THE HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

Presenter: Miss T. JohnsonGrade: 8

THE EARLY YEARS

The Abacus• The first counting device

• Has no definite inventor but it’s creation was largely influenced by the Chinese and Romans

• Based on a place-value system where the place of a bead or rock determined how much it was worth

The Abacus

The Pascaline• Created by French

mathematician and philosopher, Blaise Pascal

• Was the first mechanical digital calculator

• Could perform only addition and subtraction on whole numbers

The Pascaline

Jacquard’s Loom• Created by Joseph Marie

Jacquard in 1801

• Used punched cards– Punched card: a card in which

holes are punched in designated positions to represent data — called also Hollerith card

• View in action

Jacquard’s Loom

Charles Babbage• Called the “father of the

computer”

• Designed two machines: the1. Difference Engine

– Designed to be steam powered and fully automatic

2. Analytical Engine

• Was not able to build his machines as the technology was not yet available

Charles Babbage• Difference

Engine

• Analytical Engine

Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine

• Invented by Dr. Herman Hollerith

• Used punched cards

• Was used to compile data for the US census of 1980

Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine

GENERATIONS OF THE COMPUTER

Generations of the Computer

• Classified into five

categories

• Characterized by the type

of electrical

component/technology

used to build the computer

First GenerationTime period Size Technology

1945-1956 Very large Vacuum tube

First GenerationENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer)

Second Generation

Time period

Size Technology

1956-1963

Large ; smaller than first generation

Transistor

Second Generation

IBM 7094

Third GenerationTime period Size Technology

1964-1970 smaller than second generation

integrated circuit (IC) or chip

Third GenerationIBM 370

Fourth GenerationTime period Size Technology

1971-present • Small• Portable

integrated circuit (IC) or chip• LSI• ULSI

Fourth Generation

Fifth GenerationAny ideas???

Fifth Generation• Artificial intelligence –

computers mimicking human

beings

– Greater development of:

Robotics

Voice recognition

Summary – History of Computers

Invention Inventor

Abacus Creation influenced by ancient civilization (Chinese, Romans, Egyptians and others).

Pascaline Blaise Pascal

Jacquard’s Loom Joseph Marie Jacquard

Tabulating machine Herman Hollerith

Analytical EngineDifference Engine Charles Babbage

Adapted from History of Computers presentation by Miss Hall and Mrs. Batchelor (2014)

Summary – Generations of Computers

First Generation (1945-1956)

Second Generation (1956-1963)

Third Generation (1964-1970)

Fourth Generation (1971- present)

Vacuum Tubes Transistors Integrated Circuits

Microprocessors

Big and Clumsy

High electricity consumption

Larger AC units were needed

Lot of electricity failure occurred.

Smaller transistors were used

Core memory was developed.

Faster than first generation computers

Integrated circuits developed

Power consumption was low.

100 times faster than the second generation

Development of portable computers

Floppy disks, optical disks then flash memory became the popular storage media

Adapted from History of Computers presentation by Miss Hall and Mrs. Batchelor (2014)

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