THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. VOCABULARY VOCABULARY Pathogens = viruses, bacteria, microorganisms that cause disease

THE IMMUNE THE IMMUNE SYSTEMSYSTEM

THE IMMUNE SYSTEMTHE IMMUNE SYSTEM

VOCABULARYVOCABULARY


Pathogens = Pathogens = viruses, bacteria, viruses, bacteria, microorganisms that cause diseasemicroorganisms that cause disease


Antigen = Antigen = any substance that causes an any substance that causes an immune responseimmune response (viruses, bacteria, or (viruses, bacteria, or combination of proteins from a different combination of proteins from a different body)body)


Antibodies = Antibodies = proteins in the blood that bind proteins in the blood that bind to help destroy foreign substances in the to help destroy foreign substances in the bodybody

VOCABULARYVOCABULARY Immunity = Immunity = the ability of the body to fight the ability of the body to fight

infection through the production of infection through the production of antibodies or cells that deactivate foreign antibodies or cells that deactivate foreign substances or cellssubstances or cells

HOW OUR BODY HOW OUR BODY FIGHTS INFECTIONS FIGHTS INFECTIONS

AND DISEASESAND DISEASES

Our Lines of DefenseOur Lines of Defense

First line of defenseFirst line of defense

Physical and chemical barriers:Physical and chemical barriers: Skin and membranesSkin and membranes are physical are physical

barriersbarriers Sweat, tears, saliva areSweat, tears, saliva are chemical barriers chemical barriers MucusMucus traps particles traps particles Stomach acidStomach acid kills bacteria in food kills bacteria in food

The Second Line of DefenseThe Second Line of DefenseThe Inflammatory ResponseThe Inflammatory Response

Swelling, redness, warmth, and painSwelling, redness, warmth, and pain Infected cells secrete chemicals that Infected cells secrete chemicals that

increase blood flow to the areaincrease blood flow to the area White blood cells ingest White blood cells ingest pathogen and pathogen and

damaged tissuedamaged tissue (pus) (pus) Pus drains out or is reabsorbedPus drains out or is reabsorbed If pathogen is a virus, infected cells If pathogen is a virus, infected cells

produce produce interferoninterferon which blocks which blocks reproduction of a virusreproduction of a virus

The Inflammatory ResponseThe Inflammatory Response

The Third Line of DefenseThe Third Line of DefenseThe Immune ResponseThe Immune Response

An immune response which includes bone An immune response which includes bone marrow, white blood cells, and lymphatic marrow, white blood cells, and lymphatic systemsystem

The Immune ResponseThe Immune Response White blood cells (lymphocytes)White blood cells (lymphocytes) B lymphocytes (B cells) B lymphocytes (B cells) produce antibodiesproduce antibodies T lymphocytes (t cells) T lymphocytes (t cells) attack foreign cells directlyattack foreign cells directly Primary immune responsePrimary immune response

• 1st exposure1st exposure – not much response the first 5 – not much response the first 5 days, then gradual rise in # of antibodies over days, then gradual rise in # of antibodies over the next 10-15 daysthe next 10-15 days

• 2nd exposure2nd exposure – high levels of antibodies – high levels of antibodies within the first 1-2 dayswithin the first 1-2 days

The Immune ResponseThe Immune Response

Types of ImmunityTypes of Immunity


Active immunityActive immunity Body produces its own antibodies (T cells) to Body produces its own antibodies (T cells) to

attack an antigenattack an antigen Examples: Examples:

–having chicken pox only once having chicken pox only once –getting a vaccine of a dead or weakened getting a vaccine of a dead or weakened

virus (you develop immunity without virus (you develop immunity without getting ill with the diseasegetting ill with the disease


Passive immunityPassive immunity A person is given antibodies from the blood of A person is given antibodies from the blood of

another personanother person Examples –Examples –

– Fetus protected by the mother’s bloodFetus protected by the mother’s blood– Baby protected when nursingBaby protected when nursing

DISEASESDISEASES

A condition that prevents the body from A condition that prevents the body from working the way it shouldworking the way it should

Results in the body failing to maintain Results in the body failing to maintain homeostasishomeostasis

Human diseases usually are a result Human diseases usually are a result of any of the followingof any of the following

1.1. PathogensPathogens

a)a) Foreign invader organismsForeign invader organisms

2.2. Abnormal cellsAbnormal cells

a)a) May lead to cancerMay lead to cancer

3.3. Toxic substancesToxic substances

a)a) Lead poisoningLead poisoning

b)b) Radiation poisoningRadiation poisoning


4.4. Poor nutritionPoor nutrition

a)a) Scurvy – Scurvy – vitamin C deficiencyvitamin C deficiency

b)b) Goiter – Goiter – iodine deficiencyiodine deficiency

5.5. Organ malfunctionOrgan malfunction

a)a) Heart attackHeart attack

b)b) DiabetesDiabetes

6.6. Inherited diseasesInherited diseases

a)a) Down syndromeDown syndrome

b)b) Cystic fibrosisCystic fibrosis

c)c) Sickle cell anemiaSickle cell anemia


Risky personal behaviorRisky personal behaviora)a) Lung cancerLung cancer

b)b) Drug addiction Drug addiction

c)c) Skin cancerSkin cancer

PATHOGENSPATHOGENS(organisms that cause disease)(organisms that cause disease)

andandTHE DISEASES THEY CAUSETHE DISEASES THEY CAUSE

VIRUSESVIRUSES

Composed of nucleic Composed of nucleic acid and protein, will acid and protein, will reproduce when they reproduce when they invade living cellsinvade living cells

Examples:Examples:

Common cold, the flu, Common cold, the flu, HIV, chicken poxHIV, chicken pox

BACTERIABACTERIA One celled organisms (least harmful to man)One celled organisms (least harmful to man) Examples:Examples:

Strep throat, syphilis, food poisoningStrep throat, syphilis, food poisoning Treat with antibiotics (penicillin)Treat with antibiotics (penicillin)

FUNGIFUNGI

Organism made of Organism made of one of many cellsone of many cells

Yeasts and moldsYeasts and molds Examples:Examples:

athlete’s foot, ringwormathlete’s foot, ringworm Treated with Treated with

fungicides and fungicides and antibioticsantibiotics

RingwormRingworm

Athlete’s FootAthlete’s Foot

PROTOZOANSPROTOZOANS

Single celled Single celled parasitesparasites

Examples:Examples:

tapeworms and tapeworms and leachesleaches

malaria, heartworm (in malaria, heartworm (in dogs and cats)dogs and cats)

DISEASESDISEASES

CANCERCANCER

Life threatening disease where abnormal cells Life threatening disease where abnormal cells multiply uncontrollably and destroy healthy tissuemultiply uncontrollably and destroy healthy tissue

Often caused by Often caused by genetic mutationsgenetic mutations The resulting mass is called a tumorThe resulting mass is called a tumor

• Benign tumor = Benign tumor = noncancerousnoncancerous• Malignant = Malignant = cancerouscancerous

Cancer cells steal nutrients needed by other cells, Cancer cells steal nutrients needed by other cells, block nerve conductions, prevent organs they block nerve conductions, prevent organs they invade from functioning properlyinvade from functioning properly

CAUSES OF CANCERCAUSES OF CANCER

1.1. VirusesViruses• Small number of cancers are caused by virusesSmall number of cancers are caused by viruses• Viruses cause normal cells to become cancerousViruses cause normal cells to become cancerous

2.2. RadiationRadiation• Sunlight, nuclear, X-rays produce mutations in the Sunlight, nuclear, X-rays produce mutations in the

DNADNA3.3. ChemicalsChemicals

• Carcinogens cause mutations in the DNACarcinogens cause mutations in the DNA4.4. Genetic tendency to develop a type of cancerGenetic tendency to develop a type of cancer

• Breast cancer, colon cancerBreast cancer, colon cancer

VACCINESVACCINES

Made using Made using pathogenspathogensTreat the pathogen Treat the pathogen to weaken or kill itto weaken or kill it Inject the altered pathogen into the person Inject the altered pathogen into the person

(this doesn’t cause the disease, just (this doesn’t cause the disease, just stimulates the body to develop immunity to stimulates the body to develop immunity to the disease)the disease)

The immune system The immune system “remembers” the “remembers” the diseasedisease and will kill it off quickly if a person and will kill it off quickly if a person is exposed again.is exposed again.

DAMAGE TO THE IMMUME DAMAGE TO THE IMMUME SYSTEMSYSTEM

ALERGIESALERGIES

A rapid and over reaction of the immune A rapid and over reaction of the immune system to environmental substancessystem to environmental substances

Examples:Examples:Food, pollen, chemicals in insect bitsFood, pollen, chemicals in insect bits HistaminesHistamines – are released by cells in the – are released by cells in the

respiratory tract that increases blood flow to respiratory tract that increases blood flow to the area and increases mucus productionthe area and increases mucus production

AntihistaminesAntihistamines – reduces the effects of – reduces the effects of histamines and the symptoms they causehistamines and the symptoms they cause

AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERSAUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS

When the body’s immune system attacks its own When the body’s immune system attacks its own cellscells

Examples:Examples:• Rheumatoid arthritis – Rheumatoid arthritis – destructive inflammation of destructive inflammation of

the jointsthe joints• Type I diabetes – Type I diabetes – autoimmune reaction against the autoimmune reaction against the

insulin producing cells of the pancreasinsulin producing cells of the pancreas• Multiple sclerosisMultiple sclerosis – nerve disease from the – nerve disease from the

destruction of the outer portion of the nerve cellsdestruction of the outer portion of the nerve cells

AIDSAIDSAcquired immune deficiency syndromeAcquired immune deficiency syndrome

This is the diseaseThis is the disease

HIVHIVHuman immune deficiency virusHuman immune deficiency virus

This virus causes AIDSThis virus causes AIDS

The virus grows within the immune system and is The virus grows within the immune system and is not affected by the antibodiesnot affected by the antibodies

This cripples the immune system and the body This cripples the immune system and the body cannot fight off infections and forms of cancer that cannot fight off infections and forms of cancer that would normally have little effect on a personwould normally have little effect on a person

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THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. VOCABULARY VOCABULARY Pathogens = viruses, bacteria, microorganisms that cause disease