The Industrial Revolution1730 - 1830

The Industrial Revolutionis called a revolution because it changed society rapidly and significantly.brought a shift from agriculture to modern industry.

Agricultural Revolution

New World crops like potato, corn and other high-yield crops introduced to EuropeCrop rotation began“Enclosure” allowed for private farmingNew technologies increased efficiency and productivity of farms

Britain takes the lead

Land and ResourcesLaborCapital

Regions of Spread

Began in BritainSpread through Belgium France German Then to Japan And the United States

The Phases

1730 – 1770 – inventions that made work in textiles easier – relied on water power1770 – 1792 – new inventions improved upon, mainly for the cotton industry, BUT needed more powerful energy source, led to1792 – 1830 – steam power – more efficient1830 – transportation advances, locomotives

Spinning Jenny – James Hargreaves

Flying Shuttle

John Kay

1733

Eli Whitney – cotton gin - 1793

SO ………

UrbanizationAlmost half of the population was free to leave the farms and move to cities1800 – only 20 cities in Europe with pop. of >100,0001900 – 150 cities had populations of this size, London had 5 million peopleIreland is the exception – 1840s

The effects were . . .economic activities changed from agriculture to manufacturingproduction shifted from the home to factorieslarge populations moved to the citiesEnd of slavery in industrial areas, why?

Areas of Changemachines power to run the machines – what kind of power?laborcommunicationtransportation

Need for resources

Where to the European nations go for the increasing need for resources? They have lost their colonies. Their own resources and finances

start to become insufficient for their needs.

So …

Famous Inventors of the Era

John KayJames HargreavesRichard ArkwrightEdward Cartright

Gottlieb DaimlerGeorge StephensonGuglielmo MarconiJames Watt

Which method is more efficient and productive?

Guglielmo Marconi – radio – 1890s

Famous Inventors of the Era con’t

Alexander Graham Bell Cyrus McCormick Eli Whitney George Washington Carver Henry FordIsaac M. SingerJohn Deere

Louis PasteurLuther BurbankRobert Fulton Samuel ColtSamuel MorseSamuel SlaterThomas EdisonWilbur and Orville Wright

Other advancementsPasteurization - The process of pasteurization was created by Louis Pasteur.  Pasteur's aim was to destroy bacteria, molds, spores etc.  He discovered that the destruction of bacteria can be performed by exposing them to certain minimum temperature for certain minimum time and the higher the temperature the shorter the exposure time required.What does the mean for the general population?http://www.anarac.com/pasteurization.htm

Condition of WorkersWith interchangeable parts and assembly lines came social costs, particularly for women and children:16-hour daysUnderpaid for workDangerous work with no insurance or protectionChildren as young as six went to work – Why?Women worked in factories and at homeHOW DOES GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY RESPOND TO THESE ILLS.

Cripples in the Yard of the Children's Home in LondonSource: www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk

New York City, March 25, 1911

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

On the other side of the coin

Karl Marx – pointed out that workers had genuine opportunities but were being exploited as a consequence of capitalismThe Communist Manifesto – 1848 – written with Friedrich Engels – working class would revolt and take control of production – example the Luddities in England (early 1880s)

Marxism served as the foundation of socialism and communism

Trade or Labor Unions

ReformsSlave Trade outlawed – 1807Slavery outlawed in England – 1833 What replaces this labor force?

Factory Act of 1833 British parliament passed Limiting work hours Restricting children from working in factories Safer, cleaner factories Mines Act of 1842 Ten Hours Act of 1847 –women and children

under 18

Reactions - Realism

Literary Charles Dickens

His REALISTIC novels focused on lower classes of the IR and showcased the brutal life of the urban poor. Reaction to the Romanticism of the 18th

century

Reactions

Art Gustave Courbet

French Realist painter who focused on everyday life.

The Stone Breakers, 1849

New Social Pyramid

New Aristocrats – rich based on industrial successMiddle class – managers, accountants, ministers, lawyers, doctors, skill professionalsWorking class – HUGE CLASS – factory workers and peasant farmers

Rise of Industrial ClassAdam Smith – The Wealth of Nations (1776) – free-market system (capitalism) meets the needs and desires of individuals and nations.Laissez-faire capitalismWhat is the effect of these economic ideas?Encouraged the rise of private investment – British East India CompanyWhat is the capital and resources going to come from for this industrial rise?

Scientific Advancements

Natural Selection – Charles Darwin's theory of biological evolution, based on the survival and replication of the fittest and most adaptable genes, through competition over limited natural resources.

Influences later social ideas through Social Darwinism.

Social Darwinism

Darwin himself recommended that his views based on evolution be applied to ethical understanding and social sciences. Darwin said the following to H. Thiel in a letter in 1869:

You will readily believe how much interested I am in observing that you apply to moral and social questions analogous views to those which I have used in regard to the modification of species. It did not occur to me formerly that my views could be extended to such widely different, and most important, subjects.

With the struggle in nature also being accepted as being in human nature, conflicts in the name of racism, Fascism, Communism, and imperialism, and the efforts of strong peoples to crush peoples they perceived as weaker were by now clothed in a scientific façade. It was now impossible to reproach or obstruct those who carried out barbarous massacres, treated human beings like animals, turned peoples against each other, who despised others on account of their race, who closed down small businesses in the name of competition, and who refused to extend the hand of help to the poor. Because they were doing this in accordance with a "scientific" natural law.

This new scientific account came to be known as "Social Darwinism." The Disasters Darwinism Brought To Humanity by Yahya

Capitalism

Private propertymarket systemscompetitionlaissez faireprofit motive

Humanitarian Reforms

UtilitariansHumanitarian LiberalismEarly Labor movementsEarly Factory Reforms

Utilitarians

Jeremy Bentham - founder of Utilitarianism -- simply put, the

philosophy that a moral act is one which produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. He outlined this theory in his 1789 work, Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. His outlook made him a vocal critic of many legal and political institutions, and he was considered quite radical for his day.

goal of actions should be to achieve the greatest good for the greatest numberthe state can be “ominicompetent”-fit to undertake anything for the general welfare

Humanitarian Liberals

John Stuart Mill and Charles Dickenspositive remedies to modify laissez faireworkers should be allowed to unionizeform cooperativesstate should protect laboring women and childrenuniversal suffragepublic education --equally open to men and women“On Liberty” classic statement on the liberty of the individual

Early Labor Movements

Strikes were illegal, but there were manywanted higher wages and better working conditionsEuropeans and Americans regarded unions as illegal1870 Parliament passed a law that permitted strikescollective bargaining accepted in 20th century

Early Reforms

Examples from Britain1819 prohibited employment of children under 9 in cotton millscouldn’t work more than 12 hours a day1832 women prohibited from working in mines

1847 Ten Hours act--women and children in mills

SuffrageWomen were seen as second class citizens and incapable of the mental capacity to vote

Conservatives – against women voting, worried they would vote for liberal or labour.

Liberals worried if property owning women were given the vote then they would vote conservative

Labour, started in 1900, were in favour of female suffrage but wanted all working class women to get the vote first.

Suffrage

From 1850 women gained educational, civil and political equality.

Suffragists National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies Established 1897 by

Millicent Fawcett (England).

Methods – peaceful protest, petitions to government and propaganda – “The Suffragist.”

The Suffragettes – Women’s Social and Political Union – 1903 founded by Emmeline Pankhurst. “Deeds not words.” More militant actions.

Why did women not have the vote by 1914?

Government Attitudes and Actions.

Attitude of public and press.

Actions of the Suffragettes.

Actions of the suffragists.

Splits in the suffrage movement.

Socialism

Kinds of socialismUtopianDemocraticScientificDefinition--major means of production and distribution are communally owned

Utopian

Convert by example--”persuasion and demonstration”model communitiesRobert Owen - The founder of socialism in England. Was born of poor parents in Newtown, Montgomeryshire, 1771. In 1800 he became owner of the New Lanark Cotton Factory, where he proceeded to put in practice his theories of a new system of society. He afterwards made unsuccessful attempts to establish communistic settlements at New Harmony in America (1825), and Harmony Hall in Hampshire (1844). To his efforts may be traced the first factory legislation, the cooperative movement, and the establishment of infant schools. Died 1858. (www.sacklunch.net)

Democratic

Peaceful conversiondemocratic partiesmajor means of production and distribution owned by the statewelfare stategraduated taxes

Scientific Socialism

Marxism/communismeconomic determinismclass struggleinevitability of communismdictatorship of the proletariatclassless societystate will “wither away”“From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs.”Communist Manifesto

Imperialism

So where do the capitalist nations of the West go to feed the beast of the Industrial Revolution?

That’s another lecture!