT OPINION GOING CONCERN

Leny Puspitasari

Dwi Cahyono

Universitas Muhammadiyah Jember

ABSRACTION

The prediction on issuing going concern opinion has been major concern for auditor

or shareholders. Today, auditor responsibility is winding, not only in judging the financial

report or detecting a fraud, but also they have to judge the company ability to maintain

company going concern. That happens because there is demand from the shareholders to give

the early warning information about company prospect that influence the investing decision

of the shareholder.

The goals of this research are to predicting the influence of prior audit opinions, audit

quality, financial condition, sales growth, and debt default that exercise by the company with

the chance of receiving going concern audit opinion. This research use Manufacture

Company that listed in Indonesian Stock Exchange between 2007 to 2009 as the sample.

Population of this research is 161 companies. Research sample amounts to 46 companies

selected with purpose sampling method, with observation period of 3 years. The method that

been used to analyses the correlation between variable are logistic regression method.

From the Result, can be concluded that prior audit opinions, financial condition and

debt default significantly to the receiving of going concern audit opinion. Whereas the audit

quality and sales growth not significantly to the receiving of going concern audit opinion.

Keywords : Prior opinions, audit quality, financial conditional, sales growth, debt default,

and going-concern.

I. RESEARCH BACKGROUND

Introduction

Economic crisiss which has happened in Indonesia since 1998 has given a huge bad

financial crisiss. As the effect of it, many companies went bancrupt,many banks collapsed

and many employees got unemployed. Based on BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik) some sectors

had positively growth, there are : agriculture, gas sector, electricity, water supply

sectors,vehicles and communication sectors. Meanwhile manufacturing sectors got the worst

effect of this crisiss (BPS noted almost 13% from this sectors collapsed).

Firms continuity always connected to their management’s ability in term of running

it for the long period of time. Therefore, when company went wront the first people to be

blame is manager or management system. Auditor can also be blamed on because with his or

her opinion which summarize in his or her audit report has been asked to give a

responsibility to give his or her opinion about the continuity of one company. Auditor’s

responsibility is dealing the the opinion given, otherwise the content of financial report is

management responsibility.

Audit opinion going concern (GCAO) is an estimation in company’s financial report

so that when one company is get the contrass condition with its continuity, the company can

be estimated to have a problem. Audit report which modify with going concern is an

indication that in auditor opinion there is a risk that the company cannot survive in their

bisnis. Opinion going concern that has raised unexpectedly by the company influenced to

reducing of share value, difficulty on increasing capital charges, investor’s untrusthty,

creditor, customer, and empolyee to company management. The losing of public trust to the

company’s performance and management will give a significant effect to its continuity in the

future.

3

The factual event shows that many going public companies which get going concern

opinon are mostly manufactures . Moreover, many auditors fail to give going concern opinion

to the company, namely a condition where the unhealthy company get unqualified. Mistakes

made in making the opinion will give a significant effect for the financial report’s users. Can

be assured that the user of it will make the same mistakes. Therefore, in this case auditor

should be aware of potential items which can disturb the company’s continuity. When

economic condition become unpredictable, investors hope auditors give a beginning warning

about the company financial failure(Chen dan Church 1996). This is the reason why auditors

are responsible to evaluate whether a big untrusth with company’s continuity in a certain

period namely notmore than a year after audit report published (SPAP, 2001). Mutchler

(1984) has been doing an interview with a practical auditor, state that a company which

receive audit opinion going concern at the previous year incline to get the same opinion in the

following year. Mutchler (1985) tested the affect of public information availability to audit

opinion going concern prediction, namely audit opinion type that has been accepted by the

company. The result show that analysis discriminant model which enter audit opinion type

the previous year has the highest whole predict accuracy that is 89,9 % compared to the

others.

DeAngelo (1981) state that Big Four auditors have more insentive to avoid from the

reputation destruction critics compared with Non Big Four auditors, including detect and

report the going concern of the klien. Mutchler dkk (1997) dan Ryu dan Roh (2007) found a

univariate evidance that Big 5 or 6 auditors more often incline to give going concern audit

opinion to a company that get financial problem than auditor non-Big 5 atau 6 auditors.

The hesistation of company continuity indicates of bancrupt indikasi. Altman dan

McGough (1974) found that prediction of collapsed level prediction using a prediction model

has an accuracy 82% and suggests the collapsed prediction model as auditor equipment to

decide company’s ability to survive.

Altman (1968) did a research using multivariate approches to predict collapsed

probability a company based on the influence of company’s financial ratio coherent whole.

The research called as Altman Z Score .

Company selling growth shows company growth strenght in its operation. Selling

growth indicates company’s ability to survive. A company which has positive selling growth

has inclination to survive (going concern).

Chen dan Church (1992) found the adding of status variable debt default can

increase R2 sample from 35% to 93%, this is indicated that debt default variable is the most

important variable.Default condition is seen from the difficulty to fill the liabilities, such as

the filled of debt agreement or not doing a payment.

Problem to Discuss

Problem to discuss in this thesis is “ Is audit opinion at the previous year, audit

quality, company financial condition, company’s growth and debt default affected to audit

opinion going concern?”

II. THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK AND HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT

Going Concern Audit Opinion

Going concern is base assume in making financial report, a company can be

assumed not intended or wish to melikuidasi or materially decrease usahanya scale (SAK,

2007). The judgement about company financial health is not the only one goal from audit

proses that did by auditor. But, auditors have responsibility to evaluate going concern. This

has been arranged in Statement on Auditing Standards No. 59 (AICPA, 1988) declares that

auditors should decide whether they sure that their client can survive or not in the future.

Beside arranged in Public Accountant Professional Standart (PAPS), Auditing Interpretation

5

Statement Standart (AISS) No. 30 of Independent Auditor’s Report about The Getting Worst

of Indonesia Economy Crisiss to Company’s Continuity.

AISS considers auditors need to consider three things, namely (1) Auditor’s

obligation to give advise to the clients in uttering economy effect (if necessary) to company’s

ability to mantain its continuity. (2) Utterance of next event that probably appear as the effect

of that economic condition, and (3) Modify audit standart form report if that economy

worsting condition impact to company’s ability in holding out its continuity . Some factors

that cause uncertainty of continuity (Arens, 1997), namely: (1) Continually getting big loss or

unsufficient capital, (2) Company inability to pay its liabilities at due date in short period of

time, (3) The losing of main customers, disaster than hasnot insuranced, and (4) Lawsuit, law

reinforcement or the similar problem happened that can endanger company’s ability to run

the bisnis.

2.1 Relation Between Audit Opinion at The Previous Year and Audit Opinion Going

Concern

Auditee who get audit opinion going concern at the prevous year is consired has

problem in its continuity, so that possibility for auditor to give audit opinion going concern

year of work is getting bigger. Muchler (1985), use dscriminat analysis model by entering

audit opinion at the previous year has the highest prediction accuracy (89,9%). Muchler

(1984), did an iterview with auditor practician who menyatakan company which get audit

opinion going concern at the previous year is more inclinable to get the same opinion at the

year of work.

The previous researches such as research by Rahmadhany (2004), Setyarno dkk

(2006), Praptitorini dan Indira (2007), Santosa dan Linda (2007), Indira (2008), Tamba

(2009), Siahaan (2010) dan Juandini (2011) stronger an evidence that there is a positif

relation between the previous year opinion and giving audit opinion going concern year of

work. If at the previous year a company has accepted audit opinion going concern, so

company’s possibility will be bigger to accept the same opinion at the next year of work.

Based on that condition, it can be assumed into a hypothesis namely :

H1 = Audit opinion at the previous year significantly influence to probability of audit

opinion going concern acceptence.

2.2 Relation Between Audit Quality and Audit Opinion Going Concern

Public company in Indonesia is very selective in choosing auditor service as client

from Public Accountant Office (PAO) surely will be more strive the quality from audit

service that choosen. The pursuit for KAP in Indonesia is to increase audit service that given

to client. The indicators can be seen from auditor’s ability to found any wrong diclosure. The

possibility where the auditor will find wrong diclosure depend on auditor quality of

understanding (competency) meanwhile informing wrong diclosure action depend on auditor

independency.

Audit quality uses auditor reputation proxy based on trusty of auditor service users

that auditors have monitoring strenght that cannot be generally observed. In this case auditor

who is trusted to have quite good reputation called big four. DeAngelo (1981), declare that

auditor in a big scale has more initensive to avoid reputation destruction critics compare with

auditor in small scale. Auditor in a big scale is also more open to disclose currently problem

because they are stronger to face court reinforcement risk. The argument means that auditor

in a big scale has more initiative to detect and report going concern problem.

At the previous researches have been done a test a relationship between auditor and

giving going concern opinion. Mutchler dkk (1985) dan Ryu dan Roh (2007) that found

univariate evidance that auditor in a big scale (Big 5 atau 6) incline to give audit opinion

going concern to a company that has financial problem compared with auditor in a small

scale (non-Big 5 atau 6). Meanwhile at Ramadhany research (2004), Fanny dan Saputra

7

(2005), Setyarno dkk (2006), Praptitorini dan Januarti (2007), Santosa dan Linda (2007) and

Tamba (2009) in which auditor scale variable (Big Four dan Non Big Four) is not

significantly affect to possibility publishing audit opinion going concern by auditor.

Based on that, can be made a prediction in hyphotesis namely :

H2 = Audit quality significantly affect to possibility of giving audit opinion going concern.

2.3 Relation Between Company’s Financial Condition and Audit Opinion Going

Concern

Company’s financial condition is proxied with collapsed prediction analysis Altman

Z Score. Discriminant analysis to predict collapsed is the first warn for the company of its

continuity. Collapsed or bancrupt commonly related to financial distress. Discriminant

analysis Z Score not only used to predict bancrupt, but also used as standart from a whole

company financial performace . Formulae that used is Altman Revision Model :

Z = 0,717Z1 + 0,874Z2 + 3,107Z3 + 0,420Z4 + 0,998Z5

Z1 = Working capital/total asset

Z2 = Retained earnings/total asset

Z3 = Earnings before interest and taxes/total asset

Z4 = Book value of equity/book value of debt

Z5 = Sales/total asset

Mostly previous research used financial ratio to identify company going concern

problem (Chen dan Church, 1992; dan Mutchler, 1985). Altman and Mc Gough (1974),

Mutchler (1985), Menon dan Scwarchtz (1986) investigate the important of financial

variable in explaining modification of going concern opinion. Altman dan McGough (1974)

in Solikah (2007), conclude that collapsed prediction analysis using financial ratios is more

acurate than auditor opinion in clasifying collapsed company and not collapsed.

McKeown and friends (1991) found an evidance that auditor hardly ever give going

concern opinion to company that not having financial distress. This aspect shows company

bancrupt or collapsed (Chen dan Church, 1996) and will cause company is difficult to earn

capital. It has also been said by Indonesian researcher like : Ramadhany (2004), Indira

(2007), Sentosa dan Linda (2007), Siahaan (2010) and Ningtias (2011) that company which

has financial distress significantly influence to probability of accepting audit opinion going

concern.

Based on the condition, we can make a prediction in hyphotesis, namely:

H3 = Financial distress significantly influence to a gift of audit opinion going concern.

2.4 Relation Between Company’ Growth and Audit Opinion Going Concern

In this research, company’s growth proxied with selling growth ratio, it is a ration

that measure how good is a company to maintain its economic position. Selling is a main

activity from manufacture company means mostly of the profit that earned by company in a

certain time influenced by selling that happend in that time. So, The increasing of sellingfrom

year to year will giveabigger opportunity to increase the profit. Company with positively

selling growth ratio will be able to maintain its continuity. The higher selling growth ratio

that has been had by company the smaller the company will get audit opinion going concern

from auditor. The statement above is also sturdied by Fanny and Saputra (2005), Setyarno

dkk (2006), Santosa dan Linda (2007), Siahaan (2010) and Juandini (2011) that found an

evidance that company’s growth isnot significantly influence to audit opinion going concern.

Based on that case, we can make a prediction in hyphotesis namely:

H4 = Company’s growth is significantly influence to give audit opinion going concern.

9

2.5 Relation Between Debt Default and Audit Opinion Going Concern

Going concern indicators that mostly used by auditor in giving audit opinion is a

failure in filling its default (Ramadhany, 2004). One of contast features with assumtion of

going concern is company’s inability in filling the ability at the due date. In SAS 59 explains

that default debt and debt restruction as potential indicator in the relationship with a given of

going concern opinion.

Chen and Church (1992), also Ramadhany (2004), Praptitorini and Januarti (2007),

Indira (2007), Tamba (2009), Diyanti (2010) and Siahaan (2010) shown that debt default

status positively influence to audit opinion going concern acceptance. Based on that case, can

be made as a hyphotesis namely:

H5 = Debt default significantly influence to audit opinion going concern acceptance.

2.6 Theoritical Framework

Based on those hypothesis development to test whether audit opinion at the previous

year, audit quality, financial distress, company’s growth and debt default influence audit

opinion going concern, so we make a theoritical framework below:

III. RESEARCH METHOD

Population

This reseacrh object is a whole go publik company listed in Indonesia Stock

Exchange (IDX) in manufacture line in 2007-2009. Then to make it easier, it has been

selected using purposive sampling method. This purposive sampling method diharapkan can

represent the population and not cause prejudice for research goal. This research sample is

taken using this criteria namely : (1) Whole manufactur company listed in IDX in 2007 until

2009. (2) That companies arenot delistingfrom IDX in period 2007-2009. (3) Publish

Insert

Picture 1

financial statement that has been audit by independent audito per 31 Desember from 2007 to

2009. (4) Having negative earning after taxes at least one financial statement report period in

reseaarch period

Data Analysis Tecnique

Data that collected in the research are being analyzed, used these statystic tools

below :

Hyphotesis Test

Hyphotesis test is done using (logistic regression), because the independent variable

is dicotomy variable or binner variable which has two category. In which the category 1 is

audit opinion going concern (GC) and 0 category is audit opinion non going concern (NGC).

This analysis tecnique doesn’t need normality test clasic assumtion test to dependent

variables (Ghozali, 2006). Regression logistic model that used to test hyphotesis namely :

OPINI = α + β1 OP + β2 AQ + β3 ZSCORE + β4 SGR + β5 DEBT + ε

Dimana :

OPINI = Opini Going Concern (1 jika opini GC, dan 0 opini NGC)

α = Konstanta

β1-β5 = Koefisien Regresi

OP = Opini audit tahun sebelumnya

AQ = Kualitas audit

ZSCORE = Kondisi keuangan perusahaan

SGR = Pertumbuhan perusahaan

DEBT = Debt default

ε = Kesalahan residual

Logistic regression model analysis concern on those things below :

11

1. Judging Regression Model Properity

Regression model properity is judged using Hosmer and Lemeshow’s Goodness of

Fit Test. If statistic value of Hosmer and Lemeshow’s Goodness of Fit higher than 0,05 so

that zero hyphotesis cannot be rejected and means model is able topredict observation

value or can be said that model can be accepted because same as the observation data

(Ghozali, 2006).

The table above shown Hosmer and Lemeshow test result. With significant

probability shown 0.822, significant value that got higher than 0.05. So can be conclude that

regression model is able to predict observation value and desearve to be usedon next

research,because there is no real difference between the clasification that predicted and

clasification that observed.

2. Overall Model Fit

To judge overall Model Fit shown by Log Likelihood value (nilai -2LL), namely by

comparing between -2LL value at the beginning (Block Number = 0), where the model just

entering constanta with -2LL value. When, Block Number = 1,where model entering

constanta and independent variable. If -2LL Block Number = 0 > nilai -2LL Block Number =

1, so showing a good regression model (Ghozali, 2006). Log likelihood in logistic regression

similar to the meaning of “Sum of Square Error” in regression model, the decrease of Log

Likelihood shows that regression model is getting better.

Table 2 shows between beginning -2LL value and -2LL last. Value in beginning -

2LL (Block Number = 0) is 190,264. Meanwhile in last -2LL (Block Number = 1), after

entering five new independent variabels -2LL value get decrease to be 59,671. This

Insert table 1

Insert Table 2

likelihood decreasing shows a better regression model on the other hand model that

hyphotized fit with data. Means the adding of five new independent variables into

researchmodel will revice this research fit model.

3. Parameter Estimation and Intepretation (Regression Coeficient)

Parameter estimation seen from regression coeficient. Regression coeficient done to

test how far all independent variables that entered into model have affects to dependent

variables. Hypothesis tes done by comparing between probability value (sig) with

signification level (α) (Ghozali, 2006).

From data tabulation result using SPSS 16.0 in table 3, we can get logistic regression

model as below :

OPINI = -2,278 + 3,362 OP + 0,824 AQ – 1,289 ZSCORE - 0,002 SGR + 1,618 DEBT

Constanta is -2,278 declare that when a value of audit opinion at the previous year,

audit quality, financial condition, company’s growth and zero debt default, so logit value

audit opinion going concern is -2,278

.

IV. RESULT

Based on analysis data result that goe, so can be discussed about independent

variable that probably influence audit opinion going concern acceptance in manufacture

company, namely:

Test of audit opinion variable at previous year (OP) at table 3 show regression

coeficient is 3,362 and probability (Sig) 0,000. Because the signification level of independent

variable is less than 0,05 so H0 rejected and Ha1 accepted. Therefore can be conclude that

Insert Table 3

13

audit opinion at the previous year is significantly influence to audit opinion going concern

acceptance.

This is because auditor in giving opinion needs consideration, one of it is audit

opinion at the previous year. Auditor will compare the data at year of work with data at the

previous year. Because company financial condition is not showing increasing or decreasing

from the previous year, so auditor publish audit opinion going concern once more.

This empirical result shows that auditor is very aware of going concern opinion that

accepted at the previous year. This is appropriate with Muthcler’s opinion (1985) that

company who get going concern opinion at the previous year is in line to get the same

opinion at the year of work.

This research is consistent with Rahmadhany research (2004), Setyarno dkk (2006),

Praptitorini and Indira (2007), Santosa and Linda (2007), Indira (2008), Tamba (2009),

Siahaan (2010) and Juandini (2011) found an evidence that audit opinion going concern that

has been accepted at the previous year influence auditor decision to publish audit opini going

concern once more.

Variable audit quality that proxied with Public Accountant Office size (AQ) in tablel

3 shows regression coeficient is 0,824 with probability level (sig) is 0,263. This indenpendent

varible has significant lever higher than 0,05 so H0 accepted and Ha2 rejected. Therefore can

be conclude that audit quality isnot significantly influence to probability of audit opinion

going concern acceptance.

This is because when KAP has a good reputation so this KAP will try to maintain

that reputation and avoid from things that can make the reputation getting worse, therefore

they will always be objective to the employees. If the company has a doubth of its continuity

so the opinion that will be get is audit opinion going concern, without considering whether

the auditor is from big KAP or small KAP.

This reseacrh result doesnot support DeAngelo statement (1981) in Kusharyanti

(2003) state that auditor in a big scale has more massively insentive to avoid reputation

worsing critic rather than auditor in a small scale, including to detect and report going

concern problem to the clients. Empirical Penemuan in this research does also not support the

research that has been done by Mutchler and friends (1997) in Setyarno and friends (2006)

and Ryu and Roh (2007) that find univariate evidance that auditor in a big scale (Big 5 atau

6) incline to publish audit opinion going concern to company which has financial distress

compare with auditor in a small scale (non-Big 5 atau 6). But this research result is consisten

with the research which has been done by Fanny and Saputra (2005) that found an evidance

that KAP reputation is less considered by auditor in giving audit opinion going concern.

Besides, this resarch is similar to Ramadhany reseach (2004), Setyarno and friends (2006),

Praptitorini and Januarti (2007), Santosa and Linda (2007) and Tamba (2009) in which

variable auditor scale (Big Four and Non Big Four) doesnot significantly influece to

probability of publishing audit opinion going concern.

Variable company’s financial condition which is proxied with Altman Z Score

(ZSCORE) prediction in table 3 shows regression coeficient is -1,289 with probability level

(sig) is 0,002. Because significant level that is had by independent variable is lower than

0,05, so H0 rejected and Ha3 accepted. Therefore, can be conclude that company’s financial

condition influence to a gift of audit opinion going concern.

This is caused by auditor who is very attentive to company’s financial condition in

givig going concern opinion. Company that has no serious financial distress, doesn’t have

liquidity problem, has sufficient capital, and doesn’t have negative equity, so that company

willnot accept going concern opinion. Meanwhile company with financial distress, likuidity

distress, kekurangan modal kerja, and continuously loss that affected Z Score ratio is low and

has big opportunity accept going concern opinion.

15

This research is consistent with dengan research result that has been done by

Ramadhany (2004), Indira (2007), Sentosa and Linda (2007), Siahaan (2010) and Ningtias

(2011) who found empirical evidance that company with financial distress significantly

influence to probability of audit opinion going concern acceptance.

Variable company’s growth which is proxied with selling growth (SALGR) in table

3shows regresion coeficient is -0,002 with probability level (sig) is 0,901. Since signifcant

level this variable has is higher than 0,05 so H0 accepted and Ha4 rejected. Therefore, can be

conclude that company’s growth doesnot significantly influence to audit opinion going

concern acceptence.

This is caused by unbalance of selling growth with the high increasing of operational

cost so that it has negative earning after taxes then will affect to the decreasing of retained

earning amount. Although company get selling growth but it isnot guarantee that company

donot accept going concern opinion.

This research is consisten with the researches that have been done by Fanny and

Saputra (2005), Setyarno and friends (2006), Santosa and Linda (2007), Siahaan (2010) and

Juandini (2011) that foound evidance that companys growth is not significantly influence to

audit opinion going concern. This research gives adding empirical evidance that positive

selling growth ratio donot guarante company doesn’t accept audit opinion going concern.

The result of debt default variable test in table 3 shows coeficient regresion is 1,618

with probability level (sig) is 0,022. Since significant level of independent variable is lower

than 0,05 so H0 rejected and Ha5 accepted. Therefore, can be conclude that debt default

significantly influence to audit opinion going concern acceptance.

This is caused by many companies fail to fill thier liabilites debt or interest,and this

is an indicator of going concern that mainly used by auditor in judging company’s continuity.

This research is consistent with the previous research by Chen and Church (1992),

and Ramadhany (2004), Praptitorini and Januarti (2007), Indira (2007), Tamba (2009),

Diyanti (2010) and Siahaan (2010) shows that debt default status significantly influence to

audit opinion going concern acceptance.

This research result is also support Public Accountant Professional Standart section

341 (2001) paragraph 6 letter b about other clue of financial distress that cause disturbance of

company’s going concern, namely: debt default.

V. CONCLUSION,LIMITATION AND IMPLICATION

5.1 Conclusion

Based on data analysis and discussion that has been done can be conclude that :

1. Based on test result use logistic regression shows that variable audit opini previous year

significantly influence to audit opinion going concern.

2. Based on test result use logistic regression shows that variable audit quality doesn’t

significantly influence to audit opinion going concern.

3. Based on test result use logistic regression shows that variable financial condition

significantly influence to audit opinion going concern.

4. Based on test result use logistic regression found that variable company’s growth doesn’t

significantly influence to audit opinion going concern.

5. Based on test result use logistic regression shows that variable debt default significantly

influence to audit opinion going concern.

17

5.2 Limitation

1. Population used in this research only manufactures companies listed in Indonesian Stock

Exchange (IDX).

2. This research uses only 3 years period of test.

3. This research uses only five variables to know factors that probably influence to audit

opinion going concern acceptance

5.3 Implication

From those limitation above, the next researches is suggested the thing below:

1. Next researches can be broaden the population, threfore population used in the research

is not only manufacture companies.

2. Besides, next researches can be broaden by adding research period much longer.

3. Entering addition variables such as investor, goverment, creditors, people in society and

so on, so that the research result will be more able to predict publishing audit opinion

going concern more accurately.

Refferences

Altman, E, 1982, Accounting Implications of Failure Predictions Models, Journal of

Accounting, Auditing and Finance, Summer. 4-19.

Altman, E dan McGough, T, 1974, Evaluation of a Company as A Going Concern,

Journal of Accountancy, 50-57.

Arens, Alvin A dan James K. Loebbecke, 1995, Auditing : Suatu Pendekatan Terpadu,

Edisi Revisi Ke Empat, Jilid 1, Penerjemah Amir Abadi Jusuf, Erlangga, Jakarta.

Arikunto, Suharsimi, 2002, Prosedur Penelitian : Suatu Pendekatan Praktek. Edisi

Revisi IV, Rineka Cipta, Jakarta.

Auditing Standars Board, 1988, Statement on Auditing Standards No.59 : The Auditors

Consideration of an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern, New York :

AICPA. www.google.com.

Belkaoui, Ahmed. R, 2000, Teori Akuntansi, Edisi Terjemahan, Jilid 1, Jakarta, Salemba

Empat.

Boynton, William C; Raymond N. Johnson dan Welter G. Kell, 2003, Modern Auditing,

Jilid 1, Edisi Tujuh, Erlangga, Jakarta.

Chen, K. C. W., and B. K. Church, 1992, Default on Debt Obligation and the Issuance of

Going-Concern Report, Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, Fall. 30 – 49.

Chen, K. C. W., and B. K. Church, 1996, Going Concern Opinions and The Market’s

Reaction to Bankruptcy Filings, The Accounting Review, Vol 71 No 1, 117-128.

Cooper, Donal R., 1996, Metode Penelitian Bisnis, Jilid 1, Edisi Kelima, Erlangga,

Jakarta.

Deangelo, L.E., 1981, Auditor Independence, ‘Lowballing’, and Disclosure Regulation,

Journal of Accounting and Economics, p.113-127.

19

Diyanti, Fitri Tri, 2010, Pengaruh Debt Default, Pergantian Auditor, dan Ukuran

Perusahaan Terhadap Penerimaan Opini Audit Going Concern, Skripsi, Program

S1 Jurusan Akuntansi Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Gunadarma Depok.

Djarwanto, Ps., dan Pangestu, Subagyo, 1993, Statistik Induktif, Edisi Keempat, Cetakan

pertama, BPFE, Yogyakarta.

Efferin, Sujoko, dkk, 2008, Metode Penelitian Akuntansi Mengungkapkan Fenomena

dengan Pendekatan Kuantitatif dan Kualitatif, Edisi Pertama, Graha Ilmu,

Yogyakarta.

Fanny, Margaretha dan Sylvia Saputra, 2005, Opini Audit Going Concern : Kajian

Berdasarkan Model Prediksi Kebangkrutan, Pertumbuhan Perusahaan, dan

Reputasi Kantor Akuntan Publik (Studi Pada Emiten Bursa Efek Jakarta,

Simposium Nasional Akuntansi VIII, Solo.

Ghozali, Imam, 2006, Aplikasi Analisis Multivariat dengan Program SPSS, Edisi 4,

Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang.

Gujarati, Damodar, 1978, Ekonometrika Dasar, Edisi Indonesia, Erlangga, Jakarta.

Guy, Dan M; C. Wayne Alderman dan Alan J. Winters, 2002, Auditing, Jilid 1, Edisi 5,

Erlangga, Jakarta.

Hani; Cleary; dan Mukhlasin, 2003, Going Concern dan Opini Audit : Suatu Studi Pada

Perusahaan Perbankan di BEI, Simposium Nasional Akuntansi VI, Surabaya.

Ikatan Akuntansi Indonesia, 2007, Standar Akuntansi Keuangan, Selemba Empat,

Jakarta.

Ikatan Akuntansi Indonesia, 2001, Standar Profesional Akuntan Publik, Selemba Empat,

Jakarta.

Indira, Januarti, 2008, Analisis Pengaruh Faktor Perusahaan, Kualitas Auditor,

Kepemilikan Perusahaan Terhadapan Penerimaan Opini Audit Going Concern

(Perusahaan Manufaktur yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia), Sistem

Informasi, Auditing, Etika Profesi Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang.

Jesan, M. C. and Meckling, W. H, 1976, Theory of the Firm : Managerial Behavior,

Agency Costs and Ownership Structure, Journal of Financial Econamics, Vol 3,

305-360.

Juandini, Wulandari, 2011, Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Opini Audit Going Concern

pada Perusahaan Manufaktur yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia, Skripsi,

Program Studi Strata 1 Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Gunadarma.

Jusuf, Al. Haryono, 2001, Auditing, Buku 1, Bagian Penerbit STIE YKPN, Yogyakarta.

Lenard, Mary Jane, Pervaiz Alam, and David Booth, 2000, An Analysis of Fuzzy

Clustering and a Hybrid Model for Auditor’s Going Concern Assesment, Journal

Decision Sciences (DSI) ISSN: 001-7315, Vol.31, Iss.4, p.861.

Manao, H. dan Nursetyo, Y, 2002, An Audit Quality Comparison Between Large and

Small CPA Firms in Indonesia in the Context of "Going Concern" Opinion :

Evidence Based On Auditees Financial Ratio, Simposium Nasional Akuntansi

V, 36-45.

Menon, K., and K.B. Schwartz, 1986, The Auditor’s Report for Companies Facing

Bankruptcy, The Journal of Commercial Bank Lending, p.42-52.

McKeown, J.C., Mutchler, J.F., ang Hopwood, W., 1991, Towards an Explanation of

Auditor Failure to Modify the audit Opinions of Bankrupt companies,

Auditing: A Journal of practice and theory, p.1-13.

Mutchler, J, 1984, Auditor‘s Perceptions of the Going-concern Opinion Decision,

Auditing : Journal Practice & Theory. Vol.3.17-30.

Mutchler, J., 1985, A Multivariate Analysis of the Auditor's Going Concern Opinion

Decision, Journal of Accouning Research, Autumn, 668-68.

21

Mulyadi, 2002, Auditing, Jilid 2, Edisi 6, Selemba Empat, Jakarta.

Munawir, 1996, Auditing Modern, Edisi Pertama, Badan Balai Penerbitan Fakultas

Ekonomi Universitas Gajah Mada, Yogyakarta.

Muslich, Mohamad, 2000, Manajemen Keuangan Modern (Analisis, Perencanaan, dan

Kebijaksanaan), PT Bumi Aksara, Jakarta.

Ningtias, N. Suprobo, 2011, Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Penerimaan

Opini Audit Going Concern pada Perusahaan Manufaktur yang Terdaftar di

Bursa Efek Indonesia, Skripsi, Program Studi Strata 1 Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas

Diponegoro, Semarang.

Noverio, Rezkhy, 2011, Analisis Pengaruh Kualitas Auditor, Likuiditas, Profitabilitas,

dan Solvabilitas Terhadap Opini Audit Going Concern pada Perusahaan

Manufaktur yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia, Skripsi, Program Studi

Strata 1 Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang.

Petronela, Thio, 2004, Perkembangan Going Concern Perusahaan Dalam Pemberian

Opini Audit, Jurnal Balance, 47-55.

Praptitorini, Mirna Dyah dan Indira Januarti, 2007, Analisis Pengaruh Kualitas Audit,

Debt Default dan Opinion Shopping Terhadap Penerimaan Opini Audit Going

Concern, Simposium Nasional Akuntansi X, IAI-AUEP 10, 1-25.

Prihadi, Toto, 2010, Analisis Laporan Keuangan (Teori dan Aplikasi), Penerbit PPM.

Jakarta Pusat.

Ramadhany, Alexander, 2004, Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Penerimaan

Opini Going Concern pada Perusahaan Manufaktur yang Mengalami Financial

Distress di Bursa Efek Jakarta, Tesis, Program Pascasarjana Studi Magister

Akuntansi Universitas Diponegoro Semarang.

Ruiz, Barbadillo Emilian., Nieves Gomez-Aguilar., Cristina De Fuentes-Barbera and Maria

Antonia Garcia-Benau, 2004, Audit Quality and The Going Concern Decision

Making Process, European Accounting Review, Vol 13 No 4, 597-620.

Ryu, Tae G., 2007, The Auditor’s Going-Concern Opinion Decision, International

Journal Of Business and Economics, vol. 6, No. 2, 89-101.

Santosa, A. Fajar, dan Linda, Kusumaning W., 2007, Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang

Mempengaruhi Kecenderungan Penerimaan Opini Audit Going Concern, JAAI,

Volume 11, No. 2, Desember, 141-158.

Santosa, P. Budi dan Hamdani, Muliawan, 2007, Statistika Deskriptif dalam Bidang

Ekonomi dan Niaga, Penerbit Erlangga, Semarang.

Setyarno, Eko Budi; Indira Januarti dan Faisal, 2006, Pengaruh Kualitas Audit, Kondisi

Keuangan Perusahaan, Opini Audit Tahun Sebelumnya, dan Pertumbuhan

Perusahaan Terhadap Opini Audit Going Concern, Simposium Nasional

Akuntansi IX, Padang.

Siahaan, Martha HS., 2010, Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Penerimaan

Opini Audit Going Concern pada Perusahaan Manufaktur yang Terdaftar di

Bursa Efek Indonesia, Skripsi, Program Strata 1 Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas

Diponegoro, Semarang.

Solikah, Badingatus, 2007, Pengaruh Kondisi Keuangan Perusahaan, Pertumbuhan

Perusahaan dan Opini Audit Tahun Sebelumnya Terhadap Opini Audit Going

Concern, Skripsi, Program Studi Strata 1 Universitas Negeri Semarang.

Sugiono, 2006, Statistika untuk Penelitian, Alfabeta, Bandung.

23

Tamba, Revol Ulung B., 2009, Pengaruh Debt Default, Kualitas Audit, dan Opini Audit

Terhadap Penerimaan Opini Audit Going Concern pada Perusahaan

Manufaktur yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia, Skripsi, Fakultas Ekonomi

Universitas Sumatera Utara.

Uyanto, Stanislaus S., 2009, Pedoman Analisis Data dengan SPSS, Edisi 3, Cetakan

Pertama, Graha Ilmu, Yogyakarta.

CURRICULUM VITAE

1. Nama : Leny Puspitasari,SE

2. Jenis Kelamin : Perempuan

3. Tempat/Tanggal Lahir : 27 Mei 1984

4. Alamat : Jl. Karimata No. 49 Telp.(0331) 336728 Fax (0331) 337957 Jember

PO.BOX 104 Jember 68121

5. Pendidikan : Alumni S1 Akuntansi Universitas Muhammadiyah Jember

Staff Akuntansi dan Perpajakan KopBis TTN Jember

CURRICULUM VITAE

1. Nama : Dwi Cahyono

2. Jenis Kelamin : Laki-Laki

3. Tempat/Tanggal Lahir : Jember, 20 Nopember 1970

4. Alamat Rumah : Perum. Taman Kampus C5. 18 Jember Jawa Timur

5. Hand Phone : 085236228080

6. Pekerjaan : Dosen Tetap Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Muhammadiyah Jember

Konsultan Manajemen dan akuntansi

7. Alamat Kantor : Jl. Karimata No. 49 Telp.(0331) 336728 Fax (0331) 337957 Jember

PO.BOX 104 Jember 68121

Riwayat Pendidikan a. Sekolah Dasar Negeri Tanggul VIII Jember lulus tahun 1983

b. Sekolah Menengah Pertama Negeri 1 Tanggul- Jember lulus tahun 1986

c. Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri 2 Tanggul-Jember lulus tahun 1989

d. Jurusan Akuntanasi Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Muhamadiyah Jember lulus tahun 1995 (SE)

e Magister Sains Akuntansi Universitas Diponegoro Semarang lulus tahun 2002 (MSi)

f. Pendidikan Profesi Akuntansi (PPA) F E Universitas Diponegoro Semarang Lulus tahun 2004 (Akt)

g. Program Doktor Ilmu Ekonomi Universitas Diponegoro Semarang Lulus tahun 2008 (Dr.)

Karya Penelitian dan Publikasi

25

Judul Penelitian Publikasi

a. Pengaruh Jabatan, Budaya Organisasi dan Konflik Peran

terhadap hubungan kepuasan kerja dengan komitmen organisasi

(Studi Empiris di Lingkungan KAP)

Simposium Nasional Akuntansi

IV tahun 2001 Bandung dan

Jurnal Riset Akuntansi Indonesia

tahun 2003

b. Pengaruh Politik Dan Gaya Kepemimpinan Terhadap

Keefektifan Anggaran Partisipatif Dalam Peningkatan Kinerja

Manajemen (Studi Empiris Pada Perguruan Tinggi Swasta)

Simposium Nasional STIE YO

Yogyakarta

Tahun 2002

c. Etika Kerja Islam Sebagai Mediasi Hubungan Antara

Komitmen Organisasi dengan Perubahan Organisasi

(Studi Kasus di Universitas Muhammadiyah Jember)

Simposium Nasional Ekonomi

Islam di UII Yoyakarta Tahun

2002

d. Kepuasan Kerja dan Komitmen Organisasi sebagai mediasi

Profesionalisme dengan Intensi Keluar (Studi Empiris Pada

Internal Auditor Perusahaan Manufactur)

Simposium Nasional Akuntansi

VI Surabaya di Universitas

Airlangga tahun 2003

e Pengaruh Mentoring Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja, Konflik

Peran Dan Prestasi Kerja Serta Niatan Untuk Pindah

(Studi Empiris Di Lingkungan Kantor Akuntan Publik)

Simposium Nasional Akuntansi

VIII Solo di Universitas Sebelas

Maret tahun 2005

f. Modeling Turnover And Their Antecedents Using The Locus

Of Control As Moderation: Empirical Study Of Public

Accountant Firms In Java Indonesia

Simposium Nasional Akuntansi X

di Universitas Hassanudin

Makassar tahun 2007

g Pengaruh Moderasi Sistem Pengendalian Manajemen Dan

Inovasi Terhadap Kinerja (Studi Empiris Pada Perusahaan

Manufaktur di Indonesia)

Simposium Nasional Akuntansi X

di Universitas Hassanudin

Makassar tahun 2007