The I13L Project:The I13L Project:

Microscopic Imaging and CoherenceMicroscopic Imaging and Coherenceand the and the

CXRD capabilities at DiamondCXRD capabilities at Diamond

IntroductionScience

ConsiderationsProject

C. Rau

IntroductionIntroduction

• I13La long beamline at DIAMOND for imaging and coherence related experiments

• Two branches with canted undulators:

‘Imaging’: high resolution imaging in real space

‘Coherence’: reciprocal space imaging

Relation between both?

IntroductionIntroduction

Timeline budget, etc.

Project started June 2007 (with me)

Technical Design Report August 2008

First user April 2011

End of budget December 2011

-> Project without delay!

Budget : ~4M£ for beamline and ~2M£ for external building

Personel : 1 Principal Beamline Scientist, 1 Second BLSc, 2 Support Sc (I hope) + Techn. Staff

Purpose of I13Purpose of I13

Perform and promote high resolution imaging / tomography beyond today’s limits

Techniques either in direct or reciprocal space

Applications for broad user community:

Bio-medical , materials science, archeology etc.

Imaging in real space:

In-line phase contrast imaging (micro-Scale)

Imaging in reciprocal space:

Coherent Diffraction Pattern of BaTiO3 fibre, 180nm diameter

Full-field microscopy (nano-Scale)

1µm

Photonic Crystal(hollow spheres in Ni matrix)

Gerbil CochleaStudy of hearing

BTO(001)

BTO(002)

Corresponding X-ray microscope image:sample mounted on W tip

Data has potential for 5nm resolution

ScienceScience

related to

1µm

Scientific Applications for I13Scientific Applications for I13

Goal: imaging of cochlea structureand dynamicsIn-situ study, preservation of cochlea functionalityConventional methods lack eitherspatial resolution/sensitivity (NMR) or don’t preserve integrity of sample (e-microscopy)Imaging with hard X-rays is adequateBoth soft tissue and strongly absorbing material presentSample amount for Classical Sectioning

Bio-medical imaging: CochleaBio-medical imaging: Cochlea

Instrumentation: In-line Phase contrast imagingInstrumentation: In-line Phase contrast imaging

Detector resolution: 1µmSmall source, long distancecoherent radiationIn-line phase contrast imaging/tomography Energy range:6-12keV (at 34ID-C / APS)High quality stages: Rotation Stage air bearing (run out<20nm)

d

C C D c a m e ra

M ic ro sc o p e o b je c tiveSc intilla tio n sc re e n

Sa m p le

Ro ta tio nsta g e

zX-Rays

Light microscopy

In-line phase contrast

Bio-medical imaging: Slice of cochleaBio-medical imaging: Slice of cochlea

Hair cells transform movement into electrical signalImaging of slice – real cochlea?

Ref.: C. Rau et al., Microscopy Research and Technique, 69(8), 660-665, 2006.

Tomography: visualize Slice under real conditionsTomography: visualize Slice under real conditions

Volume information but limited field of view

ScienceScience

related to

50 nm

Full-field microscope Full-field microscope (34ID-C APS)(34ID-C APS)

53 m

53.1 m2.5 cm

Undu-lator Mirror Mono Condenser

Sample

Objective 2-D detector

20 cm

10 cm50-100 cm

Sample FZP CameraKB

-Similar to visible light microscope-KB: high efficiency-FZP: high resolution-Condenser matches aperture of objective lens

Nano Science: Photonic CrystalsNano Science: Photonic Crystals

void

50 nm Resolutioncontrast ~10% 1µm

Hollow Spheres in Ni

Materials with ‘Photonic Gap’ ‘Optical Guide’

Structure-Properties

Imaging in direct spaceImaging in direct space

- ‘Real space imaging’ limited by:

Detector resolution X-ray opticsSource size (projection microscopy)limit ~ 10nm for full-field imaging?

- Reciprocal space imaging promising

ScienceScience

related to

5 nm

and finer…

Fourier Transform

Coherent Diffraction from Crystals

Slice court. R. Harder

H

K

Fourier Transform

Coherent Diffraction from Crystals

Slice court. R. Harder

3D Diffraction Method

k

f

ki

CCD

Silver Nano Cube (111)

Q=kf-k

i

Yugang Sun and Younan Xia, Science 298 2177 (2003)

Slice court. R. Harder

Yugang Sun and Younan Xia, Science 298 2177 (2003)

3D Ag Nano Cube

Slice court. R. Harder

BTO(001)

BTO(002)

Simultaneous Full-Field Microscopy Simultaneous Full-Field Microscopy and and Coherent X-Ray DiffractionCoherent X-Ray Diffraction

of BaTiOof BaTiO33 Nano-Wire Nano-Wire

Ref.: R. Harder, in preparation.

Orientation of sampleInput for CXRD reconstructionHigh Resolution of CXRD dataCXRD data → 5nm resolution

ConsiderationsConsiderations for I13Lfor I13L

Particularities I13LParticularities I13L

Long straight section (8m) at I 13

-> canted undulators

independent operating stations

-> option for mini-beta

Long beamline ; external building

Why a long beamlineWhy a long beamline

• Reasons to build a long beamline:– Coherence length (lateral)– Scanning Microscopy with a long working distance– USAXS – XPCS– Imaging with large field of view

– In addition some things become simpler with available space…

CoherenceCoherence

• Longitudinal coherence ~Nn N : number of undulator periodsn : undulator harmonic -> exotic concepts

• Lateral coherence lat =D/2 : source size, D:distance

• I13 is a long section (8m) : space for 4m undulator dedicated for coherence + 2m for imaging

• Concept long beamline vs. intermediate focus• With distance increase lateral coherence length but total

coherent flux depends only on source parameter and undulator• Beam splitting [for upgrade]

CXRDCXRD

• High coherent photon flux• Focusing on small crystals

with• Long working distance • Stable and reliable Diffractometer• Energy ~8keV• Detector• Multiplexing OK

How to classify proposals? How to classify proposals?

• ‘Coherence’:very clean parallel beamlong Undulator with many periodsE ~ 8keV

• ‘Imaging’

flux important

E~ 20keV

shorter Undulator*

* space sharing …

ProjectProject

OverviewOverview Experimental StationsExperimental Stations

Mono may be close to experimental hutch

Upgrade OptionsUpgrade Options

Beam splitting coherence branchfor dedicated USAXS

I13 beamlineI13 beamline

I13 beamlineI13 beamline

I13 beamlineI13 beamline

OpticsOptics

• Keep it simple!• Avoid dynamic optics• ‘Coherence’:

Si 111/311 Mono, LN2 cooled (alternative water?)

option pink beam

Flat mirrors with different coating stripes

planar lenses for collimation etc.

[USAXS: ‘half’ Bonse-Hart Optic with multi-bounce Si311]

Coherence branchCoherence branch

-Horizontal deflecting mirror: suppress higher harmonics, Bremsstrahlung, branch separation -Mono (changed!) rather horizontal deflecting, close to experiment: stability, heatload density,

OpticsOptics

‘Imaging’:Si 111/Multilayer, LN2 cooled (alternative water?)

option pink beam

Flat mirrors with different coating stripes

planar lenses for poss. Intermediate focus

Imaging branchImaging branch

-Horizontal deflecting mirror: suppress higher harmonics, Bremsstrahlung-Mono Si(111) and Multilayer close to source: spatial filtering -Stability with intermediate focusing?

Mini-betaMini-beta

Long straight divided into two ‘mini-beta’

B. Singh, R. Bartolini, R. Walker

-Small betax ->close gap, high E-Slope of betax: Beam in first (‘left’) section focus in ‘A’-Focus may be close to FE-Matching coherence lengths

A

Mini-betaMini-betaMini – beta Long straight

simulations by U. Wagner

- ‘Astigmat’ source- Matching of coherence lengths- higher divergence- Smaller Undulator Gap

x=180m ; x’=18rady= 13m ; y’= 3rad

x min= 90m ; x’= 32rady min= 7m ; y’= 5-6rad

UndulatorUndulator

U20 Undulator with 5mm (blue) and 7mm(red) gap

BranchesBranches

Coherence Branch

• Energy (wavelength) range : 6-20 keV

• Band-pass (E/E) : 10-4 (mono) or 10-2 (pink)

• Beam size at sample : 1.5x8.6mm2

• Photon flux : 7x1014 Ph/s/0.1%BW at 8keV

Imaging Branch

• Energy (wavelength) range : 8-30 keV

• Band-pass (E/E) : 10-4 (mono) or 10-2 (pink)

• Beam size at sample : 1.5x6.4mm2

• Photon flux : 1014 Ph/s/0.1%BW at 20keV

Control Cabin

X-rays

Floorplan internal - overviewFloorplan internal - overview

Optics for two branches and space for later upgrades

Drawing provided by A. Peach

Floorplan external buildingFloorplan external building

- Stability and space: long hutches on piles- Concrete Hutches built together building -> costs- Second floor: Offices and ‘Open access’ area

Drawing provided by A. Peach

Imaging

Coherence

X-RaysCCs

Mono

Detector

Infrastructure

Labs

5m

Imaging hutchImaging hutch

Full-field imaging with different spatial resolution

Sam pleLens

Im age

Sam ple Im age

Sam pleIm ageSource

Sam pleLens

Im age

Sam ple Im age

Sam pleIm ageSource

Sam pleLens

Im age

Sam ple Im age

Sam pleIm ageSource

In-line phase contrast-µm resolution-easy to use-large field of view

Cone-beam imaging-sub-µm resolution-dose efficient-sub-100nm source -elaborate data reconstruction

Full-field microscope- 50nm resolution- imaging of phase objects- combined methods

2µm

2µm

6µm

Coherence hutchCoherence hutch

-Beside CXRD:

-XPCS-Coherent Diffraction Imaging techniques

- similar setup (Det. in transm.)- user community- scientific life- laser facility at Harwell Site

Graphs courtesy I. McNulty

CDI with collimated beam

CDI with focused beam

DetectorsDetectors

• Direct space/ Imaging CCD coupled via microscope optics to a scintillation screen Key elements: scintillation screens & detector Option FreLoN camera

• Reciprocal space / Coherence Direct detection Speed Dynamic range ‘Intelligent’ design (e.g. integrated auto-correlator) DIAMOND is likely to join MEDIPIX/MAXIPIX program other solutions

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

DIAMOND:

U. Wagner : Optics & Discussions

A. Peach: Drawings

M. Launchbury & M. Smith : Project Management

I.Robinson : Discussions

ALL people from UWG for discussions!

Full-field Microscopy/ImagingFull-field Microscopy/Imaging

• Flux• Reasonable divergence

– Full-field microscopy: ‘Köhler’ divergence– In-line phase contrast : reasonable divergent source– Option: secondary source

• Energy ~20keV• Temperature stability of hutch• Short distances OK • Long distance to increase field of view

Concept long beamline vs intermediate focusConcept long beamline vs intermediate focus

Both are valid

Long BL: Short BL

no optics/simplicity

Microscope:long WD&stableLat. Coherence length

really more expensive?More real estate

+ & who knows?

Independent of beam stability

long WD too

Lat. Coherence: optics & depends on exp.

Pb. Small pinholes

Cheap?

Compact

DISCUSSION

Concept long beamline vs intermediate focusConcept long beamline vs intermediate focus

• Conlusion: “Coherence only” experiments

-> long BL+ “long” undulator + splitting

“Some/partial” coherence->short BL + intermediate foc. + “short” undulator

In addition I believe nobody has the ultimate answer…

DISCUSSION