The History of the Church Copyright by Norman L. Geisler 2006

The History The History of the Churchof the Church

Copyright by Norman L. Geisler 2006Copyright by Norman L. Geisler 2006

IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction

““The Church persecuted is the The Church persecuted is the Church Church pure,pure, and the church and the church popular is the Church popular is the Church pollutedpolluted”--”--source unknownsource unknown

““The Church persecuted is the The Church persecuted is the Church Church pure,pure, and the church and the church popular is the Church popular is the Church pollutedpolluted”--”--source unknownsource unknown

A Brief SummaryA Brief SummaryA Brief SummaryA Brief Summary• I. New Testament Church: I. New Testament Church: Plurality of Elders Plurality of Elders in in

Each Independent Self-Governing ChurchEach Independent Self-Governing Church• II. Subapostolic Church: II. Subapostolic Church: Same as NT ChurchSame as NT Church• III. Early Post-Apostolic Church: III. Early Post-Apostolic Church: One Bishop One Bishop

Over Elders in Each ChurchOver Elders in Each Church• IV. Pre-Medieval Church: IV. Pre-Medieval Church: Regional Bishops Regional Bishops

Over Area Churches Over Area Churches• V. Medieval Church: V. Medieval Church: One Bishop of Rome One Bishop of Rome

Over All Churches Over All Churches• VI. Modern Church: VI. Modern Church: One Infallible Bishop of One Infallible Bishop of

Rome Over All ChurchesRome Over All Churches

• I. New Testament Church: I. New Testament Church: Plurality of Elders Plurality of Elders in in Each Independent Self-Governing ChurchEach Independent Self-Governing Church

• II. Subapostolic Church: II. Subapostolic Church: Same as NT ChurchSame as NT Church• III. Early Post-Apostolic Church: III. Early Post-Apostolic Church: One Bishop One Bishop

Over Elders in Each ChurchOver Elders in Each Church• IV. Pre-Medieval Church: IV. Pre-Medieval Church: Regional Bishops Regional Bishops

Over Area Churches Over Area Churches• V. Medieval Church: V. Medieval Church: One Bishop of Rome One Bishop of Rome

Over All Churches Over All Churches• VI. Modern Church: VI. Modern Church: One Infallible Bishop of One Infallible Bishop of

Rome Over All ChurchesRome Over All Churches

The General Councils of the The General Councils of the ChurchChurchThe General Councils of the The General Councils of the ChurchChurch• 1. First Council of Nicea (325)1. First Council of Nicea (325)

– Condemned Arianism as hereticalCondemned Arianism as heretical– Affirmed the Trinity and full Deity of ChristAffirmed the Trinity and full Deity of Christ– Asserted that Bishops can only be appointed by BishopsAsserted that Bishops can only be appointed by Bishops– Excommunication can only be by a BishopExcommunication can only be by a Bishop– Bishops have authority only over their own regionBishops have authority only over their own region

• 2. First Council of Constantinople (381)2. First Council of Constantinople (381)– Affirmed Nicean CreedAffirmed Nicean Creed– Proclaimed Deity of Holy SpiritProclaimed Deity of Holy Spirit– United with Eastern Church on the Nicean CreedUnited with Eastern Church on the Nicean Creed– Emperor Theodosius founded a Christian StateEmperor Theodosius founded a Christian State– Paganism was condemned by the StatePaganism was condemned by the State

– Note:Note: The “Theodotian Code” (438) was later modified by The “Theodotian Code” (438) was later modified by the Justinian Code (539) that separated religious and civil the Justinian Code (539) that separated religious and civil matters to State and Church respectively.matters to State and Church respectively.

• 1. First Council of Nicea (325)1. First Council of Nicea (325)– Condemned Arianism as hereticalCondemned Arianism as heretical– Affirmed the Trinity and full Deity of ChristAffirmed the Trinity and full Deity of Christ– Asserted that Bishops can only be appointed by BishopsAsserted that Bishops can only be appointed by Bishops– Excommunication can only be by a BishopExcommunication can only be by a Bishop– Bishops have authority only over their own regionBishops have authority only over their own region

• 2. First Council of Constantinople (381)2. First Council of Constantinople (381)– Affirmed Nicean CreedAffirmed Nicean Creed– Proclaimed Deity of Holy SpiritProclaimed Deity of Holy Spirit– United with Eastern Church on the Nicean CreedUnited with Eastern Church on the Nicean Creed– Emperor Theodosius founded a Christian StateEmperor Theodosius founded a Christian State– Paganism was condemned by the StatePaganism was condemned by the State

– Note:Note: The “Theodotian Code” (438) was later modified by The “Theodotian Code” (438) was later modified by the Justinian Code (539) that separated religious and civil the Justinian Code (539) that separated religious and civil matters to State and Church respectively.matters to State and Church respectively.

The General Councils of the The General Councils of the ChurchChurch


• 3. Council of Ephesus (431)3. Council of Ephesus (431)– Condemned Nestorianism (2 persons in Christ)Condemned Nestorianism (2 persons in Christ)– Called Mary the “the God-bearer” (the “Mother of Called Mary the “the God-bearer” (the “Mother of

God”) or better, of Mother of Jesus, the God-Man God”) or better, of Mother of Jesus, the God-Man

• 4. Council of Chalcenon (451)4. Council of Chalcenon (451)– Condemned Eutchianism (Monophysitism)Condemned Eutchianism (Monophysitism)– Affirmed the three previous CouncilsAffirmed the three previous Councils– Acknowledged an Archbishop over BishopsAcknowledged an Archbishop over Bishops– Asserted its authority to excommunicate BishopsAsserted its authority to excommunicate Bishops– Gave “New Rome” (Constantinople) the same privileges Gave “New Rome” (Constantinople) the same privileges

as Old Rome, saying, Old Rome only had such privileges as Old Rome, saying, Old Rome only had such privileges “because it was the royal city” (Canon 28) “because it was the royal city” (Canon 28)

• 3. Council of Ephesus (431)3. Council of Ephesus (431)– Condemned Nestorianism (2 persons in Christ)Condemned Nestorianism (2 persons in Christ)– Called Mary the “the God-bearer” (the “Mother of Called Mary the “the God-bearer” (the “Mother of

God”) or better, of Mother of Jesus, the God-Man God”) or better, of Mother of Jesus, the God-Man

• 4. Council of Chalcenon (451)4. Council of Chalcenon (451)– Condemned Eutchianism (Monophysitism)Condemned Eutchianism (Monophysitism)– Affirmed the three previous CouncilsAffirmed the three previous Councils– Acknowledged an Archbishop over BishopsAcknowledged an Archbishop over Bishops– Asserted its authority to excommunicate BishopsAsserted its authority to excommunicate Bishops– Gave “New Rome” (Constantinople) the same privileges Gave “New Rome” (Constantinople) the same privileges

as Old Rome, saying, Old Rome only had such privileges as Old Rome, saying, Old Rome only had such privileges “because it was the royal city” (Canon 28) “because it was the royal city” (Canon 28)



• 5. Second Council of Constantinople (553)5. Second Council of Constantinople (553)– Affirmed the perpetual virginity of MaryAffirmed the perpetual virginity of Mary– Condemned Pope Virgilius as hereticalCondemned Pope Virgilius as heretical– Condemned Arianism, Nestorianism, Eutychianism, Condemned Arianism, Nestorianism, Eutychianism,

Monotholitism, and AdoptinismMonotholitism, and Adoptinism

• 6. Third Council of Constantinople (680)6. Third Council of Constantinople (680)– Reaffirmed the five prior Councils Reaffirmed the five prior Councils – Condemned Pope Honorius for teaching heresyCondemned Pope Honorius for teaching heresy– Condemned Monothelitism (which affirmed Christ has only Condemned Monothelitism (which affirmed Christ has only

one will)one will)– Called Mary “Our holy Lady, the holy, immaculate, ever-virgin Called Mary “Our holy Lady, the holy, immaculate, ever-virgin

and glorious Mary, truly and properly the Mother of God”and glorious Mary, truly and properly the Mother of God”– Claimed to be “illuminated by the Holy Spirit” and “inspired Claimed to be “illuminated by the Holy Spirit” and “inspired

by the Holy spirit” as well as “clean from all error, certain, by the Holy spirit” as well as “clean from all error, certain, and infallible”and infallible”

• 5. Second Council of Constantinople (553)5. Second Council of Constantinople (553)– Affirmed the perpetual virginity of MaryAffirmed the perpetual virginity of Mary– Condemned Pope Virgilius as hereticalCondemned Pope Virgilius as heretical– Condemned Arianism, Nestorianism, Eutychianism, Condemned Arianism, Nestorianism, Eutychianism,

Monotholitism, and AdoptinismMonotholitism, and Adoptinism

• 6. Third Council of Constantinople (680)6. Third Council of Constantinople (680)– Reaffirmed the five prior Councils Reaffirmed the five prior Councils – Condemned Pope Honorius for teaching heresyCondemned Pope Honorius for teaching heresy– Condemned Monothelitism (which affirmed Christ has only Condemned Monothelitism (which affirmed Christ has only

one will)one will)– Called Mary “Our holy Lady, the holy, immaculate, ever-virgin Called Mary “Our holy Lady, the holy, immaculate, ever-virgin

and glorious Mary, truly and properly the Mother of God”and glorious Mary, truly and properly the Mother of God”– Claimed to be “illuminated by the Holy Spirit” and “inspired Claimed to be “illuminated by the Holy Spirit” and “inspired

by the Holy spirit” as well as “clean from all error, certain, by the Holy spirit” as well as “clean from all error, certain, and infallible”and infallible”

• 7. Second Council of Nicea (787)7. Second Council of Nicea (787)– It ruled in favor of icons and venerating imagesIt ruled in favor of icons and venerating images– It pronounced anathama on all who did not venerate iconsIt pronounced anathama on all who did not venerate icons– It made a theoretical distinction between worship of God It made a theoretical distinction between worship of God

and veneration of images (not followed in practice)and veneration of images (not followed in practice)– [An alternate (iconoclatic) Council condemned it as [An alternate (iconoclatic) Council condemned it as

idolatry]idolatry]– It forbid secular appointment of Bishops (thus It forbid secular appointment of Bishops (thus solidifyingsolidifying

the authority of the Church over the State)the authority of the Church over the State)– It affirmed the Primacy of Peter and apostolic successionIt affirmed the Primacy of Peter and apostolic succession– It proclaimed “the holy Roman Church which has prior It proclaimed “the holy Roman Church which has prior

rank, which is the head of all the Churches of God”rank, which is the head of all the Churches of God”– [Note: This conflicts with the Council of Chalcenon (451)][Note: This conflicts with the Council of Chalcenon (451)]

• This is the last Council which the Eastern Church acceptsThis is the last Council which the Eastern Church accepts

• 7. Second Council of Nicea (787)7. Second Council of Nicea (787)– It ruled in favor of icons and venerating imagesIt ruled in favor of icons and venerating images– It pronounced anathama on all who did not venerate iconsIt pronounced anathama on all who did not venerate icons– It made a theoretical distinction between worship of God It made a theoretical distinction between worship of God

and veneration of images (not followed in practice)and veneration of images (not followed in practice)– [An alternate (iconoclatic) Council condemned it as [An alternate (iconoclatic) Council condemned it as

idolatry]idolatry]– It forbid secular appointment of Bishops (thus It forbid secular appointment of Bishops (thus solidifyingsolidifying

the authority of the Church over the State)the authority of the Church over the State)– It affirmed the Primacy of Peter and apostolic successionIt affirmed the Primacy of Peter and apostolic succession– It proclaimed “the holy Roman Church which has prior It proclaimed “the holy Roman Church which has prior

rank, which is the head of all the Churches of God”rank, which is the head of all the Churches of God”– [Note: This conflicts with the Council of Chalcenon (451)][Note: This conflicts with the Council of Chalcenon (451)]

• This is the last Council which the Eastern Church acceptsThis is the last Council which the Eastern Church accepts

The General Councils of the ChurchThe General Councils of the Church

• 8. Fourth Council of Constantinople (869)8. Fourth Council of Constantinople (869)– Last of the Councils called by an EmperorLast of the Councils called by an Emperor– It affirmed the “filiogue” clause (that the Holy Spirit It affirmed the “filiogue” clause (that the Holy Spirit

Proceeded from the Son, as well as from the Father) Proceeded from the Son, as well as from the Father) – It condemned the schism of Photius, Patriarch of It condemned the schism of Photius, Patriarch of

Constantinople who challenged the filioque clauseConstantinople who challenged the filioque clause

• 9. First Lateran Council (1123)9. First Lateran Council (1123)– First Council called by a Pope (Callistus)First Council called by a Pope (Callistus)– It affirmed the “Concordat of Worms” (1122) which It affirmed the “Concordat of Worms” (1122) which

granted the Pope, not the Emperor, the right to granted the Pope, not the Emperor, the right to invest a Bishop with ring and staff and to receive invest a Bishop with ring and staff and to receive homagehomage

• 8. Fourth Council of Constantinople (869)8. Fourth Council of Constantinople (869)– Last of the Councils called by an EmperorLast of the Councils called by an Emperor– It affirmed the “filiogue” clause (that the Holy Spirit It affirmed the “filiogue” clause (that the Holy Spirit

Proceeded from the Son, as well as from the Father) Proceeded from the Son, as well as from the Father) – It condemned the schism of Photius, Patriarch of It condemned the schism of Photius, Patriarch of

Constantinople who challenged the filioque clauseConstantinople who challenged the filioque clause

• 9. First Lateran Council (1123)9. First Lateran Council (1123)– First Council called by a Pope (Callistus)First Council called by a Pope (Callistus)– It affirmed the “Concordat of Worms” (1122) which It affirmed the “Concordat of Worms” (1122) which

granted the Pope, not the Emperor, the right to granted the Pope, not the Emperor, the right to invest a Bishop with ring and staff and to receive invest a Bishop with ring and staff and to receive homagehomage

The General Councils of the ChurchThe General Councils of the Church



• 10. Second Lateran Council (1139)10. Second Lateran Council (1139)– Convoked by Pope Innocent II to reform the ChurchConvoked by Pope Innocent II to reform the Church– Condemned the schism of Arnold of Bresia who Condemned the schism of Arnold of Bresia who

spoke against confession to a priest rather than to spoke against confession to a priest rather than to another lay personanother lay person

• 11. Third Lateran Council (1179)11. Third Lateran Council (1179)– Convened by Pope Alexander III to counter anti-Convened by Pope Alexander III to counter anti-

Pope Callistus IIIPope Callistus III– It affirmed that the right to elect a Pope was It affirmed that the right to elect a Pope was

restricted to the college of Cardinalsrestricted to the college of Cardinals– The vote for Pope must be by 2/3 majorityThe vote for Pope must be by 2/3 majority

• 10. Second Lateran Council (1139)10. Second Lateran Council (1139)– Convoked by Pope Innocent II to reform the ChurchConvoked by Pope Innocent II to reform the Church– Condemned the schism of Arnold of Bresia who Condemned the schism of Arnold of Bresia who

spoke against confession to a priest rather than to spoke against confession to a priest rather than to another lay personanother lay person

• 11. Third Lateran Council (1179)11. Third Lateran Council (1179)– Convened by Pope Alexander III to counter anti-Convened by Pope Alexander III to counter anti-

Pope Callistus IIIPope Callistus III– It affirmed that the right to elect a Pope was It affirmed that the right to elect a Pope was

restricted to the college of Cardinalsrestricted to the college of Cardinals– The vote for Pope must be by 2/3 majorityThe vote for Pope must be by 2/3 majority



• 12. Fourth Lateran Council (1215)12. Fourth Lateran Council (1215)– Called by Pope Innocent IIICalled by Pope Innocent III– Affirmed Transsubstantiation, primacy of Bishop of Rome, Affirmed Transsubstantiation, primacy of Bishop of Rome,

and Seven Sacramentsand Seven Sacraments– Set up Office of the Inquisitors to investigate heresy and Set up Office of the Inquisitors to investigate heresy and

turned them over to the State for punishmentturned them over to the State for punishment

• 13. First Council of Lyon (1245)13. First Council of Lyon (1245)– Convoked by Pope Innocent IV to heal “five wounds” of the Convoked by Pope Innocent IV to heal “five wounds” of the

Church: 1) Moral decadence of clergy; 2) Danger of Saracens Church: 1) Moral decadence of clergy; 2) Danger of Saracens (Muslims whom the Crusaders fought); 3) Schism with (Muslims whom the Crusaders fought); 3) Schism with Eastern Church; 4) Invasion of Hungary by Tartars; 5) The Eastern Church; 4) Invasion of Hungary by Tartars; 5) The Rupture between Church and emperor Frederick IIRupture between Church and emperor Frederick II

– Only minor reforms were madeOnly minor reforms were made– Frederick II was condemned for imprisoning Cardinals and Frederick II was condemned for imprisoning Cardinals and

Bishops on their way to the CouncilBishops on their way to the Council

• 12. Fourth Lateran Council (1215)12. Fourth Lateran Council (1215)– Called by Pope Innocent IIICalled by Pope Innocent III– Affirmed Transsubstantiation, primacy of Bishop of Rome, Affirmed Transsubstantiation, primacy of Bishop of Rome,

and Seven Sacramentsand Seven Sacraments– Set up Office of the Inquisitors to investigate heresy and Set up Office of the Inquisitors to investigate heresy and

turned them over to the State for punishmentturned them over to the State for punishment

• 13. First Council of Lyon (1245)13. First Council of Lyon (1245)– Convoked by Pope Innocent IV to heal “five wounds” of the Convoked by Pope Innocent IV to heal “five wounds” of the

Church: 1) Moral decadence of clergy; 2) Danger of Saracens Church: 1) Moral decadence of clergy; 2) Danger of Saracens (Muslims whom the Crusaders fought); 3) Schism with (Muslims whom the Crusaders fought); 3) Schism with Eastern Church; 4) Invasion of Hungary by Tartars; 5) The Eastern Church; 4) Invasion of Hungary by Tartars; 5) The Rupture between Church and emperor Frederick IIRupture between Church and emperor Frederick II

– Only minor reforms were madeOnly minor reforms were made– Frederick II was condemned for imprisoning Cardinals and Frederick II was condemned for imprisoning Cardinals and

Bishops on their way to the CouncilBishops on their way to the Council



• 14. Second Council of Lyon (1274)14. Second Council of Lyon (1274)– Convened by Pope Gregory X to bring union with Eastern Church, Convened by Pope Gregory X to bring union with Eastern Church,

to liberate the Holy Land, and to reform morals in the Churchto liberate the Holy Land, and to reform morals in the Church– Defined the filioque clause and achieved short-live union with Defined the filioque clause and achieved short-live union with

Eastern Church (which ended in 1289)Eastern Church (which ended in 1289)– Approved newly founded orders including Dominicans and Approved newly founded orders including Dominicans and

Franciscans (Albert the Gt. and Boniventure attended but Aquinas Franciscans (Albert the Gt. and Boniventure attended but Aquinas died on the way to the Council died on the way to the Council

– [Aquinas affirmed the authority of Pope to form a creed][Aquinas affirmed the authority of Pope to form a creed]

• 15. Council of Vienne (1311-1312)15. Council of Vienne (1311-1312)– Called by Pope Clement V to deal with Templars (a military order Called by Pope Clement V to deal with Templars (a military order

of Church accused of heresy and immorality)of Church accused of heresy and immorality)– It announced reforms, suppressed Templars, gave aid to Holy It announced reforms, suppressed Templars, gave aid to Holy

Land, encouraged missions, Land, encouraged missions, made decrees concerning Inquisition made decrees concerning Inquisition (which Frederick II formed in 1232)(which Frederick II formed in 1232)

• 14. Second Council of Lyon (1274)14. Second Council of Lyon (1274)– Convened by Pope Gregory X to bring union with Eastern Church, Convened by Pope Gregory X to bring union with Eastern Church,

to liberate the Holy Land, and to reform morals in the Churchto liberate the Holy Land, and to reform morals in the Church– Defined the filioque clause and achieved short-live union with Defined the filioque clause and achieved short-live union with

Eastern Church (which ended in 1289)Eastern Church (which ended in 1289)– Approved newly founded orders including Dominicans and Approved newly founded orders including Dominicans and

Franciscans (Albert the Gt. and Boniventure attended but Aquinas Franciscans (Albert the Gt. and Boniventure attended but Aquinas died on the way to the Council died on the way to the Council

– [Aquinas affirmed the authority of Pope to form a creed][Aquinas affirmed the authority of Pope to form a creed]

• 15. Council of Vienne (1311-1312)15. Council of Vienne (1311-1312)– Called by Pope Clement V to deal with Templars (a military order Called by Pope Clement V to deal with Templars (a military order

of Church accused of heresy and immorality)of Church accused of heresy and immorality)– It announced reforms, suppressed Templars, gave aid to Holy It announced reforms, suppressed Templars, gave aid to Holy

Land, encouraged missions, Land, encouraged missions, made decrees concerning Inquisition made decrees concerning Inquisition (which Frederick II formed in 1232)(which Frederick II formed in 1232)



• 16. Council of Constance (1413-1418)16. Council of Constance (1413-1418)– Convoked by Pope John XXII to end the great schism of three Popes at Convoked by Pope John XXII to end the great schism of three Popes at

once, to reform the Church, and to combat heresyonce, to reform the Church, and to combat heresy– It condemned John Wycliffe (in 1415) after his death (in 1384) (His follower It condemned John Wycliffe (in 1415) after his death (in 1384) (His follower

John Huss was burned at the stake)John Huss was burned at the stake)– Claimed that an Ecumenical Council has authority over the PopeClaimed that an Ecumenical Council has authority over the Pope– ““This Council holds its power direct from Christ; everyone, no matter his This Council holds its power direct from Christ; everyone, no matter his

rank of office, even if it is papal, is bound to obey it in whatever pertains to rank of office, even if it is papal, is bound to obey it in whatever pertains to faith”faith”

• 17. Council of Basel-Ferrara-Florence (1431-1437)17. Council of Basel-Ferrara-Florence (1431-1437)– Convened by Pope Martin V for union with the Eastern ChurchConvened by Pope Martin V for union with the Eastern Church– It focused on Procession of Holy Spirit, It focused on Procession of Holy Spirit, Purgatory, and Primacy of the PopePurgatory, and Primacy of the Pope

on which the Eastern Church temporarily agreedon which the Eastern Church temporarily agreed– After Constantinople was taken by Turks (1453) many Eastern Bishops After Constantinople was taken by Turks (1453) many Eastern Bishops

recanted and pronounced the Council of Basel heretical.recanted and pronounced the Council of Basel heretical.– Immaculate Conception of Mary declared biblical and CatholicImmaculate Conception of Mary declared biblical and Catholic– [Later declared dogma by Pope Pius IX, 1854][Later declared dogma by Pope Pius IX, 1854]

• 16. Council of Constance (1413-1418)16. Council of Constance (1413-1418)– Convoked by Pope John XXII to end the great schism of three Popes at Convoked by Pope John XXII to end the great schism of three Popes at

once, to reform the Church, and to combat heresyonce, to reform the Church, and to combat heresy– It condemned John Wycliffe (in 1415) after his death (in 1384) (His follower It condemned John Wycliffe (in 1415) after his death (in 1384) (His follower

John Huss was burned at the stake)John Huss was burned at the stake)– Claimed that an Ecumenical Council has authority over the PopeClaimed that an Ecumenical Council has authority over the Pope– ““This Council holds its power direct from Christ; everyone, no matter his This Council holds its power direct from Christ; everyone, no matter his

rank of office, even if it is papal, is bound to obey it in whatever pertains to rank of office, even if it is papal, is bound to obey it in whatever pertains to faith”faith”

• 17. Council of Basel-Ferrara-Florence (1431-1437)17. Council of Basel-Ferrara-Florence (1431-1437)– Convened by Pope Martin V for union with the Eastern ChurchConvened by Pope Martin V for union with the Eastern Church– It focused on Procession of Holy Spirit, It focused on Procession of Holy Spirit, Purgatory, and Primacy of the PopePurgatory, and Primacy of the Pope

on which the Eastern Church temporarily agreedon which the Eastern Church temporarily agreed– After Constantinople was taken by Turks (1453) many Eastern Bishops After Constantinople was taken by Turks (1453) many Eastern Bishops

recanted and pronounced the Council of Basel heretical.recanted and pronounced the Council of Basel heretical.– Immaculate Conception of Mary declared biblical and CatholicImmaculate Conception of Mary declared biblical and Catholic– [Later declared dogma by Pope Pius IX, 1854][Later declared dogma by Pope Pius IX, 1854]



• 18. Fifth Lateran Council (1512-1517)18. Fifth Lateran Council (1512-1517)– Called by Pope Julius II to invalidate anti-papal Council of Pisa Called by Pope Julius II to invalidate anti-papal Council of Pisa

convened by Louis XII of Franceconvened by Louis XII of France– A Few minor reforms were instituted.A Few minor reforms were instituted.– The main issues were not treated by the Council.The main issues were not treated by the Council.– [An Augustinian Monk named Luther did treat them in His 95 Thesis [An Augustinian Monk named Luther did treat them in His 95 Thesis

posted October 31, 1517]posted October 31, 1517]

• 19. Council of Trent (1545-1563)19. Council of Trent (1545-1563)– Convoked by Pope Paul III to counter the ReformationConvoked by Pope Paul III to counter the Reformation– It infallibly pronounced Purgatory, indulgences, veneration of saints It infallibly pronounced Purgatory, indulgences, veneration of saints

and images, prayers for the dead, the canonicity of the Apocrypha, the and images, prayers for the dead, the canonicity of the Apocrypha, the necessity of good works for salvation, seven sacraments, necessity of good works for salvation, seven sacraments, transubstantiation, and tradition as a second source of revelation.transubstantiation, and tradition as a second source of revelation.

– [1854--Immaculate Conception declared dogma by Pope Pius IX][1854--Immaculate Conception declared dogma by Pope Pius IX]

– Note:Note: Many Protestants believe Rome apostatized here Many Protestants believe Rome apostatized here

• 18. Fifth Lateran Council (1512-1517)18. Fifth Lateran Council (1512-1517)– Called by Pope Julius II to invalidate anti-papal Council of Pisa Called by Pope Julius II to invalidate anti-papal Council of Pisa

convened by Louis XII of Franceconvened by Louis XII of France– A Few minor reforms were instituted.A Few minor reforms were instituted.– The main issues were not treated by the Council.The main issues were not treated by the Council.– [An Augustinian Monk named Luther did treat them in His 95 Thesis [An Augustinian Monk named Luther did treat them in His 95 Thesis

posted October 31, 1517]posted October 31, 1517]

• 19. Council of Trent (1545-1563)19. Council of Trent (1545-1563)– Convoked by Pope Paul III to counter the ReformationConvoked by Pope Paul III to counter the Reformation– It infallibly pronounced Purgatory, indulgences, veneration of saints It infallibly pronounced Purgatory, indulgences, veneration of saints

and images, prayers for the dead, the canonicity of the Apocrypha, the and images, prayers for the dead, the canonicity of the Apocrypha, the necessity of good works for salvation, seven sacraments, necessity of good works for salvation, seven sacraments, transubstantiation, and tradition as a second source of revelation.transubstantiation, and tradition as a second source of revelation.

– [1854--Immaculate Conception declared dogma by Pope Pius IX][1854--Immaculate Conception declared dogma by Pope Pius IX]

– Note:Note: Many Protestants believe Rome apostatized here Many Protestants believe Rome apostatized here


The General Councils of the The General Councils of the ChurchChurch• 20. First Vatican Council (1869-1870)20. First Vatican Council (1869-1870)

– Convened by Pope Pius IX to denounce pantheism, materialism, and Convened by Pope Pius IX to denounce pantheism, materialism, and atheismatheism

– It ruled that the Pope is infallible on faith and practiceIt ruled that the Pope is infallible on faith and practice– The Pope’s “definitions are irreformable of themselves, and not from the The Pope’s “definitions are irreformable of themselves, and not from the

consent of the Churchconsent of the Church””– Note: Note: this contradicts Councilthis contradicts Council of Constance (1413-1418)of Constance (1413-1418)

• [1950-- [1950-- Pope Pius XIIPope Pius XII proclaimed The Bodily Assumption of Mary a dogma] proclaimed The Bodily Assumption of Mary a dogma]

• 21. Second Vatican Council (1962-1963)21. Second Vatican Council (1962-1963)– Called by Pope John XXIII based on inspiration from GodCalled by Pope John XXIII based on inspiration from God– Failed in attempt at union with Eastern ChurchFailed in attempt at union with Eastern Church– Called Protestants “separated brethren”Called Protestants “separated brethren”– Instituted minor changes in ritual (e.g., language of Mass)Instituted minor changes in ritual (e.g., language of Mass)– Claimed sincere non-Christians can be saved (Inclusivism)Claimed sincere non-Christians can be saved (Inclusivism)– Note: Note: This conflicts with earlier teaching of Rome that This conflicts with earlier teaching of Rome that – there is no salvation outside the Churchthere is no salvation outside the Church

• 20. First Vatican Council (1869-1870)20. First Vatican Council (1869-1870)– Convened by Pope Pius IX to denounce pantheism, materialism, and Convened by Pope Pius IX to denounce pantheism, materialism, and

atheismatheism– It ruled that the Pope is infallible on faith and practiceIt ruled that the Pope is infallible on faith and practice– The Pope’s “definitions are irreformable of themselves, and not from the The Pope’s “definitions are irreformable of themselves, and not from the

consent of the Churchconsent of the Church””– Note: Note: this contradicts Councilthis contradicts Council of Constance (1413-1418)of Constance (1413-1418)

• [1950-- [1950-- Pope Pius XIIPope Pius XII proclaimed The Bodily Assumption of Mary a dogma] proclaimed The Bodily Assumption of Mary a dogma]

• 21. Second Vatican Council (1962-1963)21. Second Vatican Council (1962-1963)– Called by Pope John XXIII based on inspiration from GodCalled by Pope John XXIII based on inspiration from God– Failed in attempt at union with Eastern ChurchFailed in attempt at union with Eastern Church– Called Protestants “separated brethren”Called Protestants “separated brethren”– Instituted minor changes in ritual (e.g., language of Mass)Instituted minor changes in ritual (e.g., language of Mass)– Claimed sincere non-Christians can be saved (Inclusivism)Claimed sincere non-Christians can be saved (Inclusivism)– Note: Note: This conflicts with earlier teaching of Rome that This conflicts with earlier teaching of Rome that – there is no salvation outside the Churchthere is no salvation outside the Church

A Brief SummaryA Brief SummaryA Brief SummaryA Brief Summary• I. New Testament Church: I. New Testament Church: Plurality of Elders Plurality of Elders in in

Each Independent Self-Governing ChurchEach Independent Self-Governing Church• II. Subapostolic Church: II. Subapostolic Church: Same as NT ChurchSame as NT Church• III. Early Post-Apostolic Church: III. Early Post-Apostolic Church: One Bishop One Bishop Over Over

Elders in Each ChurchElders in Each Church• IV. Pre-Medieval Church: IV. Pre-Medieval Church: Regional Bishops Regional Bishops

Over Area ChurchesOver Area Churches• V. Medieval Church: V. Medieval Church: One Bishop of Rome One Bishop of Rome

Over All ChurchesOver All Churches• VI. Modern Roman Church: VI. Modern Roman Church: One Infallible One Infallible

Bishop of Rome Over All ChurchesBishop of Rome Over All Churches [Eastern [Eastern Orthodox, Anglicans, and Protestants disagree]Orthodox, Anglicans, and Protestants disagree]

• I. New Testament Church: I. New Testament Church: Plurality of Elders Plurality of Elders in in Each Independent Self-Governing ChurchEach Independent Self-Governing Church

• II. Subapostolic Church: II. Subapostolic Church: Same as NT ChurchSame as NT Church• III. Early Post-Apostolic Church: III. Early Post-Apostolic Church: One Bishop One Bishop Over Over

Elders in Each ChurchElders in Each Church• IV. Pre-Medieval Church: IV. Pre-Medieval Church: Regional Bishops Regional Bishops

Over Area ChurchesOver Area Churches• V. Medieval Church: V. Medieval Church: One Bishop of Rome One Bishop of Rome

Over All ChurchesOver All Churches• VI. Modern Roman Church: VI. Modern Roman Church: One Infallible One Infallible

Bishop of Rome Over All ChurchesBishop of Rome Over All Churches [Eastern [Eastern Orthodox, Anglicans, and Protestants disagree]Orthodox, Anglicans, and Protestants disagree]

Universal Universal ChurchChurch

Universal Universal ChurchChurch

Local ChurchLocal ChurchLocal ChurchLocal ChurchInvisibleInvisible

One ChurchOne Church

An OrganismAn Organism

Only Saved MembersOnly Saved Members

Dead and Living Dead and Living MembersMembers

Whole Body of ChristWhole Body of Christ

Christ is the Invisible Christ is the Invisible HeadHead

No Elders or DeaconsNo Elders or Deacons

No OrdinancesNo Ordinances

No DenominationsNo Denominations

IndestructibleIndestructible

InvisibleInvisible

One ChurchOne Church

An OrganismAn Organism

Only Saved MembersOnly Saved Members

Dead and Living Dead and Living MembersMembers

Whole Body of ChristWhole Body of Christ


No Elders or DeaconsNo Elders or Deacons

No OrdinancesNo Ordinances

No DenominationsNo Denominations

IndestructibleIndestructible

VisibleVisible

Many ChurchesMany Churches

An OrganizationAn Organization

Saved and Lost Saved and Lost MembersMembers

Only Living MembersOnly Living Members

Only Part of Body of Only Part of Body of ChristChrist


Elders and DeaconsElders and Deacons

Two OrdinancesTwo Ordinances

Many DenominationsMany Denominations

DestructibleDestructible

VisibleVisible

Many ChurchesMany Churches

An OrganizationAn Organization

Saved and Lost Saved and Lost MembersMembers

Only Living MembersOnly Living Members

Only Part of Body of Only Part of Body of ChristChrist


Elders and DeaconsElders and Deacons

Two OrdinancesTwo Ordinances

Many DenominationsMany Denominations

DestructibleDestructibleNote:Note: All true believers belong to the same universal All true believers belong to the same universal (Catholic) invisible church. Differences are in the (Catholic) invisible church. Differences are in the visible church.visible church.

The Church: Unity or The Church: Unity or UniformityUniformity

The Church: Unity or The Church: Unity or UniformityUniformity

• ““UnanimityUnanimity means absolute concord of opinion within a given group of people.” means absolute concord of opinion within a given group of people.”• ““UniformityUniformity is complete similarity of organization or of ritual.” is complete similarity of organization or of ritual.”• ““UnionUnion implies political affiliation without necessarily including individual implies political affiliation without necessarily including individual

agreement.”agreement.”• ““UnityUnity requires oneness of inner heart and essential purpose, through the requires oneness of inner heart and essential purpose, through the

possession of a common interest or a common life.” possession of a common interest or a common life.” (M. Tenney, (M. Tenney, Gospel of JohnGospel of John, , 248)248)

• Note:Note: Jesus prayed for Jesus prayed for unity unity (Jn. 17:11), not for (Jn. 17:11), not for uniformity (unanimity uniformity (unanimity oror union).union).

• ““UnanimityUnanimity means absolute concord of opinion within a given group of people.” means absolute concord of opinion within a given group of people.”• ““UniformityUniformity is complete similarity of organization or of ritual.” is complete similarity of organization or of ritual.”• ““UnionUnion implies political affiliation without necessarily including individual implies political affiliation without necessarily including individual

agreement.”agreement.”• ““UnityUnity requires oneness of inner heart and essential purpose, through the requires oneness of inner heart and essential purpose, through the

possession of a common interest or a common life.” possession of a common interest or a common life.” (M. Tenney, (M. Tenney, Gospel of JohnGospel of John, , 248)248)

• Note:Note: Jesus prayed for Jesus prayed for unity unity (Jn. 17:11), not for (Jn. 17:11), not for uniformity (unanimity uniformity (unanimity oror union).union).

The Essentials of the The Essentials of the FaithFaith

The Essentials of the The Essentials of the FaithFaith

Copyright by Norman L. Geisler 2006Copyright by Norman L. Geisler 2006

Doctrinal Essentials of the Christian FaithDoctrinal Essentials of the Christian Faith 1. Human depravity 1. Human depravity 2. Mary’s virginity 2. Mary’s virginity 3. Christ’s purity 3. Christ’s purity 4. Christ’s deity 4. Christ’s deity 5. Christ’s humanity 5. Christ’s humanity 6. God’s unity 6. God’s unity 7. God’s tri-unity7. God’s tri-unity 8. The necessity of God’s grace 8. The necessity of God’s grace 9. The necessity of our Faith9. The necessity of our Faith 10. Christ’s atoning death 10. Christ’s atoning death 11. Christ’s bodily resurrection11. Christ’s bodily resurrection 12. Christ’s bodily ascension12. Christ’s bodily ascension 13. Christ priestly intercession 13. Christ priestly intercession 14. Christ’s bodily return14. Christ’s bodily return

All Major Sections of Christendom Affirm TheseAll Major Sections of Christendom Affirm These (Disagreements are about Gov’t and Practice)(Disagreements are about Gov’t and Practice)

Doctrinal Essentials of the Christian FaithDoctrinal Essentials of the Christian Faith 1. Human depravity 1. Human depravity 2. Mary’s virginity 2. Mary’s virginity 3. Christ’s purity 3. Christ’s purity 4. Christ’s deity 4. Christ’s deity 5. Christ’s humanity 5. Christ’s humanity 6. God’s unity 6. God’s unity 7. God’s tri-unity7. God’s tri-unity 8. The necessity of God’s grace 8. The necessity of God’s grace 9. The necessity of our Faith9. The necessity of our Faith 10. Christ’s atoning death 10. Christ’s atoning death 11. Christ’s bodily resurrection11. Christ’s bodily resurrection 12. Christ’s bodily ascension12. Christ’s bodily ascension 13. Christ priestly intercession 13. Christ priestly intercession 14. Christ’s bodily return14. Christ’s bodily return

All Major Sections of Christendom Affirm TheseAll Major Sections of Christendom Affirm These (Disagreements are about Gov’t and Practice)(Disagreements are about Gov’t and Practice)

The Apostles’ CreedThe Apostles’ CreedThe Apostles’ CreedThe Apostles’ Creed• I believeI believe [9] [9] in in God [6]God [6], , the Fatherthe Father Almighty, the Almighty, the

Creator of heaven and earth, and in Creator of heaven and earth, and in Jesus ChristJesus Christ, His , His only Son, ouronly Son, our Lord [4]Lord [4]: Who was conceived of : Who was conceived of the Holy the Holy Spirit [7]Spirit [7], , born of the Virgin Mary [2, 3]born of the Virgin Mary [2, 3], , suffered [10] suffered [10] under Pontius Pilate, was under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died [5]crucified, died [5], and was , and was buried. (He descended into hell.) The third day buried. (He descended into hell.) The third day He He arose again from the dead [11].arose again from the dead [11].

• He He ascended into heavenascended into heaven [12] and [12] and sits at the right sits at the right hand of God the Fatherhand of God the Father [13] Almighty, [13] Almighty, whence He whence He shall come to judge the living and the dead [14]shall come to judge the living and the dead [14]. I . I believe in the Holy Spirit, the holy catholic [universal] believe in the Holy Spirit, the holy catholic [universal] church, the communion of saints, the church, the communion of saints, the forgiveness [8]forgiveness [8] of of sins [1]sins [1], the , the resurrection of the body, andresurrection of the body, and life life everlasting [14]everlasting [14]. Amen.. Amen.

• Note:Note: All 14 salvation doctrines are in this Creed . All 14 salvation doctrines are in this Creed .

• I believeI believe [9] [9] in in God [6]God [6], , the Fatherthe Father Almighty, the Almighty, the Creator of heaven and earth, and in Creator of heaven and earth, and in Jesus ChristJesus Christ, His , His only Son, ouronly Son, our Lord [4]Lord [4]: Who was conceived of : Who was conceived of the Holy the Holy Spirit [7]Spirit [7], , born of the Virgin Mary [2, 3]born of the Virgin Mary [2, 3], , suffered [10] suffered [10] under Pontius Pilate, was under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died [5]crucified, died [5], and was , and was buried. (He descended into hell.) The third day buried. (He descended into hell.) The third day He He arose again from the dead [11].arose again from the dead [11].

• He He ascended into heavenascended into heaven [12] and [12] and sits at the right sits at the right hand of God the Fatherhand of God the Father [13] Almighty, [13] Almighty, whence He whence He shall come to judge the living and the dead [14]shall come to judge the living and the dead [14]. I . I believe in the Holy Spirit, the holy catholic [universal] believe in the Holy Spirit, the holy catholic [universal] church, the communion of saints, the church, the communion of saints, the forgiveness [8]forgiveness [8] of of sins [1]sins [1], the , the resurrection of the body, andresurrection of the body, and life life everlasting [14]everlasting [14]. Amen.. Amen.

• Note:Note: All 14 salvation doctrines are in this Creed . All 14 salvation doctrines are in this Creed .

ConclusionsConclusions• 1. The true church is not an organization (like 1. The true church is not an organization (like

Roman Catholicism) but an organism (the Roman Catholicism) but an organism (the spiritual body of Christ).spiritual body of Christ).

• 2. Essential doctrinal unity exists among all 2. Essential doctrinal unity exists among all the the major branches of Christianity.major branches of Christianity.

• 3. The differences are primarily in church 3. The differences are primarily in church government and practices.government and practices.

• 4. The Reformation was needed because of 4. The Reformation was needed because of doctrinal and practical abuses).doctrinal and practical abuses).

• 5. Modern Restorationalist had the right 5. Modern Restorationalist had the right goal--to restore NT Christianity. goal--to restore NT Christianity.

• 6. Today’s Independent and Baptistic type6. Today’s Independent and Baptistic typechurches come closer to the NT model.churches come closer to the NT model.

• 1. The true church is not an organization (like 1. The true church is not an organization (like Roman Catholicism) but an organism (the Roman Catholicism) but an organism (the spiritual body of Christ).spiritual body of Christ).

• 2. Essential doctrinal unity exists among all 2. Essential doctrinal unity exists among all the the major branches of Christianity.major branches of Christianity.

• 3. The differences are primarily in church 3. The differences are primarily in church government and practices.government and practices.

• 4. The Reformation was needed because of 4. The Reformation was needed because of doctrinal and practical abuses).doctrinal and practical abuses).

• 5. Modern Restorationalist had the right 5. Modern Restorationalist had the right goal--to restore NT Christianity. goal--to restore NT Christianity.

• 6. Today’s Independent and Baptistic type6. Today’s Independent and Baptistic typechurches come closer to the NT model.churches come closer to the NT model.

The Gradual Development of the The Gradual Development of the Roman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Church

The Gradual Development of the The Gradual Development of the Roman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Church

• 325--325--Bishops have authority over a whole regionBishops have authority over a whole region• 381381-- Emperor Theodosius founded a Christian State-- Emperor Theodosius founded a Christian State• 451--451--Archbishop established over other BishopsArchbishop established over other Bishops• 553--553--Perpetual virginity of Mary pronouncedPerpetual virginity of Mary pronounced• 680--680--Council claimed to be “illuminated by the Holy Spirit” and Council claimed to be “illuminated by the Holy Spirit” and

“clean from all error, certain, and infallible” “clean from all error, certain, and infallible” – Mary called “Our holy Lady, the holy, immaculate, ever-virgin Mary called “Our holy Lady, the holy, immaculate, ever-virgin

and glorious Mary, truly and properly the Mother of God” and glorious Mary, truly and properly the Mother of God”• 787--787--It ruled in favor of icons and venerating imagesIt ruled in favor of icons and venerating images

– It pronounced anathama on all who do not venerated iconsIt pronounced anathama on all who do not venerated icons– It forbid secular appointment of Bishops (thus It forbid secular appointment of Bishops (thus solidifyingsolidifying the the

authority of Religion over the State).authority of Religion over the State).– It affirmed the Primacy of Peter and apostolic successionIt affirmed the Primacy of Peter and apostolic succession– It claimed “the holy Roman Church which has prior rank, It claimed “the holy Roman Church which has prior rank, – which is the head of all the Churches of God”which is the head of all the Churches of God”

• 325--325--Bishops have authority over a whole regionBishops have authority over a whole region• 381381-- Emperor Theodosius founded a Christian State-- Emperor Theodosius founded a Christian State• 451--451--Archbishop established over other BishopsArchbishop established over other Bishops• 553--553--Perpetual virginity of Mary pronouncedPerpetual virginity of Mary pronounced• 680--680--Council claimed to be “illuminated by the Holy Spirit” and Council claimed to be “illuminated by the Holy Spirit” and

“clean from all error, certain, and infallible” “clean from all error, certain, and infallible” – Mary called “Our holy Lady, the holy, immaculate, ever-virgin Mary called “Our holy Lady, the holy, immaculate, ever-virgin

and glorious Mary, truly and properly the Mother of God” and glorious Mary, truly and properly the Mother of God”• 787--787--It ruled in favor of icons and venerating imagesIt ruled in favor of icons and venerating images

– It pronounced anathama on all who do not venerated iconsIt pronounced anathama on all who do not venerated icons– It forbid secular appointment of Bishops (thus It forbid secular appointment of Bishops (thus solidifyingsolidifying the the

authority of Religion over the State).authority of Religion over the State).– It affirmed the Primacy of Peter and apostolic successionIt affirmed the Primacy of Peter and apostolic succession– It claimed “the holy Roman Church which has prior rank, It claimed “the holy Roman Church which has prior rank, – which is the head of all the Churches of God”which is the head of all the Churches of God”

The Gradual Development of The Gradual Development of the Roman Catholic Churchthe Roman Catholic Church


• 869--869--It condemned the schism of Photius, Patriarch of It condemned the schism of Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople who challenged the filioque clause.Constantinople who challenged the filioque clause.

• 1123--1123--First Council called by a Pope (Callistus). First Council called by a Pope (Callistus). • It affirmed the “Concordat of Worms” (1122) that the Pope, It affirmed the “Concordat of Worms” (1122) that the Pope,

not the Emperor, the right to invest a Bishop with ring and not the Emperor, the right to invest a Bishop with ring and staff and and receive homagestaff and and receive homage

• 1139--1139--Established right ofEstablished right of priest, rather than God, to receive priest, rather than God, to receive confession of sins by condemning those who opposed it confession of sins by condemning those who opposed it

• 1179--1179--Convened by Pope Alexander III to counter anti-Pope Convened by Pope Alexander III to counter anti-Pope Callistus III Callistus III

– It affirmed that the right to elect a Pope was restricted to It affirmed that the right to elect a Pope was restricted to the college of Cardinals by 2/3 majoritythe college of Cardinals by 2/3 majority

• 1215--1215--Affirmed Transsubstantiation, primacy of Bishop of Affirmed Transsubstantiation, primacy of Bishop of Rome, and Seven SacramentsRome, and Seven Sacraments

– Set up Office of the Inquisitors to investigate heresy and Set up Office of the Inquisitors to investigate heresy and turned them over to the State for punishmentturned them over to the State for punishment

• 869--869--It condemned the schism of Photius, Patriarch of It condemned the schism of Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople who challenged the filioque clause.Constantinople who challenged the filioque clause.

• 1123--1123--First Council called by a Pope (Callistus). First Council called by a Pope (Callistus). • It affirmed the “Concordat of Worms” (1122) that the Pope, It affirmed the “Concordat of Worms” (1122) that the Pope,

not the Emperor, the right to invest a Bishop with ring and not the Emperor, the right to invest a Bishop with ring and staff and and receive homagestaff and and receive homage

• 1139--1139--Established right ofEstablished right of priest, rather than God, to receive priest, rather than God, to receive confession of sins by condemning those who opposed it confession of sins by condemning those who opposed it

• 1179--1179--Convened by Pope Alexander III to counter anti-Pope Convened by Pope Alexander III to counter anti-Pope Callistus III Callistus III

– It affirmed that the right to elect a Pope was restricted to It affirmed that the right to elect a Pope was restricted to the college of Cardinals by 2/3 majoritythe college of Cardinals by 2/3 majority

• 1215--1215--Affirmed Transsubstantiation, primacy of Bishop of Affirmed Transsubstantiation, primacy of Bishop of Rome, and Seven SacramentsRome, and Seven Sacraments

– Set up Office of the Inquisitors to investigate heresy and Set up Office of the Inquisitors to investigate heresy and turned them over to the State for punishmentturned them over to the State for punishment

The Gradual Development of The Gradual Development of

the Roman Catholic Churchthe Roman Catholic Church The Gradual Development of The Gradual Development of

the Roman Catholic Churchthe Roman Catholic Church • 1245--1245--Frederick II was condemned for imprisoning Cardinals Frederick II was condemned for imprisoning Cardinals

and Bishop on their way to the Council. and Bishop on their way to the Council.• 12741274--Aquinas affirmed authority of Pope to form a creed--Aquinas affirmed authority of Pope to form a creed• 1312--1312--Affirmed decrees concerning Inquisition (which Affirmed decrees concerning Inquisition (which

Frederick Frederick II made in 1232) II made in 1232)• 1415--1415--It condemned John Wycliffe after his death (in 1384) It condemned John Wycliffe after his death (in 1384)

(His follower John Huss was burned at the stake)(His follower John Huss was burned at the stake)– Claimed Ecumenical Council has authority over the PopeClaimed Ecumenical Council has authority over the Pope– ““This Council holds its power direct from Christ; everyone, This Council holds its power direct from Christ; everyone,

no matter his rank of office, even if it is papal, is bound to no matter his rank of office, even if it is papal, is bound to obey it in whatever pertains to faith” obey it in whatever pertains to faith”

• 1431-1437--1431-1437--AffirmedAffirmed Purgatory, and Primacy of the PopePurgatory, and Primacy of the Pope– Immaculate Conception of Mary declared biblical and Immaculate Conception of Mary declared biblical and

Catholic [Later declared dogma by Pope Pius IX, 1854]Catholic [Later declared dogma by Pope Pius IX, 1854]



• 1512-1517--Pope Julius II invalidated anti-papal Council of 1512-1517--Pope Julius II invalidated anti-papal Council of Pisa convened by Louis XII of FrancePisa convened by Louis XII of France

– A Few minor reforms were institutedA Few minor reforms were instituted– The main issues of reform were not treated by the Council.The main issues of reform were not treated by the Council.– [Luther treated the issues in his Reformation by posting his [Luther treated the issues in his Reformation by posting his

95 Thesis posted October 31, 1517]95 Thesis posted October 31, 1517]• 1545-1563--1545-1563--Convoked to counter the ReformationConvoked to counter the Reformation

– It infallibly pronounced Purgatory, indulgences, veneration of It infallibly pronounced Purgatory, indulgences, veneration of saints and images, prayers for the dead, the canonicity of the saints and images, prayers for the dead, the canonicity of the Apocrypha, the necessity of good works for salvation, seven Apocrypha, the necessity of good works for salvation, seven sacraments, transsubstantiation, and tradition as a second sacraments, transsubstantiation, and tradition as a second source of revelationsource of revelation

• 1869-1870--1869-1870--It pronounced the Pope is infallible on faith It pronounced the Pope is infallible on faith and practice: The Pope’s “definitions are irreformable of and practice: The Pope’s “definitions are irreformable of

themselves, and not from the consent of the Churchthemselves, and not from the consent of the Church””

• 1512-1517--Pope Julius II invalidated anti-papal Council of 1512-1517--Pope Julius II invalidated anti-papal Council of Pisa convened by Louis XII of FrancePisa convened by Louis XII of France

– A Few minor reforms were institutedA Few minor reforms were instituted– The main issues of reform were not treated by the Council.The main issues of reform were not treated by the Council.– [Luther treated the issues in his Reformation by posting his [Luther treated the issues in his Reformation by posting his

95 Thesis posted October 31, 1517]95 Thesis posted October 31, 1517]• 1545-1563--1545-1563--Convoked to counter the ReformationConvoked to counter the Reformation

– It infallibly pronounced Purgatory, indulgences, veneration of It infallibly pronounced Purgatory, indulgences, veneration of saints and images, prayers for the dead, the canonicity of the saints and images, prayers for the dead, the canonicity of the Apocrypha, the necessity of good works for salvation, seven Apocrypha, the necessity of good works for salvation, seven sacraments, transsubstantiation, and tradition as a second sacraments, transsubstantiation, and tradition as a second source of revelationsource of revelation

• 1869-1870--1869-1870--It pronounced the Pope is infallible on faith It pronounced the Pope is infallible on faith and practice: The Pope’s “definitions are irreformable of and practice: The Pope’s “definitions are irreformable of

themselves, and not from the consent of the Churchthemselves, and not from the consent of the Church””



• 1950--1950--The Bodily Assumption of Mary proclaimed dogma The Bodily Assumption of Mary proclaimed dogma by Pope Pius XIIby Pope Pius XII

• 1962-1963--1962-1963--Failed in attempt at union with Eastern Failed in attempt at union with Eastern ChurchChurch– Called Protestants “separated brethren”Called Protestants “separated brethren”– Instituted minor changes in ritual (e.g., Mass in local Instituted minor changes in ritual (e.g., Mass in local

languages)languages)– Claimed sincere non-Christians can be saved Claimed sincere non-Christians can be saved

[This conflicts with earlier teaching of Rome that [This conflicts with earlier teaching of Rome that there is there is no salvation outside the Church]no salvation outside the Church]

• Note:Note: No real change of objectionable No real change of objectionable doctrines was made!doctrines was made!

• 1950--1950--The Bodily Assumption of Mary proclaimed dogma The Bodily Assumption of Mary proclaimed dogma by Pope Pius XIIby Pope Pius XII

• 1962-1963--1962-1963--Failed in attempt at union with Eastern Failed in attempt at union with Eastern ChurchChurch– Called Protestants “separated brethren”Called Protestants “separated brethren”– Instituted minor changes in ritual (e.g., Mass in local Instituted minor changes in ritual (e.g., Mass in local

languages)languages)– Claimed sincere non-Christians can be saved Claimed sincere non-Christians can be saved

[This conflicts with earlier teaching of Rome that [This conflicts with earlier teaching of Rome that there is there is no salvation outside the Church]no salvation outside the Church]

• Note:Note: No real change of objectionable No real change of objectionable doctrines was made!doctrines was made!

Documents

The History of the Church Copyright by Norman L. Geisler 2006