THE HUMAN BODY. A. Introduction Humans are the most complex organisms on Earth. Our bodies are...
42
Chapter 36 – Integumentary, Skeletal, & Muscular Systems THE HUMAN BODY
THE HUMAN BODY. A. Introduction Humans are the most complex organisms on Earth. Our bodies are composed of trillions of _________, the smallest unit of
A. Introduction Humans are the most complex organisms on Earth.
Our bodies are composed of trillions of _________, the smallest
unit of life. These cells work together to form ______________.
Cells Tissues
Slide 3
There are 4 types of tissues in the human body: 1. Epithelial
Tissue Covers ______________; lines ________________. May contain
_________ for secretions or cells with _____. Examples includes
glands, blood vessels, skin. 2. Connective Tissue Is the most
________________ tissue in the body. Used as ________________ and
for ____________________________. Contains a network of non-living
material called a _____________. Examples include bone, blood. body
surfaces Organs & vessels glands cilia abundant connectors
support, transport, storage matrix
Slide 4
There are 4 types of tissues in the human body: 3. Muscle
Tissue Able to generate __________signals that create _______ and
_____________. 4. Nerve Tissue Specialized to generate and
_______________ electrical signals to ____________________. These
tissues work together as ________, which work together as
________________. electrical forcemovement transmit transfer
information organs organ systems
Slide 5
Slide 6
B. Organ Systems of the Human Body 1. __________System
Receives, processes, & transmits information; coordinates all
body systems. 2. __________ System Regulates homeostasis with
chemicals known as hormones. 3. _________ System Supports and
protects body parts. 4. ___________ System Produces movement. 5.
_______________ System Physical barrier against pathogens, injury,
dehydration. Nervous Endocrine Skeletal Muscular Integumentary
Slide 7
B. Organ Systems of the Human Body 6.___________ System
Transports O 2, CO 2, nutrients, wastes. 7. ___________ System
Responsible for exchange of O 2, CO 2 8. _________ System Destroys
pathogens 9. __________ System Breaks down food molecules to
absorbable monomers 9. ________ System Washes blood; regulates
blood volume 10. _____________ System Produces gametes; site of
embryo development in females Circulatory Respiratory Immune
Digestive Urinary Reproductive
Slide 8
II. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM The integumentary system is composed
of the ______ and its accessory structures, including _____,
_______, and the ________ found in the skin. The skin is the
________ organ of the human body. skin hairnails glands
largest
Slide 9
A. Function 1. Protection Provides a _______________________
____________________________. 2. Sensory Information 3. Regulation
of Body Temperature 4. Vitamin Production The skin produces Vitamin
___ when exposed to __________ which is important for
_________________. UV light, dehydration barrier against pathogens,
D sunlight strong bones
Slide 10
B. Structure The skin is composed of 3 layers: 1. Epidermis
Outermost layer of skin composed of __________ tissue. There are
two parts to the epidermis: a. Basal Layer Contains cells that are
actively going through ________. As new cells are produced, older
cells are _______________________. These cells produce keratin, a
__________________. There are also cells in the basal layer called
melanocytes which produce _________, a ___________ pigment that
protects the skin from _________. epithelial mitosis pushed toward
surface waterproof protein melanindark brown UV light
Slide 11
b. Outer Layer As the epidermal cells get pushed away from
blood vessels, they _______, so the outermost epidermal layer
consists of ______ cells filled with ________ that are eventually
________________. die dead keratin sloughed off
Slide 12
2. Dermis Inner, thicker layer of skin composed of ___________
tissue. Contains a ___________ of ________ for strength and
________ for elasticity. Structures found in the dermis include: a.
Blood vessels Provide ____ and _________ to cells; remove _____.
Also help to maintain a constant body temperature. Heat can be
conserved when blood vessels near the surface of the skin
_________, or heat can be released when blood vessels _______. b.
Hair follicles - _________occurs in follicle to produce hair. Hair
consists of _____ cells filled with _________. Small, ________
muscles are attached to each follicle that __________ to pull hairs
upright when stimulated by __________ connective matrixcollagen
elastin O2O2 glucose CO 2 constrict dilate Mitosis deadkeratin
smooth contract cold, fear
Slide 13
c. Nail follicles Produced in same manner as hair. Purpose of
nails is to ________ fingertips and toetips. d. Sensory receptors -
Transmit information to the ______ and ___________. e. Glands There
are two types of glands located in the dermis: 1) Oil Produce oil
to _____________ 2) Sweat - ___________ of the perspiration
produced by these glands requires energy in the form of _____,
which is drawn from the skin and results in cooling. protect brain
spinal cord lubricate skin Evaporation heat
Slide 14
3. Hypodermis - ___________ tissue specialized to store ___.
Connective fat
Slide 15
C. Skin Damage & Disorders 1. Burns Classified according to
depth of damage a. First degree Damage only to __________. Skin
appears ____, but without __________. May be caused by
__________________________ epidermis redblisters sun, brief contact
with hot object
Slide 16
b. Second degree Damage through _________ to ________. Most
painful of all burns. Skin is _______ with __________. May be
caused by longer exposure to sun, hot object. epidermis dermisred
blisters
Slide 17
c. Third degree Destroys __________; damage extends into
____________________. Skin usually appears ________________. May be
caused by _ fire, electricity, chemicals NOT
sun!__Lifethreatening._ epidermis dermis, maybe deeper blackened,
charred
Slide 18
2. Skin Cancer Most important risk factor is ____________. The
most serious type of skin cancer is _________. sun exposure
melanoma
Slide 19
Slide 20
III. SKELETAL SYSTEM, The _____ bones that make up the adult
skeletal system are composed of ____________ tissue with a matrix
of ___________which makes them _____, and ________, which makes
them hard. In embryonic development, the skeleton is first made of
___________. The process of converting cartilage to bone is known
as ____________ and requires addition of _____. This process is not
completed until after birth. Osteocytes, which are bone cells,
embedded in the bone matrix. 206 connective collagen toughcalcium
cartilage ossification Ca 2+
Slide 21
Two other kinds of bone cells: osteoclasts-break down bone
& osteoblasts-produce bone. The adult skeleton is composed
entirely of bone, except for nose, ears, discs between
vertebrae
Slide 22
A. Functions of the Skeletal System 1. Support Provides a
framework that supports the body 2. Protection Protects many
_______ from mechanical injury 3. Movement Movement occurs when
_________ muscles attached to bones contract. organs skeletal
Slide 23
4. Blood Cell Formation 5. Storage a. Minerals Storage site for
________ and ______________. b. Fat calcium phosphorus
Slide 24
B. Bone Structure Bone is an ______ composed of living tissue.
It is surrounded by a tough layer of ____________ tissue called the
___________, ________ and____________ pass through the periosteum
to the bone itself. organ connective periosteum Nerves blood
vessels
Slide 25
1. Compact Bone Outer bone tissue found beneath the
____________. Dense, almost solid tissue that provides ________. 2.
Spongy Bone Less dense, porous tissue provides __________________.
The spaces are filled with soft tissue called ________. There are
two types of bones marrow: a. Red Marrow - Location of blood cell
production including all ____ blood cells, _________, and most
______ blood cells. b. Yellow Marrow Site of _____ storage.
periosteum support lightweight support marrow red platelets white
fat
Slide 26
C. Human Skeleton Anatomy Bones are held together by
__________, tough bands of ___________ tissue. The point where two
bones meet is called a _____. Joints are classified according to
the amount of movement possible and the appearance of the bones
involved. 1. Immovable or ______ Joints - _____ movement. Example:
__________________. ligaments connective joint fixed No bones of
cranium
Slide 27
2. Movable Joints - Most joints are moveable. The ends of the
bones that form moveable joints are covered with a thin layer of
____________ to _________________________. The space between the
two bones is filled with a fluid to moisten and lubricate the joint
called _________ fluid. Some examples of movable joints are: a.
Ball & Socket - __________________________. Examples:
_____________________ b. Hinge - __________________________.
Examples: _______ c. Pivot - ____________________________.
Examples: ______________________ cartilage cushion the ends of
bones synovial Greatest range of movement hip, shoulder Back &
forth movement knee Bones twist against each other vertebrae of
neck
Slide 28
E. Skeletal System Damage 1. Osteoporosis Associated with
___________. Characterized by loss of ____________ which results in
increased risk of fracture 2. Scoliosis - ________ curvature of the
spine 3. Arthritis - Inflammation of the _______. Caused by wear
and tear on _________ cushioning the joints older women bone mass
Lateral joints cartilage
Slide 29
D. Human Skeleton The human skeleton has two divisions 1. Axial
Forms the main ____ and includes the _______________________
______________________________ 2.Appendicular Contains the bones
that form the _______ & ____ and includes the bones that
connect them to the axial skeleton including the ________________
axis cranium, mandible, vertebrae costas, sternum, sacrum, coccyx
armslegs clavicle, scapula, pelvis
Slide 30
Slide 31
IV. MUSCULAR SYSTEM The primary function of the muscular system
is to produce __________. The contraction of muscle tissue requires
_____, so muscles are constantly carrying out __________________
and have a large number of ______________. movement ATP cellular
respiration mitochondria
Slide 32
A. Muscles Individual muscle cells are called muscle ______.
All humans have the ______ number of fibers. Muscle bulk occurs
because of ___________ of muscle fibers, not an increase in the
number of muscle cells. The number of fibers that can contract at
one time determine an individuals _________. The length of the
contraction time is known as ___________. fibers same thickening
strength endurance
Slide 33
B. Muscle Types 1. Skeletal Muscle - __________, _______ muscle
cells that fuse together to form a _______________ muscle fiber.
Muscle fibers are arranged end-to-end to produce strong
contractions. If the oxygen supply to muscle cells is depleted,
they can switch to _____________________ for energy production
Voluntary striated multinucleated lactic acid fermentation
Slide 34
2. Cardiac Muscle - ___________, _________ muscle cells found
only in the ______, with each cell having its own nucleus. Cardiac
muscle cells are arranged in chains that lattice together. When the
muscle contracts, the entire lattice of cells contracts together
producing a powerful contraction. Involuntary striated heart
Slide 35
3. Smooth Muscle - __________, ________ muscle cells. Smooth
muscle contractions are slow and prolonged. Found in the
___________________________ ______________________ Involuntary
smooth digestive system, urinary bladder, blood vessels
Slide 36
Slide 37
C. Skeletal Muscle Function 1. Skeletal muscles are attached to
bones by tough, __________ tissue called ____________. Every muscle
has at least 2 tendons, each attached to a different bone: a.
origin muscle attachment site(s) that ______________ b. insertion
bone that is __________________. For example, the _____________ has
________ attaching it to the ________ and the________ The origin is
the ________ and the insertion is the _______. connectivetendons
does not move moved by contraction biceps brachiitendons
scapularadius scapula radius
Slide 38
2. Skeletal muscles attached to the bones of the _____________
skeleton work in opposing pairs. a. flexor muscle that causes limb
to ______ at _____. b. extensor muscle that causes limb to
__________ at ______. For example, contraction of the biceps
brachii ______ the arm and contraction of the triceps brachii
____________ the arm. appendicular bend joint straighten joint
bends straightens
Slide 39
D. Muscle Contraction Muscle fibers in skeletal muscles are
composed of smaller structures called myofibrils. Each myofibril is
made up of even smaller structures called filaments. The striations
in skeletal muscle cells are formed by an alternation pattern of
thick and thin filaments. - The thick filaments contain a protein
called myosin. - The thin filaments are made up mainly of a protein
called actin. The filaments are arranged along the muscle fiber in
units called sarcomeres, separated by regions called z-lines.
Slide 40
D. Muscle Contraction Sliding Filament Model of Muscle
Contraction- When a muscle contracts, the thin filament (actin) in
the muscle fiber slides over the thick filament (myosin),
shortening the sarcomere. - Thick myosin filament forms a
cross-bridge with the thin actin filament. - Powered by ATP,
cross-bridge changes shape and pulls the actin filament toward the
center of the sarcomere. This happens in every sarcomere within a
muscle fiber at one time so the entire fiber is shortened and the
muscle contracts.
Slide 41
Control of Muscle Contraction The impulses from motor neurons
control the contraction of skeletal muscle fibers. The
neuromuscular junction is the point of contact between a motor
neuron and a skeletal muscle cell. The impulse in the muscle fiber
begins with the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from
the motor neuron. This sets off a series of events that allow actin
and myosin filaments to interact. A muscle cell remains contracted
until an enzyme produced at the axon terminal destroys any
remaining acetylcholine.