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The IEEE 7th Technical Exchange Meeting April 18-19, 2000
Overview OfOverview Of
The Photovoltaic Power SystemThe Photovoltaic Power System
Mohammed A. Al-JofaishMohammed A. Al-Jofaish
Saudi Aramco/Consulting Services Department
Presentation’s OutlinePresentation’s Outline
Photovoltaic (PV) Theory PV System’s Components Design Strategy & Considerations Applications Advantages & Disadvantages Summary
P
hotovoltaic Theory
Photovoltaic T
heory
p-Silicon
n-Silicon
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
- - - - - - - - - -
PV System’s Components PV System’s Components
Solar Array Storage Batteries Charge Controller (Regulator) Inverter (For AC Systems Only)
Photovoltaic SystemPhotovoltaic System
Battery
PV Array
Charge Controller
PV System’s Components PV System’s Components
Load
PhotovoltaicArray
Battery Bank
Inverter(AC loads)
Charge Controller
Design Strategy Design Strategy PV Array:PV Array:
Type Selection Sizing Climate & Geographical Location
Considerations
Design Strategy Design Strategy PV Array Types:PV Array Types:
Type Efficiency Cost Economical Feasibility
Crystalline Silicon (c-Si)
High 15-24%
High Low
Single Junction
Low 5-10%
Low Medium Amorphous Silicon (a-Si)
Multi-Junction
Medium 7.5-13%
Low High
Design Strategy Design Strategy PV Array Sizing:PV Array Sizing:
De-rating Factors Aging 20% Dirt Accumulation 20% Future Growth 10%
Recharging Period 4 days
System Voltage Load Profile
Design StrategyDesign StrategyPV Array Climate & PV Array Climate & Geographical Location:Geographical Location:
Solar Insolation (Radiation) Effective Sun Hours Array Orientation
Direction (Toward South) Tilt Angle
Fixed Angle (Latitude + 10 Degrees) Adjustable (Sun Tracking)
Sun InsolationSun Insolation
5.0 kW/m2/day5.0
Photovoltaic Arrays FieldPhotovoltaic Arrays Field
Photovoltaic Arrays FieldPhotovoltaic Arrays Field
Photovoltaic Arrays FieldPhotovoltaic Arrays Field
Design Strategy Design Strategy Storage Battery:Storage Battery:
Type Selection Sizing Environment Considerations
Design Strategy Design Strategy Storage Battery:Storage Battery:
Type Selection Type Selection (cyclic application)(cyclic application)
Tubular Plate Lead-Acid Pocket Plate Nickel-Cadmium
System Voltage Load Profile Backup Time (Autonomy) 7 days
De-rating Factors Lead-Acid Ni-CadAging 25% 10%
Temp. Compensation 19% 14%
Design 10% 10%
Design Strategy Design Strategy Storage Battery:Storage Battery:
SizingSizing
No Temperature Control Temp. Compensation Outdoor Battery Enclosure Shade Requirement
Design Strategy Design Strategy Storage Battery:Storage Battery:
Environment ConsiderationsEnvironment Considerations
Design Strategy Design Strategy Charge Regulator:Charge Regulator:
Type Selection Single Stage Multistage
Sizing(Array Rated Currents) Temperature Compensation
Lead-Acid -5mV/oC/cell Ni-Cad -3mV/oC/cell
Low Voltage Disconnect Lead-Acid 1.85V/cell Ni-Cad 1.15V/cell
ApplicationsApplications
Cathodic Protection Systems Telecommunications Systems SCADA Systems Offshore Platforms Highway Lighting Remote Homes Irrigation Water Pumping
AdvantagesAdvantages
Reliable No Fuels Low Maintenance Long-term Savings No Pollution No Noise
$ $ $
DisadvantagesDisadvantages
High Initial Cost (3-10 times)
Specialized Maintenance Batteries Power Conditioning Equipment
Large Space
$
$
$
$
$ $
SummarySummary
Despite
the disadvantages
of the photovoltaic power,
there are many applications where
the PV is the only choice
that is economically
justifiable.
THE ENDTHE END
QUESTIONS ?QUESTIONS ?
