The Ideal Amino Acid Profile and Requirement for Broilers and

Broiler Breeders

Queretaro Mexico

Dr. Craig N. CoonPoultry Science Department,

University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701

Email:ccoon@uark.edu

PROTEIN COSTS

ENVIRONMENTAL

PROBLEMS

HEAT STRESS

Minimize Uric Acid Production

in Broilers, Pullets, Layers, and

Breeders

Each Mole of Uric Acid Requires

Approximately 3.75 ATP’s of

Metabolic Energy

Process is Less

Efficient Than Mammals

Producing

Urea

Utilize Digestible Amino Acids

for Feed Formulations

ILEAL DIGESTIBLE AMINO

ACIDS

Bryden and Li, 2004

Utilize Ideal Amino Acid Profile

for Formulating Amino Acid

Requirements

An Ideal Amino Acid Profile is not a

Quantitative Value but is the

Optimum Relationship of Amino

Acids Compared to Each Other

Dietary Ideal Amino Acid

Profile for BW and FCR

Similar to Carcass Amino Acid

Profile

Ideal Amino Acid Profile

Digestible Amino Acid Starter Feed Grower Feed Finisher Feed

Lysine 100 100 100

Methionine + Cystine 74 76 78

Methionine 37 38 39

Threonine 65 66 67

Valine 75 76 77

iso-Leucine 67 68 69

Arginine 103 104 105

Tryptophan 16 16 16

Starter D. Lys:1.27%, Grower D. Lys: 1.10%, Finisher D.

Lys:0.97%

Slight changes to amino acid ratios based on field studies

and revision of literature.

Hubbard Classic

Ideal Protein Profile

AGE(D) 0/14 15/35 35 + LYS 100 100 100 TSAA 74 78 82 MET 41 43 45 THR 66 68 70 TRP 16 17 18 ARG 105 107 109 VAL 76 77 78 ILE 66 67 68 LEU 107 109 111 D. LYS,% 1.23 1.06 0.90

Hubbard, 2008

IDEAL AMINO ACID

CONCENTRATION

• Modern broiler genotypes respond to ideal

protein in the diet in a linear manner,

Wijtten et al., (2004a); Plumstead et al.,

(2005).

• The decision that needs to be taken is

what level leads to maximum returns.

• Protein nutrition may impact on the lifetime

performance of the chick, Wijtten et al.,

(2004b)

Ideal Protein and Return and economic

return (After Wijtten et al., 2004)

y = -0.0022x2 + 0.046x + 1.1542

R2 = 1

y = 0.0054x2 - 0.0896x + 1.9623

1.1

1.15

1.2

1.25

1.3

1.35

1.4

9 10 11 12 13 14

Lysine (g/kg)

kg

1.60

1.65

1.70

1.75

1.80

1.85

1.90

kg

/kg

Gain FCR Poly. (Gain) Poly. (FCR)

Kleyn, 2005, Arkansas Nutrition Conference

Amino Acid Requirements may

be different for weight gain,

FCR, breast meat yield, and fat

deposition

Amino Acid Requirements

Order of Use

• Maintenance Lowest Req.

• Feather Growth and Development

• Weight Gain

• Breast Meat Yield = Feed Conversion

Ratio

• Abdominal Fat Reduction Highest Req.

Nutrient Density

Nutrient requirements - expressed as “ nutrient per unit of energy in the diet”.

Calorie:Protein ratios

– There is some doubt as to validity with

modern high yielding strains

– Still used quite often as a basic tool

• Narrower the ratio, the higher the protein level

is in relation to energy

Ross 308

g Dig AA/1000 kcal MEAGE(D) 0-10 11-24 25 + CP,% 23.5 22 21

ME,kcal/kg 3025 3150 3200 D.TRP .661 .571 .500

D.SAA 3.107 2.667 2.375

D.LYS 4.198 3.492 3.031

D.THR 2.744 2.318 2.031

D.ARG 4.331 3.619 3.188

D.VAL 3.140 2.667 2.344

ME/CP 129 143.2 152.3

Aviagen, 2008

Hubbard Classic

g Dig AA/1000 kcal MEAGE(D) 0-10 11-26 26 + CP,% 23.0 21 19

ME,kcal/kg 3025 3075 3175 D.TRP .647 .611 .561

D.SAA 2.735 2.619 2.463

D.LYS 3.577 3.385 3.127

D.THR 2.365 2.249 2.093

D.ARG 4.061 3.856 3.580

D.VAL 2.830 2.683 2.486

ME/CP 132 146 167

Hubbard, 2008

Response to nutrient density

(After Saleh et al., 2004)

y = 5E-05x2 - 0.0153x + 1.8353

R2 = 0.9609

y = -0.0019x2 + 0.0305x + 2.0853

R2 = 0.8898

4.5

4.6

4.6

4.7

4.7

4.8

4.8

4.9

4.9

5.0

1376 1393 1411 1429 1447 1464 1483 1500 1518 1536

ME Kcal/lb

lbs

1.60

1.65

1.70

1.75

1.80

1.85

lb/l

b

Weight FCR Poly. (FCR) Poly. (Weight)

Kleyn, 2005, Arkansas Nutrition Conference

With High Feed Energy Costs

Can We Feed Lower

Concentrations of Amino

Acids with Low Energy Diets

for Modern Broiler Strains?

Weight gain of 21 day old broilers fed increasing

balanced protein to energy ratios with different ME

levels

520

540

560

580

600

620

640

2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

Dig. Lys:ME, g/Mcal

Weig

ht

gain

,g

3000 kcal ME/kg

3100 kcal ME/kg

3200 kcal ME/kg

Bellaver et al., 2002

Weight gain of 21 d old broilers fed BP with 3 ME levels

700

720

740

760

780

800

820

840

860

3 3.5 4 4.5

Dig. Lys:ME,g/Mcal

Weig

ht

gain

,g

3000 kcal ME/kg

3100 kcal ME/kg

3200 kcal ME/kg

Plumstead,2005

Weight gain of 14-35 d broilers fed BP with 3 ME

levels

1650

1670

1690

1710

1730

1750

1770

3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9

Dig.Lys:ME,g/Mcal

Weig

ht

gain

,g

3100 kcal ME/kg

3240 kcal ME/kg

3380 kcal ME/kg

Lemme et al., 2003

Feed intake of 14-35 d broilers fed BP with 3 ME levels

2550

2600

2650

2700

2750

2800

2850

2900

3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9

Dig.Lys:ME,g/Mcal

Feed

in

take,g

3100 kcal ME/kg

3240 kcal ME/kg

3380 kcal ME/kg

Lemme et al., 2003

AGRI-STATS AVERAGE 1997

NUTRIENT SPECS-BROILERSAGE(D) 0-14 14-35 35-42 42-56CP,% 22 20 18 16

ME,kcal 3085 3162 3240 3305

MET,% .58 .54 .47 .49

SAA,% .93 .87 .77 .75

LYS,% 1.24 1.10 .97 .90

THR,% .84 .75 .70 .66

NPP,% .45 .40 .35 .30

Ca,% 1.0 .9 .8 .8

AGRI-STATS AVERAGE 2007

NUTRIENT SPECS-BROILERSAGE(D) 0-18 18-36 36-46 46-55 CP,% 22 20 18 17

ME,kcal 3058 3128 3181 3203

TRP,% .26 .23 .19 .18

SAA,% .98 .91 .81 .78

LYS,% 1.32 1.18 1.02 .97

THR,% .90 .81 .70 .68

NPP,% .45 .41 .36 .33

Ca,% .92 .84 .77 .74

NUTRIENT SPECS-

BROILERS, Feedstuffs 2009AGE(D) 0-16 17-28 29-41 42+ CP,% 22 20 18 16

ME,kcal 3050 3100 3150 3200 D.TRP,% .20 .18 .16 .14

D.SAA,% .86 .78 .72 .70

D.LYS,% 1.22 1.15 1.00 .95

D.THR,% .74 .72 .65 .60

D.ARG,% 1.35 1.25 1.10 1.00

NPP,% .45 .41 .38 .36

Ca,% .95 .92 .89 .85

Ross 308 Straight Run-1.9 kgs

Nutrient Starter Grower Finisher

CP, % 22-25 21-23 19-23

ME, kcal/kg

3025 3150 3200

D.Lys,% 1.27 1.10 0.97

D.M+C, % 0.94 0.84 0.76

Ca, % 1.05 0.90 0.85

AvP, % 0.50 0.45 0.42

Days Fed 10 14 12

Aviagen, 2008

Hubbard Classic

Straight Run-1.5 kgs

Nutrient Starter Grower Finisher

CP, % 22-24 20-22 18-20

ME, kcal/kg

3000-3050

3050-3100

3150-3200

D.Lys,% 1.23 1.06 0.90

D.M+C, % 0.90 0.85 0.78

Ca, % 1.0-1.05 1.0-1.05 0.85-0.90

AvP, % 0.50 0.45 0.40

Days Fed 10 16 8

Hubbard Classic, 2008

Cobb 500

Straight RunNutrient Starter Grower Finish 1 Finish 2

CP, % 21 19 18 17

ME, kcal/kg 2988 3083 3176 3176

D.Lys,% 1.08 0.99 0.95 0.90

D.M+C, % 0.80 0.75 0.74 0.70

Ca, % 1.0 0.96 0.90 0.85

AvP, % 0.50 0.48 0.45 0.42

Days Fed 0-10 11-22 23-42 42+

Cobb 500, 2008

Aviagen Strategies

Consider………..Requirements versus

Economic Decision.

Nutrient 0 to 3

weeks

3 to 6

weeks

6 to 8

weeks

Energy

(kcals/kg)

3200 3200 3200

Crude

protein

23.0 20.0 18.0

Lysine 1.1 1.0 0.85

Nutrient 0 to 10

days

11 to 24

days

25 -

slaughter

Energy

(kcals/kg)

3025 3150 3200

Crude

protein

22-25 21-23 19-23

Lysine 1.43 1.24 1.09

NRC 1994 Requirements Ross 308 2007 recommendations

Depends on local conditions and market!

Response of the Ross 308 Broiler to Balanced

Protein Density – Liveweight and 2kg FCRa

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

2600

2800

76 82 90 99 111 123

Balanced Protein (relative to Manual)

Ross 308 males

Ross 308 females

1.4

1.45

1.5

1.55

1.6

1.65

1.7

1.75

1.8

1.85

1.9

76 82 90 99 111 123

Balanced Protein (relative to Manual)

Ross 308 males

Ross 308 females

Economic Response of the Ross 308 Broiler

to Balanced Protein: Farm Margin (2 kg)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

76 82 90 99 111 123

Balanced Protein (relative to Manual)

14

15

16

17

18

19

76 82 90 99 111 123

Balanced Protein (relative to Manual)

Ross 308 males

Ross 308 females

Response of the Ross 308 Broiler to Balanced

Protein Density – 2kg Breast Meat%

Ross broiler response: Economics

Processing Margin (2 kg)

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

76 82 90 99 111 123

Balanced Protein (relative to Manual)

Ross 308 males

Ross 308 females

Comparison of Ross 308 Digestible Lysine Levels: 2002 and 2007

Recommendations

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58

Age

Dig

es

tib

le L

ys

ine

2007 2002

Starter Grower Finisher

Conclusions

• The modern broiler is very responsive to A

RANGE of balance protein densities.

• The OPTIMUM ECONOMIC response is

close to standards and higher for portions

• The choice of balance protein is an

economic decision as opposed to a

definite requirement.

Region Starter Grower Finisher Finisher 2

New 3025 3150 3200 3225

Energy Densities

Overview

• High corn and fat prices stimulated interest in

lowering dietary energy

• Soy prices have also increased (economics?)

• How do Aviagen birds respond to such changes

Comparative Energy Levels

2900

2950

3000

3050

3100

3150

3200

3250

3300

0 10 20 30 40 50

Age

ME

kc

al/

kg

Agristats 2005

New Aviagen Guide

Aviagen Energy Trials

Aviagen Energy Trials 2007

Breed Energy Cereal Energy reduction

Thailand

BARC

Arbor Acres, 100%, 95%, 90%

Good + Poor physical feed

Maize Less added oil

Rice bran

Eaglesfield

UK

Ross 308 100%; 97.5%; 95%; 92.5%;

90%; 87,5%

Wheat Less added oil

Wheatfeed

Albertville

US

Ross 308

Ross 708

100%, 97.5%, 95%, 92.5% Maize Less added oil

Wheatfeed

Eaglesfield

UK

Ross 308

Ross 708

100%, 95%

Good + Poor physical feed

Maize Less added oil

Wheatfeed

Albertville

US

Ross 308 100%, 97.5%, 95%, 92.5% Maize Less added oil

Wheatfeed

Albertville

US

Ross 308 100%, 97.5%, 95%, 92.5%

Mash –vs- Crumble/Pellet

Maize Less added oil

Wheatfeed

Diets

Starter Grower

(100%)

Grower

(92.5%)

Finisher

(100%)

Finisher

(92.5%)

With-

draw

(100%)

With-

draw

(92.5%)

Common High Low High Low High Low

ME

(kcal/kg)3050 3150 2920 3200 2960 3225 2985

Dig Lys 1.27 1.10 1.10 0.97 0.97 0.94 0.94

Dig M+C 0.96 0.84 0.84 0.76 0.76 0.73 0.73

Dig Thr 0.84 0.73 0.73 0.65 0.65 0.64 0.64

34 day Feed intake - males

3571

3867

3761

3833

3912 3916

3400

3500

3600

3700

3800

3900

4000

100.0% 97.5% 95.0% 92.5% 90.0% 87.5%

SEM: 49.2

34 day Feed intake - females

3134

3229

3296

33713388

3421

3000

3050

3100

3150

3200

3250

3300

3350

3400

3450

100.0% 97.5% 95.0% 92.5% 90.0% 87.5%

P-value

Sex 0.000

Feed 0.000

Sex * Feed 0.561

+5%

+8%

+5%

+10%

34 day liveweight - males

2165

2376

2313

2288 2294

2261

2050

2100

2150

2200

2250

2300

2350

2400

100.0% 97.5% 95.0% 92.5% 90.0% 87.5%

SEM: 25.4

P-value

Sex 0.00

Feed 0.00

Sex * Feed 0.04

34 day liveweight - females

1914

1972

1962 1962

1937

1903

1860

1880

1900

1920

1940

1960

1980

100.0% 97.5% 95.0% 92.5% 90.0% 87.5%

2 kg FCR (mort corr) - females

1.6511.641

1.686

1.725

1.765

1.818

1.55

1.6

1.65

1.7

1.75

1.8

1.85

100.0% 97.5% 95.0% 92.5% 90.0% 87.5%2 kg FCR (mort corr) - males

1.617

1.553 1.557

1.606

1.638

1.667

1.48

1.5

1.52

1.54

1.56

1.58

1.6

1.62

1.64

1.66

1.68

100.0% 97.5% 95.0% 92.5% 90.0% 87.5%

P-value

Sex 0.000

Feed 0.000

Sex * Feed 0.000

SEM: 0.014

2.5 kg EVIS females

68.2

68.4 68.4

68.6

68.768.7

67.0

67.2

67.4

67.6

67.8

68.0

68.2

68.4

68.6

68.8

69.0

100.0% 97.5% 95.0% 92.5% 90.0% 87.5%

Ross 308

2.5 kg EVIS - males

67.1

67.2

67.4

67.267.2

67.4

66.0

66.2

66.4

66.6

66.8

67.0

67.2

67.4

67.6

100.0% 97.5% 95.0% 92.5% 90.0% 87.5%

Ross 308

P-value

Sex 0.000

Feed 0.245

Sex * Feed 0.444

SEM: 0.27

2.5 kg Breast females

17.9

18.4

18.6

19.018.9

19.0

17.2

17.4

17.6

17.8

18.0

18.2

18.4

18.6

18.8

19.0

19.2

100.0% 97.5% 95.0% 92.5% 90.0% 87.5%

Ross 308

2.5 kg Breast - males

17.0

18.0

18.6

18.418.3

18.5

16.6

17.1

17.6

18.1

18.6

19.1

100.0% 97.5% 95.0% 92.5% 90.0% 87.5%

Ross 308

P-value

Sex 0.000

Feed 0.000

Sex * Feed 0.953

SEM: 0.18

2.5 kg Ab Fat females2.0

1.7 1.71.7

1.61.6

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

2.0

100.0% 97.5% 95.0% 92.5% 90.0% 87.5%

Ross 308

2.5 kg Ab Fat - males

1.4

1.8

1.1

1.11.1

1.0

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

1.5

1.7

1.9

100.0% 97.5% 95.0% 92.5% 90.0% 87.5%

Ross 308

P-value

Sex 0.000

Feed 0.000

Sex * Feed 0.817

SEM: 0.18

Energy Responses – 2kg Ross Broilers

For every 1 % reduction in energy:

FCR is increased by;

0.8 point for males

1.4 point for females

Eviscerated weight is increased by:

1 gram for males

0.6 gram for females

Breast weight is increased by:

1 gram for males

0.9 gram for females

Energy:Amino Acids

Is Energy:Amino Acid ratio really important?

As long as there is adequate compensation in feed

intake then liveweight in unaffected (-5% reduction).

FCR is effected. Ratio becomes an economic decision!

Processing performance – not compromised!

It’s an economic decision – not a prerequisite!

Summary of Low ME Results

• Birds compensate for lower energy by increasing feed intake to a point – if feed form allows it

• Reduced energy results in less efficient FCR

• Reduced energy does not dramatically affect BW when decent pellets are being fed

• Yield may be improved by slightly reduced energy when amino acid levels are maintained

• The cost of producing a decent pellet is easily recovered in bird performance

Feed Phase #1 Phase #2 Phase #3 Phase #4

Age Fed, days 0-10 11-28 29-35 36-42

Two Levels of AMEn, kcal/kg*

Low ME 2800 2850 2900 2950

High ME 2900 2950 3000 3050

Four Levels of AA (Standardized Ilea Digestible Lysine), %

110% AA 1.40 1.19 1.08 0.94

100% AA** 1.27 1.08 0.98 0.85

94% AA 1.19 1.02 0.92 0.80

88% AA 1.12 0.95 0.86 0.75

**Recommendations for Ross 308

* AMEn of corn = 3,130 kcal/kg (INRA, 2002). ME vs MEn

Trial #1: Impact of AA & ME Levels

on Performance of Ross 308 Males

Impact of AA & ME Levels on

Performance

- a broiler trial by Ajinomoto

ThailandResults: Live Body Weight

Day 0 Day 10 Day 28 Day 35 Day 42

Impact of ME levels

High ME 45 278a 1360 1974 2624

Low ME 45 284b 1385 2002 2647

Impact of AA levels

Very Hi AA 45 285a 1439a 2084a 2759a

Hi AA 45 284a 1412ab 2045ab 2694ab

Mid AA 45 281a 1352bc 1972b 2615b

Low AA 45 272b 1286c 1850c 2473c

286 g

ram

s

Impact of AA & ME Levels on

Performance

- a broiler trial by Ajinomoto

ThailandResults: FCR

Day 10 Day 28 Day 35 Day 42

Impact of ME levels

High ME 1.136 1.487 1.620a 1.812a

Low ME 1.153 1.521 1.658b 1.857b

Impact of AA levels

Very Hi AA 1.100a 1.427a 1.572a 1.775a

Hi AA 1.132b 1.446a 1.588a 1.801a

Mid AA 1.144b 1.510b 1.648b 1.836b

Low AA 1.204c 1.633c 1.747c 1.926c

Mortality and cull = 3.32%, not different among treatments

15 p

oin

ts4.5

poin

ts

Cobb-Vantress

Strategies

World Tech Support

Broiler Feeding Objectives

• Diets which optimize growth rate and FCR

– Promote higher live wt., low FCR, may see

increased metabolic problems

• Diets which promote lean gain over lipid gain

– Lean mass is produced more economically

• Diets which result in the least cost/live weight

World Tech Support

Maximum Growth and FCR

Starter Grower Finisher

Protein 22.5 20.0 19.0

Lys,total 1.35 1.20 1.10

Lys,dig. 1.17 1.04 .96

TSAA .99 .94 .90

TSAA,dig. .87 .81 .78

Threonine .89 .82 .75

Calcium .90 .88 .84

Av. P .45 .42 .40

Sodium .20 .17 .16

ME,MJ/kg 13.28 13.39 13.60

ME,kcal/kg 3150 3200 3250

Cal:Prot 140 160 171

World Tech Support

MAXIMUM YIELD

Starter Grower Finisher

Protein 22.0 20.5 19.0

Lys,total 1.30 1.17 1.09

Lys,dig. 1.13 1.02 .95

TSAA .96 .91 .89

TSAA,dig. .84 .80 .78

Threonine .86 .80 .76

Calcium .90 .88 .84

Av. P .45 .42 .40

Sodium .20 .17 .16

ME,MJ/kg 12.59 13.01 13.38

ME,kcal/kg 3009 3109 3197

Cal:Prot 137 152 168

Reduced Feed Cost

Starter Grower Finisher

Protein 21.0 19.0 17.5

Lys,total 1.20 1.10 1.00

Lys,dig. 1.04 0.96 .87

TSAA .89 .86 .82

TSAA,dig. .77 .75 .71

Threonine .79 .75 .70

Calcium .90 .88 .84

Av. P .45 .42 .40

Sodium .20 .17 .16

ME,MJ/kg 12.45 12.70 13.20

ME,kcal/kg 2976 3035 3155

Cal:Prot 142 160 180

World Tech Support

World Tech Support

Cost and Efficiency (EEI)

Rank Cost/lb. Weight Age Livability FCR EEI

1 25.15 2742 49 97.02 1.75 310

2 25.39 2692 49 96.31 1.96 270

3 25.51 2788 50 96.17 1.90 282

4 25.66 2633 49 95.74 1.96 262

5 25.89 2838 52 95.45 1.99 262

6 25.94 2933 49 94.66 1.93 294

7 26.22 2742 53 95.51 2.00 247

8 26.27 2592 51 95.41 1.97 246

9 26.4 2615 50 95.07 1.98 251

10 26.44 2892 52 95.58 1.99 267

US Statistical Service 2/04

Efficiency (EEI) vs. Cost

Cost Rank Cost/lb. Weight Age Livability FCR EEI

1 25.15 2742 49 97.02 1.75 310

6 25.94 2933 49 94.66 1.93 294

29 35.54 2574 44 95.86 1.93 288

18 27.13 2538 47 96.11 1.84 282

3 25.51 2788 50 96.17 1.90 282

23 27.88 2470 45 96.65 1.90 282

28 30.02 2406 44 95.39 1.91 274

2 25.39 2692 49 96.31 1.96 270

22 27.65 2397 46 95.63 1.86 269

21 27.48 2797 51 95.80 1.96 268

World Tech Support

Protein and Amino Acid Requirements for

Breeder Hens

• Are we feeding breeder hens enough quality

protein and amino acids for maximum

production?

• Are we feeding breeder hens too much

protein and amino acids for optimum

fertility and persistency of lay?

ARKANSAS BROILER

BREEDER STUDIES

Broiler Breeder AA

MaintenanceAA mg/b/d mg/kg

cp

mg/kg

bw,75

Ratio

Lys 175.0 333.3 94.2 100.0

Met 99.2 188.3 56.5 56.7

Cys 30.5 75.4 17.0 17.4

TSAA 129.7 263.7 73.5 74.1

Arg 314.4 601.3 173.1 179.6

Thr 242.5 447.7 130.6 138.6

Trp 20.5 35.7 10.7 11.7

AA mg/b/d mg/kg

CP

mg/kg

bw.75

Ratio

Phe 328.8 575.1 163.9 187.9

Tyr 65.9 175.6 37.2 37.6

Phe+Tyr 394.7 750.7 201.1 225.7

Leu 204.8 400.5 117.1 117.0

Ile 159.0 318.9 92.4 90.8

Val 199.4 336.7 106.3 113.9

His 74.2 139.6 43.6 42.4

NEA 2414.4 6141.2.6 1301.2.2 1379.6

Broiler Breeder Ideal AA

Maintenance

Amino Acid

Univ. of Arkansas 2006 Univ. of Arkansas 2004 Fisher

(1998)

NRC

(1994)“Product” (mg/bird/day)

Feed/

“Product” (mg/bird/day)

“Product” (mg/bird/day)

Feed/

“Product” (mg/bird/day)

Crude Protein 19880 18927 19500

Arginine 1002 1002 1059 1022 803 1110

Isoleucine 828 816 844 828 598 850

Lysine 855 847 888 899 893 765

Methionine 455 435 427 476 372 450

Cystine 457 468

Phenylalanine 643 667 610

Threonine 620 613 558 720

Tryptophan 244 243 186 190

Valine 790 786 693 750

Digestible Amino Acid Requirements at Peak Production

Amino Acid Maintenance

Production

Req. for EM *

Minus

Maintenance

Production

Req. for EM

+ ΔBW**

Minus

Maintenance

Total Req.

for EM

Total Req. for

EM +ΔBW

Fisher

(1998)

Available

NRC

(1994)

Total

mg/bird/day

Crude Protein 5852 13502 19354 19500

Arginine 314 753 708 1067 1022 803 1110

Histidine 74 302 205

Isoleucine 159 689 669 848 828 598 850

Leucine 205 988 1250

Lysine 168 710 721 878 889 893 765

Methionine 91 340 345 431 436 372 450

Cystine 31 395 437 426 468

Met + Cys 621 700

Phenylalanine 224 475 699

Tyrosine 66

Phe + Tyr 1032 1112

Threonine 243 399 370 642 613 558 720

Tryptophan 21 191 222 212 243 186 190

Valine 199 575 587 774 786 693 750

Non-essential AA 4057 7690 11747

Essential: Non

Essential AA Ratio31:69 43:57 39:61

Digestible Amino Acid Requirements at Peak Production

Broiler Breeder Ideal AA Profile

AA RATIO

LYS 100

ARG 117

MET 53

CYS 53

ILE 97

VAL 92

PHE 78

TRP 29

THR 73

Digestible Isoleucine Requirement

for Fertility

R2 = 0.9174 (black dot)

y = -125.46x2 + 64.641x + 85.334

R2 = 0.274 (diamond)

0

20

40

60

80

100

0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

% Digestible Ile

% F

ert

ilit

y

Effect of Days after AI on Fertility

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday

Low Isoleucine High Isoleucine

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday

Low Lysine High Lysine

Isoleucine Lysine

•Are these effects due to more suitable environment for sperm

storage?

•Both Isoleucine and Lysine are ketogenic

Urine pH of Colostomized Breeders

Low Isoleucine Diet

300 mg/bird/d

Standard Isoleucine Diet

800 mg/bird/d

Application of using an ideal amino

acid profile

• Crude protein levels in poultry diets are

formulated to provide most of the amino acid

requirements because most synthetic amino

acids are not economical.

• Decreasing CP and supplying amino acids to

required levels will cause decrease in nitrogen

excreta content.

Application of using an ideal amino

acid profile

• 1% decrease in CP of diet, 10 % decrease in

N of excreta (Yamazaki et al., 1996).

Acknowledgements

• Dr Marc De Beer, Aviagen, Inc., USA

• Dr. John Halley, Cobb-Vantress,

Inc.,USA

• Dr. Paul Timmins, Heartland

Ajinomoto,USA

• Z. Jiang, S. Boonyoung, and N. Sriperm

Ajinomoto Co., (Thailand) Ltd

Bangkok, Thailand