The History of Antennas in Sweden

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A

The Early Days of Radio in Sweden,

Ernst F.W. Alexanderson and

Grimeton Radio Station SAQ,

UNESCO World Heritage

Joakim Johansson

RUAG Space

Gothenburg, Sweden

[email protected]

Abstract!The G rimeton radio station is a still operational

pre-electronic era V L F transmitter system. C reated a UN ESC O World Heritage in 2004, it also serves as a testimonial to the impressive productivity of the Swedish-American inventor E .F . W . A lexanderson.

Index Terms!radio history, VL F

I. THE EARLY DAYS OF RADIO IN SWEDEN

Sweden was at the beginning of the 20th century transform-

ing into an industrialized nation. Rich in natural resources such as iron ore and hydro-electric power, and having a working force of relatively high literacy, Swedish companies such as LM Ericsson, ASEA, SKF, Alfa Laval, etc. grew into multi-national giants. However, within the area of wireless communications, the Swedish success story would still have to wait until the last decades of the century. At the time, the great powers of wireless were Great Britain and Germany.

Early on, the main stakeholder in wireless communications was the Royal Swedish Navy (cf. e.g. [1]). The utility of wire-less was obvious, and work began to equip the navy with the needed equipment. Negotiations with Marconi were unsuccess-ful, and thus the main supplier would be Telefunken in Ger-many.

Major spark transmitters were commissioned in Karlsborg !"#$% &'()*+,% )(,-"(./% 01% 23$4$567% ("% "#$% 5(8(.% ,09"% 01%Karlskrona, and in the merchant port city of Gothenburg.

Sweden had by tradition good contacts with Germany, and it was common for Swedish engineering students to study in Germany. In the electrical engineering field, the Königliche Technische Hochschule in Charlottenburg, Berlin was gener-ally considered as the most prestigious university. Hence, the few Swedes that made an impression in the wireless field at that time, notably Ragnar Rendahl and Ernst Alexanderson, had that alma mater in common.

Figure 1. Interior from the Karlskrona spark transmitter 1914

(call sign SAA).

II. E.F.W. ALEXANDERSON

Every nation has its answer to the question of &who in-8$5"$4% 9(4-0/. Scientist such as Braun, entrepreneurs such as Marconi, and mavericks such as Tesla all made important contributions. However, such complex technical systems would not work without practical solutions to numerous detail prob-lems, and thus the inventorship is by nature collective.

One of the less known pioneers of wireless technology is the Swedish-American engineer Ernst F.W. Alexanderson (cf. e.g. [2] for an authoritative biography). Alexanderson was born in Uppsala in 1878. After studies at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm and year in Berlin, he emigrated to the U.S.A. in 1901. After some shorter employments he ended up at General Electric.

Alexanderson finally managed to get a position at the prestigious testing department of GE in 1903. The testing department was a must if aiming at higher positions in the company:% ;$-5<% &"#$% '$="% <9(4+("$% )0+9=$% -5% $.$)"9-)(.%engineer-5<% -5% "#$% 309.4/7% -"% 3(=% )05sidered essential for &Americanizing/ European engineers.

978-88-907018-1-8/13/$31.00 ©2013 IEEE

7th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP 2013) - Convened Sessions

3036

With help from his mentor C.P. Steinmetz, and with the management attention his invention of the self-exciting dy-namo got, his career took off, and he finally became Chief Engineer at GE and RCA.

Figure 2. Ernst F.W. Alexanderson (1878 ! 1975).

Alexanderson was a prolific inventor, and was awarded at least 345 US patents. A General Electric advertisement cam-"#$%&'()#*+,$&%'-.)/#&0),12&'3#0'*3)'*$*.)'4-&'5&6)&*$2&'76),8'9)6)&':));1<='>$1'.#1*'"#*)&*'?#1'awarded 1973, at the age of 95!

He contributed to a wide variety of fields, such as control engineering (the amplidyne), color television, radio facsimile, power electronics, power engineering, navigation, etc.

Even though Alexanderson is less known today, it is evi-dent that he was recognized as a major player in electrical engi-neering in the first decades of the century. In 1919 he became the second recipient of the IEEE Medal of Honor (Marconi being the third in 1920).

Alexanderson made inventions of main importance to the early trans-oceanic communication systems [3]. The simplicity of spark transmitters made them popular for naval applications, even though they created damped waves that covered a wide spectrum. However, for reliable long-range high-speed communications, high power continuous wave transmitters were essential. In 1905, Alexanderson filed a patent application for a high-frequency alternator that filled that need. In the following years, he made important inventions for key compo-nents of a complete wireless communications system:

! Transmitter (High-Frequency Alternator); U.S. Patent No. 1008577

! Modulator (Magnetic Amplifier); U.S. Patent No. 1206643

! Multiple Tuned Antenna; U.S. Patent No. 1360168

! Receiver (Selective Tuning System): U.S. Patent No. 1173079

Through these (and other) inventions, RCA became independent of the Marconi and de Forest patents.

Alexanderson recognized system aspects early, and is quoted as stating that !4The problem of radio engineering is to establish the relation between kilowatts input and words out-put<, which is a nice condensed version of information theory.

III. THE GRIMETON RADIO STATION

A. Rationale and Location One of the first acts of war of The Great War in August

1914 was when a British cable ship severed the German tele-graph cables in the North Sea [4]. Later raids essentially left Germany isolated in terms of wire telecommunications. The German Empire had to rely on detours via neutral nations (e.g. *3)'49?)0$13'@2+&0#A2+*<B'#&0'*3)'?$,).)11'C#"#A$.$*$)1 of its Grossfunkstation Nauen.

The potential future consequences of the alleged Swedish complicity in the relaying 2('*3)'4Zimmermann T).)%,#D<'E*3)'failed attempt to instigate a Mexican declaration of war against the then neutral U.S.A. [5, 6]) is likely to have motivated the Swedish authorities to acquire a reliable wireless back-up sys-tem for transatlantic communications.

A reliable transatlantic wireless communication system would be based in the VLF (3 ! 30 kHz) band. The theory of the propagation of RF surface waves over an imperfect conduc-tor had been pioneered by Sommerfeld and Zenneck before WW1, and it was understood that the lower the frequency, the lower the signal attenuation. High conductivity soil or, even better, high-salinity water would improve the propagation. The ability to generate high power was also easier at lower frequen-cies, but lower antenna efficiency and a limited available band-width would be limiting factors.

A quick glance at a map shows that a location in the Var-berg area on the west coast of Sweden would yield a great cir-cle path towards the U.S. east coast that would pass almost entirely over sea water, clearing both the north tip of Jutland and the southern tip of Norway. Other boundary conditions were the vicinity to a reliable AC power grid and being not too far from the Swedish governmental telegraph facilities in Gothenburg. All these factors converged to a dual facility solu-tion with a receiving station in Kungsbacka and a transmitting station in Grimeton outside Varberg (see the map below).

The Grimeton radio station was ready for operation in December 1924, and the official inauguration was held on 2 July 1925 in the presence of King Gustaf V.


3037

"

Figure 3. The location of the receiving and transmitting stations on the west

coast of Sweden.

B. The Receiving Station Design The receiving station used quite an interesting approach.

!"#$ %#&#'()#$ *+(&#,$ (-.#--($ /7] achieves a very good directivity in the direction along the wire away from the feed point, and the longer the wire, the better. However, the station in Kungsbacka is close to the sea, and thus it would not be possible to have a long antenna in the desired direction. The problem was solved by running the antenna in the opposite direction. Two wires were mounted on 9 m tall telephone poles along a 13 km stretch inland. By mounting a balun device at the far end, one could now use the two-wire common mode as a Beverage antenna with its feed at the far end, and then use the differential mode as a transmission line back to the receiving station.

Nothing is left of the receiving antenna system, but the sta-tion building in Kungsbacka remains, now as an apartment building.

Figure 4. The principle of the two-wire Beverage antenna [7].

C . The Transmitting Station Design The schematic of the Grimeton transmitting station is

shown below. The design is the standardized General Electric one, and the main parts are described below [8].

Figure 5. The schematic of the General Electric alternator based design.

1) The Alternator The alternator is in principle comprised by three parts: a

motor, a gearbox, and the high frequency generator, compris-ing a 50 ton unit, see the figure below. The motor is a 370 kW 2.2 kV 50 Hz asynchronous motor which has quite a unique wiring, with a 2-phase stator and a 3-phase rotor connected by slip-rings to external liquid resistors. The proximity to a stable power grid that was provided by the early hydro-electric power generating capabilities in Halland County was essential to the Grimeton radio station.

The gearbox provides a final rotation speed at 2115 rpm, and the peripheral speed of the 1.6 m diameter rotor disk is 638 km/h (177 m/s). The mechanical issues encountered when having a 1.5 ton disk spinning at such speeds, while providing a 1 mm air gap to maximize the RF coupling, are by them-selves quite difficult problems. Alexanderson solved several of these problems and patented e.g. a self-adjusting bearing sys-tem.

The steel rotor of the alternator has 488 teeth that are filled with non-magnetic brass to improve the aerodynamics. The nominal frequency of the Grimeton alternator is thus 488*2115/60 = 17.2 kHz. The GE alternator gearbox was manufactured in three versions, and the number of poles in the drive motor could be selected to cover a frequency range of 12.5 0 28.5 kHz.

The stator has 64 armature windings, each providing 30 A at 100 V, that are combined in the transformers in the RF switchyard.


3038

Figure 6. The Alexanderson alternator at Grimeton

(World Heritage Grimeton).

The RF switchyard comprises two transformers with 32 pri-mary winding and one secondary winding each, lightning arresters, switch-gear, and a variometer (variable inductor) for tuning. An additional winding is used for modulating through a magnetic amplifier comprising two transductors and six capaci-tor banks. The transductors have an RF winding for which the inductance can be changed by a DC current. By keying the DC current, it is thus possible to modulate the RF inductance, and thereby the resonance conditions and the RF coupling. The RF carrier leakage in the key-up case is about 20 dB below the key-down case.

The transmitter has quite ingenious systems to maintain the carrier frequency versus variations in power grid voltage and frequency. Also, the keying results in a variable load for the alternator. The inertia of the rotor will dampen some of this variation, but slower variations in duty cycle of the keying have to be compensated. The above-mentioned liquid resistors (filled with NaOH) are used for regulation of the drive motor asynchronous slip, and thereby the frequency.

The transmitter also includes a lot of auxiliary systems for control, measurement, and protection, as well a water cooling system with an outdoor cooling water pond with fountains.

2) The Antenna The antenna system is supported by six free-standing tow-

ers that are 127 m tall and have top cross-members that are 46 m wide. At the time of construction, these were the tallest (non-guyed) structures in Sweden. Each of the four inner tow-ers weighs in at 130 tons, and the outer ones are even heavier at 160 tons. The towers are spaced by 380 m, and the total an-tenna length is thus around 2 km. Even at this size it is an electrically small antenna compared to the 17 km wavelength.

The antenna signal exits the building through a balanced two-wire cage type transmission line. A transition to the an-tenna top-wire system and the ground network is provided through a balun transformer, providing an RF voltage of 60 kV. At this point, a 50 Hz de-icing current is also injected into the antenna wires, when needed.

The antenna top-wire system is only a transmission line, and the antenna function is provided by the cage lines (see the figure below) that are connected to variable inductors at each of the six towers. The 2.7 m diameter inductors have about 75 turns of Litz wire that yield 10 mH to resonate the 50 nF an-tenna top capacitance. An essential, but only partly visible, part of the system is the grounding network.

Figure 7. One antenna tower with the cage type vertical radiator and tuning

coil visible (Wikimedia Commons).

The antenna height will determine the radiation resistance of a top-loaded monopole. With a height of around 0.75 % of

the wavelength, the result is 50 m!"for the Grimeton antenna! Despite the advanced grounding system, the ground resistance

is about 2.5 !, and the antenna efficiency would thus be around 2 %. However, the genius of Alexanderson stepped in again. By having several radiators he could get a multiple tuned antenna, and in theory the efficiency should be improved significantly. In the Grimeton case, the efficiency is above 10 %, a figure that is considered good for this type of system.

Figure 8. The multiple tuned antenna principle (U.S. Patent No. 1360168).


3039

Figure 9. The Grimeton station building and the six antenna towers

(Wikimedia Commons).

D . The Significance of Grimeton The Grimeton station was part of a global RCA network

!"#!$%&'()$*+$%#((+)$!"+$,-.+(+//$0-1!+.1+!2$&3$!"+$!,+1!-+/4$5"+$Morse code keying speed was typically 50 words per minute (wpm), but the transmitter could in principle modulate up to 150 wpm. In modern terms this would correspond to 42 baud and 125 baud, respectively. One should now consider that the contemporary submarine telegraph cables had even less capac-ity, typically 25 wpm.

The total information transmitted from Grimeton in 1936 was 1.8 million words, corresponding to around 10 megabytes!

Figure 10. Node map of the RCA ,-.+(+//$0-1!+.1+!2$&3$!"+$!,+1!-+/4

E . The Survival of a !Dinosaur" In a sense, the technology used in the Grimeton radio sta-

tion was already obsolescent at the moment of construction. Vacuum tube electronics and short-wave communications could in essence provide the same long-range fixed communications capabilities. However, within its niche it still was more reliable due to its independence of ionospheric propagation conditions.

With the laying of the submarine telephone cables in the mid-fifties, the need for trans-oceanic telegram (text) messag-ing over a radio via would gradually disappear.

During WW2 it was realized that communications to submarines could be accomplished by using VLF transmitters. The range and depth penetration will be dependent on the fre-quency and the water salinity. Therefore Grimeton was used for early communication experiments with submerged subma-rines [9]. A quite unique advantage to Sweden is the brackish low salinity conditions in the Baltic, thereby allowing the LF radio station at Ruda (call sign SHR) to cover the eastern wa-ters. However, on the west coast of Sweden, Grimeton was still needed due to the much higher salinity. Therefore the antenna system at Grimeton could survive into our days as a matter of national security.

The de-regulation of the Swedish telephone state monopoly in the late decades of the 20th

century could have been the death knell to a facility such as Grimeton. The state monopoly was privatized into Telia (now Telia Sonera), and Grimeton fell under the auspices of Telia Mobile. With wise people still in high positions in the company, the towers were meticulously renovated before the station was declared obsolete. At the same time, the Swedish National Heritage Board found the architec-tural qualities of the station building important, and declared it a protected building heritage. With all the planets in the right positions, the radio station was now transferred to a non-profit foundation.

F . A UNESCO World Heritage The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural

Organization (UNESCO) maintain a list of World Heritage Sites. Monuments such as the Great Wall of China, the pyra-mids at Giza, etc. are obvious list members.

Since Grimeton Radio Station is unique as a pre-electronic radio system, still in working order, work began to nominate it to the UNESCO list. This work was crowned with success at the UNESCO summit in Suzhou, China, and the station was added to the list on 2 July 2004. The Swedish government is now committed to preserve the radio station to future generations as a living monument of the inventions that changed the world for ever.

REFERENCES

[1] A. Ahlström, Karlskrona Radio 1909 ! 2009, Royal Swedish Navy Historical Collections, Stockholm, 2009, ISBN 91-7942-083-4.

[2] J.E. Brittain, Alexanderson: Pioneer in American E lectrical Engineer-ing, ISBN 080184228X.

[3] 647484$ 9(+:#1)+./&1;$ 05.#1/&%+#1-%$ <#)-&$ =&>>'1-%#!-&12;$ 5.#1/4$AIEE, Vol. XXXVIII , pp. 1269 ? 1285, July 1919.

[4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telconia

[5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimmermann_Telegram

[6] B.W. Tuchman, The Zimmerman Telegram, ISBN 0345324250.

[7] H.H. Beverage;$=484$<-%+;$#1)$6484$@+((&AA;$05"+$8#B+$91!+11#$? A New Type of H-A"(C$D-.+%!-B+$91!+11#2;$5.#1/4$9E66;$F&(4$GHEE;$II4$215 ? 266, Jan. 1923.

[8] Alternatorn J1+,/(+!!+.$ 3&.$ !"+$ K9(+:#1)+.$? Friends of the Grimeton F+!+.#1$<#)-&L$/&%-+!CMN$various issues 2007-2012. www.alexander.n.se.

[9] C.-H. Walde;$0O*P!//#>*#1)$&%"$)+//$*#QA.'1)2$;$Audionen (newslet-ter for the Radio Historical Society of West Sweden), No. 3, 2005.


3040

Swedish Radio Astronomy

Hans Olofsson

Onsala Space Observatory, Chalmers University of Technology

Swedish radio astronomy and its development are synonymous with the formation

and development of the Onsala Space Observatory at Chalmers University of

Technology. The observatory grew out of the ionospheric research activities of prof.

Olof Rydbeck, and his subsequent interest in radio astronomy that was stimulated

during his years in the US. The increasing problems with radio interference in the

Gothenburg area, eventually led to a donation of land on the Onsala peninsula,

which made it possible to create a radio astronomical observatory in the late

1940:ies. This was a time when funding for research infrastructure was not easily

obtained, and the first significant step came when the observatory bought five

German second-world-war radar antennas (7.5 m Würzburg Riese) from Norway

and brought them to the Onsala site. This made it possible to start mapping cosmic

hydrogen, through the 21 cm line, in our galaxy, the Milky Way, and also to perform

solar observations. The observatory was officially inaugurated in 1955, and Fig. 1

shows the installations in the late 1950:ies.

Fig. 1. The installations at the Onsala site in the late 1950:ies.

Prof. Rydbeck’s interest gradually focused on astromolecules, i.e., molecules

naturally occurring in the interstellar medium, but this required a larger telescope to

be built at Onsala. Through collaborations with the Scandinavian telecommunication

authorities a 25.6 m telescope was erected at Onsala in 1963, Fig. 3.

Simultaneously, the observatory invested in the development of extremely low-noise

978-88-907018-1-8/13/$31.00 ©2013 IEEE


3041

amplifiers, based on the maser technique, to be able to detect the weak signals

from cosmic molecules. This was a risky but eventually successful project, and it

had two important consequences. The first detection of cosmic CH, an important

component of astrochemical networks, and the first very long baseline

interferometry (VLBI) observations in which the observatory was involved. The

25.6 m telescope is still in operation for astronomical VLBI observations.

Fig. 2. Left: The Onsala 25.6 m cm-wave telescope. Right: The Onsala radome-

enclosed 20 m mm-wave telescope.

An unsuccessful attempt to get funding for a 100 m telescope, lead the observatory

in a new direction, towards shorter wavelengths where an increasing number of new

astromolecules was detected. A radome-enclosed 20 m telescope for mm-wave

observations was inaugurated in 1976, Fig. 2, and it remained the world’s largest

mm-wave telescope for about a decade. A wealth of radio astronomical successes

has been achieved with this telescope, and it laid the ground for the observatory’s

international expansion. It is still in operation for single-dish astronomical

observations and for astronomical and geodetic VLBI observations.

In the early 1980:ies the observatory looked towards even shorter wavelengths,

meaning that a site different than the Onsala one must be chosen. Eventually, this

lead to the deployment of a 15 m mm/sub-mm telescope in the Chilean Andes (the

Swedish-ESO Submillimetre Telescope, SEST, on La Silla), Fig. 3, through a

collaboration between the observatory, now under the leadership of prof. Roy

Booth, and the European Southern Observatory. This was a very successful and

scientifically rewarding collaboration, which ended in 2003 when the telescope was

moth-balled.


3042

Fig. 3. Left: The Swedish-ESO Submillimetre Telescope on La Silla in the Chilean

Andes. Right: The Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX) telescope on Llano

Chajnantor in the Chilean Andes.

In the 1980:ies the activities of the observatory had expanded to the extent that discussions to form a national facility started. They were concluded in 1994 when Onsala Space Observatory (OSO) became the Swedish National Facility for Radio Astronomy, with direct funding from the Swedish Research Council and hosted by Chalmers. The SEST project was soon to be followed by the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX) project. This is a 12 m sub-mm telescope, a first version of the telescope which will later form part of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), located on a high (5100 m of altitude) site in the northern Chilean Andes (Llano Chajnantor), Fig. 3. Due to the excellent site, high and dry, and the high quality of the antenna surface it is even possible to perform THz radio astronomical observations with this telescope, which is operated by the Max-Planck-Institute for Radio Astronomy (in Bonn), the European Southern Observatory, and OSO since 2005. The SEST and APEX projects positioned OSO well for a substantial involvement in the 1.3 B$ project ALMA, the world’s largest mm/sub-mm radio interferometer array, presently being built on Llano Chajnantor. At the same time as the sub-mm activities were flourishing within OSO, it became clear that long-wavelength radio astronomy would be the way to go for studying a number of astrophysically very important questions, such as the origin of large-scale structure in the universe, and the amount and nature of dark matter and dark energy. The Dutch project the Low-frequency Array (LOFAR) was paving the way for an even more ambitious project, the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) with an


3043

estimated cost of at least 1.5 B!. Consequently, to prepare technologically and

scientifically for the SKA, OSO joined the international LOFAR project and a LOFAR

station was installed at the Onsala site in 2011, Fig. 4. This station is now operated

within the International LOFAR Telescope collaboration as well as in stand-alone

mode. Since 2012, OSO is also a member of the Brittish company that is presently

in charge of the SKA project.

Fig. 4. The LOFAR station at Onsala.

Simultaneously with the radio astronomical activities, OSO has over the years

become increasingly active in the field of geodesy. The central activity here is

geodetic VLBI, where some of the most distant objects in the universe are used to

measure the positions of the radio telescopes at increasing accuracy over the

years. Among other things this gives information on Earth’s crustal motion (i.e.,

plate tectonics) and, in particular, on Earth’s rotation properties. The next phase is

aimed to reach an accuracy of 1 mm in the position of a telescope (per

measurement epoch), and to achieve this OSO will install two fast 12 m radio

telescopes at the Onsala site, and equip them with modern VLBI instrumentation.

The geodetic VLBI activity has over the years been supplemented with a

national/international GPS station, a gravimeter laboratory with a superconducting

gravimeter, tide-level gauges, and seismometers, with the aim to produce multi-

method observations of the Earth’s interior, crust, oceans, and atmosphere.

Thus, OSO is today an important research facility with a mission to operate its own

instrumentation and to channel Swedish interests in international radio astronomical

projects, as well as to promote geophysical activities that utilize radio astronomical

methods.


3044

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3053

Radar Antenna R&D in Sweden Lars Josefsson

Lars Microwave, Askim, Sweden [email protected]

Abstract!The development of antenna technology for Swedish radar systems is presented. The period covered is more than 60 years, starting at the end of World War I I . The presentation is no doubt !"#$%&"'&() *+) ,-&) .%,-/012) 3&02/".$) 4!&5) /#) ,-&) 6.7/0)achievements in this field, with examples taken mostly from E ricsson projects.

I. THE START

Already in 1939 radar experiments were under way in Sweden. During the war Ericsson developed radar equipment !"#$%&'()*+&,-'.&('/%#'01#*+2%'3)45'!1+/%'6&*#()/#'27$$#22-8'After the war radar units were bought from France, Great Britain, Germany and other countries. Later Ericsson got contracts for license production of search and fire control radars for the Swedish Army. Ericsson was also involved in licence production of radar systems for the Swedish Lansen aircraft (J 32B), based on designs by CSF in France [1,2].

II. THE J 35 DRAGON FIGHTER AIRCRAFT

The first J 35A version was equipped with a radar from CSF (Compagnie Generale de Telegraphie sans Fil) in France, designated PS-02. The first all-Swedish airborne radar PS-03/A was developed by Ericsson for versions J35 B and D, cf. Fig. 1. This antenna had a parabolic reflector front fed by a rotating circular waveguide feed (conical scan). The antenna platform had 3 axes for steering and stabilizing the antenna beam.

Figure 1. (left) The PS-02 radar, (right) the PS-03/A antenna.

As the military threat changed from targets at high altitudes to low flying aircraft the radar had difficulties detecting targets against the strong ground echoes which entered in the antenna wide angle sidelobes. A new antenna, Fig. 2, was needed in the more advanced radar PS-01/A for the J 35 F version. With the Cassegrain antenna the wide angle sidelobes were drastically reduced compared to the previous antenna in PS-03/A. The radiation performance is excellent over more than 10 % bandwidth. The antenna is compact and has a low weight.

From the middle of the 1960s, different sized twist Cassegrain antennas were developed, from 43 cm diameter to 140 cm diameter. They were used in anti-aircraft fire control systems as well as in airborne radar systems.

Fig. 2. The PS-01/A Cassegrain antenna. Fig. 3. The principle for the

polarization twisting.

III. MORE ABOUT TWIST CASSEGRAIN ANTENNAS

The principle for the twist Cassegrain antenna was patented in 1952 by C. A. Cochrane at Elliott Brothers in Great Britain. As seen in Fig. 3 the antenna has a polarization sensitive, relatively large subreflector and a polarization twisting main reflector. The feed is a small forward radiating horn causing minimum blocking of the aperture.

The (parabolic) main reflector consists of a wire grid layer spaced one quarter of a wavelength in front of a solid metal reflector. The wires in the grid layer are oriented 45 degrees relative to the vertical direction, while the subreflector wires are horizontal. Thus, the field reflected from the subreflector (with horizontal wires) can be decomposed into two components: one parallel to the main reflector grid and one perpendicular to the grid. Both components are reflected in the main reflector but with 180 degrees phase difference. When combined the total field has been rotated 90 degrees and hence changed to vertical polarization, passing unobstructed through the subreflector grid.

This is the basic operation of the twisting mechanism, some variations exist. In the basic configuration the function is good over 10-15 % bandwidth. More bandwidth can be obtained with multiple grids [3].

Figure. 4. The monopulse feed for a twist Cassegrain antenna covering both

X- and Ka bands.

978-88-907018-1-8/13/$31.00 ©2013 IEEE


3052

Figure 5. The PS-46/A doppler radar in the JA 37 Viggen aircraft.

A twist Cassegrain antenna was also chosen for the Swedish fighter JA 37 Viggen, Fig. 5. High mechanical stability and low sidelobes were critical for this Doppler radar, PS-46/A. The illumination function of the dual mode monopulse feed was optimized with excellent results in both sum and difference channels. As shown in the Fig. there are also two dipoles feeding the reflector (for the IFF function) and a small waveguide horn antenna.

A flat plate waveguide slotted array antenna could have been seen as an alternative to the Cassegrain antenna in PS-46/A. However, in terms of bandwidth and radiation pattern performance the optimized Cassegrain antenna was the better choice. (There are even thin absorbing sheets inserted in the conical sections in order to eliminate the feed spillover in the wide angle region.)

Fig. 6 shows the search and track antennas of the Skyguard anti-aircraft defence system developed for Contraves. Note the IFF dipole array integrated with the search antenna. The tracking antenna is a monopulse 1 m diameter twist Cassegrain antenna.

Figure 6. Search and track antennas for the Skyguard system.

IV. PHASED ARRAY R&D IN THE !"#$%S

A. The ESA project In 1968 Ericsson and Chalmers (the latter with support

from Ericsson) embarked on a joint four year R&D program in

the field of phased array antennas: ESA = Electronically Scanned Antennas. The results of this effort included several doctor degrees at CTH, an experimental X-band ESA with search and track capability (up to 4 simultaneous targets), lots of microwave hardware, and of course very valuable knowledge for both parties [4].

Figure 7. ESA project, (left) X-band 4 bit diode phase shifter, (right) dynamic

scanned antenna pattern.

B. Multilayer stripline array antenna &'()*+,- +.,/0- .,,.0- 1,(2+3)- 4'- )*+- !"#$%5- 6.5- )*+-

development of a monopulse flat plate array antenna with independent sum and difference antenna patterns [5]. The application in mind was a missile seeker antenna. The optimum sum and difference aperture excitations were realized with a multilayer stripline design, Fig. 8.

Figure 8. The three-layer monopulse stripline array antenna.

C . CESAM - An experimental broadband phased array antenna This study demonstrated the capability of beam steering ±

60 degrees over 40 % bandwidth (7-11 GHz) with circular polarization [6]. Compared to conventional broad beam antennas the design demonstrated a high PG product as required in electronic warfare applications.

Figure 9. (left):The CESAM phased array with ferrite phase shifters,

(right): with steering unit and wire grid polarizer mounted.


3053

V. HARD

In the 1980!"# $#mobile short range 3D air defence search radar was introduced. It was named HARD for Helicopter and Airplane Radio Detection, Fig. 10.

Figure 10. (left The rotating radar unit. (right) Waveguide array with

radome removed.

The HARD antenna is phased scanned in elevation. Each horizontal row of waveguide slots is connected to a solid state transmit/receive module. In order to minimize the beam squint over the frequency band the waveguides are fed in the center with different slot spacings in the two halves [7]. The waveguide array in Fig. 10 is made in metallized CFRP.

It is obvious that the antenna function in the HARD radar is not realized by an antenna separate from the rest of the radar, but is rather integrated into the system, Fig. 11. This is typical at this time in many advanced radar applications.

Figure 11. The paradigm shift: the antenna is integrated in the overall system.

VI. GIRAFFE AMB

The Giraffe search radar had in its first versions a rotating reflector antenna. The more advanced recent units have multiple beams phased steered in elevation while still rotating in azimuth.

Figure 12. The Giraffe AMB antenna (!).

Figure 13. (left) Giraffe AMB, (right) flexible search patterns.

As seen in Fig. 12 the Giraffe AMB (Agile Multi Beam) has two separate beam forming systems. The received signals for each row in the aperture are digitized and sent to a digital beamforming unit in the main radar cabinet. The transmitted signals are phased steered by ferrite phase shifters.

VII. ERIEYE % THE SWEDISH AIRBORNE EARLY WARNING

SYSTEM

Ground based long range radars installed in masts have limited coverage due to the curvature of the earth. Furthermore, they are vulnerable and have limited, if any mobility. The advantage of airborne solutions is apparent and several studies had been undertaken in this area "&'()#*+)#,-./!"0

The system finally arrived at was an S-band active phased array antenna mounted on a small turboprop aircraft, Figs. 14-16.

.

Figure 14. The ERIEYE radar mounted on a Saab 340 turboprop aircraft.

Fig. 15. The ERIEYE phased array during near field testing in an anechoic

chamber.


3054

Fig. 16. Cross section of the ERIEYE dorsal unit.

The dorsal unit has two 8 meter long slotted waveguide arrays, one on each side, Fig. 16. There are about 200 solid state transmit/receive modules. The unit is air-cooled. To compensate for temperature variations a built-in calibration system is used. Very low sidelobes in azimuth are achieved by a Taylor weighting on receive.

Following successful tests of a functional model 6 AEW systems were ordered by the Swedish FMV in 1993. Today the system is operational in many countries.

VIII. THE ARTHUR PHASED ARRAY ANTENNA

ARTHUR stands for Artillery Hunting Radar. By electronic steering of the beam both in azimuth and elevation it can detect projectiles before impact and calculate the launch site with high accuracy. Phase shifters are used for azimuth steering of the beam and in elevation the beam is steered by frequency variation.

In ARTHUR, as well as in HARD and ERIEYE, slotted ridge waveguides are used in order to achieve a large scan sector. In ARTHUR the vertical aperture waveguides are more than 2 m long which means that the longitudinal slot radiators are displaced very little from the waveguide center line. The manufacturing tolerances are therefore stringent. The detailed design was based on high accuracy slot measurements combined with theoretical slot models [8].

Fig. 17. The ARTHUR phased array antenna.

IX. AESA ! ACTIVE ELECTRONICALLY SCANNED

ANTENNA

For the next generation multi-role airborne radars studies "#$#% &'(#')&*&#+% &'% (,#% -../0)1% % 2'% -..3% 4% (#)(5#+%"&(,% 4567(%

100 active transmit/receive elements had been developed [9], Fig. 18.

Figure 18. (left) AESA testbed, (right) dual polarized dielectric loaded

radiating elements.

The development of a full-scale operational AESA system is a major undertaking. For the continued work foreign partners have been sought in order to share the development costs. A joint Swedish!Italian program called M-AESA has started, aiming at technologies with multifunctional capabilities [10]. One recent Ericsson contribution in this field is the Generic AESA Demonstrator program ! GENA. An S-band hardware test bed is shown in Fig.19.

Figure 19. The Gena S!band demonstrator with 96 active elements, out of

total 200. Front and rear views.

With international collaboration Saab is now able to offer AESA solutions in future JAS Gripen aircraft, Fig. 20. It could be of some interest to compare this approach with a proposed AESA from 1981, Fig. 21.

Figure 20. AESA radar for Gripen (Saab AB).


3055

Figure 21. A 1981 proposal. The numbers indicate:

1. Radiating elements

2. TR modules

3. Power divider 4. Composite structure

5. Signal cable

6. Turntable (roll) 7. Optical channel

8. Power unit

X. THE FUTURE

Radar antennas that conform to the shape of an aircraft or other vehicle, conformal antennas, might seem as the ultimate future solution. However, it will require advances in areas such as: electromagnetic modelling, system design, building technology, and signal processing. Research on conformal antennas in Sweden started some 30 years ago and many interesting results have been reported [11, 12], Fig. 22.

Figure 22. Measurements on a convex array (inside).

XI. REMARKS.

!"#$%%&'(%) *+#') ,-%#'.%%) /+%) 0"+1#0#&'+223) ,..')telecommunication. The radar unit in Mölndal, initially devoted to airborne radar, provided the basis for an expansion into other applications. As a result we have seen the growth of ground based and naval radar systems. Antennas and systems were also developed for weather radar and satellites, and soon

microwave relay links became an important area [14]. The technical spinoff between these activities has contributed greatly to the proficiency and knowhow of the Ericsson Antenna Department, and to the results obtained.

From the start KFF, later FMV (The Swedish Defence Material Administration), took active part also in the technical development of radar systems, incl. antennas, especially during the first 10-20 years of the Swedish radar history. Another important contributor has been FOI (Swedish Defence Research Agency). Collaboration between Ericsson and other companies as well as several technical universities should also be remembered.

REFERENCES

[1] J. Meurling and R Jeans, The Ericsson Chronicle, Informationsförlaget, Stockholm, 2000, pp. 251-257.

[2] 45)6"#,,.7).157)8!+"23)+#",&"'.)"+1+"97):;<:=>?@:)ABBC>DE7)?#%0&"3)&F)Science and Technology, KTH, Stockholm.

[3] G5)4&%.F%%&'7)8H+%%.I"+#')"+1+")+'0.''+%)J#0/),"&+1,+'1)+'1)*-20#,+'1)K."F&"*+'$.97)Proc. IEEE Natl. Radar Conf., March 12-13 1986, pp. 115-119.

[4] G5)4&%.F%%&'7)8;+1#+0#&')K."F&"*+'$.)&F)+').LK."#*.'0+2)K/+%.1)+""+397)Proc. Europ. Microw. Conf. Aug. 23-28 1971, pp. B2/2:1-4.

[5] L. Josefsson, L. Moeschlin, and M5) @&/0.227) 8=) *&'&K-2%.) F2+0) K2+0.)antenna for missile seeker97)N"&$5)O#25)!2.$0"5)Pefence Expo, Wiesbaden Sept. 1977.

[6] G5)4&%.F%%&'7)8)Designing a broadband phased array antenna suitable for -%.)#')!HO)%3%0.*%97))P.F.'%e Electronics, Feb. 1980, pp. 85-88.

[7] !5);5)Q+"2%%&'7)8R+S.I-#1.).2.*.'0)F&")+').2.$0"#$+223)$&'0"&22.1)"+1+")+'0.''+97)T)S Pat. 4788552 (1988).

[8] A. Derneryd and :5)G&".'0U&'7) 8P.%#I') &F) +) K/+%.>F".V-.'$3) %$+''.1)array antenna with non-".%&'+'0) %2&00.1) "#1I.) J+S.I-#1.) .2.*.'0%97 Proc. IEEE AP-S Symp. 1991, pp. 1728-1731.

[9] L. Josefsson, L. Erhage, and H5)M+W0'X%7)8=')=!@=)1.S.2&pment model F&")'.L0)I.'."+0#&')F#I/0.")+#"$"+F0)"+1+"97)N"&$5)<!!!)<'05)@3*K5)N/+%.1)array systems and technology, Boston 15-18 Oct. 1996. pp. 454-457.

[10] =5) R.'',."I7) [email protected]) %'+$W+) &$/) %0Y") *.1) %+**+) +'0.''97)Elektroniktidningen, 13 Dec. 2012.

[11] V. Sohtell, Microwave antennas on cylindrical structures, Ph. D. thesis, Chalmers University of Technology, Sept 1987.

[12] L. Josefsson and P. Persson, Conformal Array Antenna Theory and Design, IEEE/Wiley 2006.

[13] Z5)P+/2%[Y7)8='0.''+)".%.+"$/)+'1)1.S.2&K*.'0)+0)!"#$%%&'97)<!!E Ant. Prop. Mag., April 1992, pp. 7-17.


3056

The Story of Allgon: HF, VHF, Cellular and Microwave Antennas During Allmost 60 Years

Claes Beckman Center for Wireless Systems, Wireless@KTH

KTH Royal Institute of Technology 164 40 Kista, Sweden E-mail: [email protected]

Bo Karlsson CellMax Technologies AB

Gullfossgatan 3A 164 40 Kista Sweden

E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract— Allgon, “The Antenna Specialist”, was a leading international design house and manufacturer of antennas for almost 60 years. The company was started in Stockholm in 1947 under the name of “Antennspecialisten”, by the Swedish engineer Torbjörn Cramner and his wife Veronica. In 1951 the company moved to Åkersberga north of Stockholm where its main facilities where located until the late 90’s. During its life time the company designed and produced antennas for HF, VHF, Cellular and Microwave frequency bands, and for military, emergency, private and cellular radio systems. The company was in 2004 acquired by the US based company Powerwave but still today many of its original antenna designs are in production and many thousands of its base station antennas for mobile networks are still deployed all around the World

Index Terms— Allgon HF, VHF, Cellular, Microwaves Antennas

I. HISTORIC OVERVIEW

The story of Allgon begins in 1947 when the Swedish antenna engineer Torbjörn Cramner and his Hungarian born wife Veronica, founds the company “Antennspecialisten” at Idungatan in the center of Stockholm [1]. The product portfolio is focused on antennas for “private radio” (citizen bands) and FM radio antennas for cars. In 1951 the company moved to Åkersberga, a small city some 50 km North of Stockholm where its main facilities where located until the late 90’s.

In the late 1960s, the Cramner couple decided to go separate ways which led to a split of the company. Torbjörn continued one part including HF antennas etc. and also continuing the brand name Allgon. Veronica named her part Carant (short for “car antenna”) which also reflected the company’s product portfolio

Carant was very succesfull in its field and in the year 2000, acquired by Smarteq, a company then focusing on hands free products. At the same time, Smarteq also acquired the car antenna and application division of Allgon, which actually led to that two parts of Allgon that had been separated for some 30 years, finally came together again. Today Smarteq develops a number of antennas for vehicles, some of them produced in Hungary by a company named Carant! The final remains after the Hungarian antenna entrepreneur Veronica Cramner

In 1974 Allgon went bankrupt. The main reason for this economical failure was the enormous effort put into the

development of HF log –periodic antennas (see Fig. 3) used for diplomatic communications at a time when there were no communication satellites available. These antennas, with a length of over 25m and a weight sometimes exceeding several tons, were produced in Norberg, in the county of Västmanland, some 200km from Åkersberga where they were designed. The development and production of these grandiose HF antennas was a big economical gamble for the company which eventually caused its bankruptcy. However, several of these magnificent antennas are still in use today and can be found even on the internet [2]

The company was then instead aquired by Hjalmar and Jonas Kämpe and renamed Allgon Antenna AB (Allgon AB). The company under its new leadership maintained the car and CB radio antenna products but during the 1970’s they also initiated a new product area: antennas for the Swedish defense.

During the “cold war” the Swedish defense industry grew strong with Bofors, Saab, Philips, Ericsson and many small national sub-contractors all benefitting from Sweden’s policy of staying neutral and hence needing to build its defense using mainly domestic equipment suppliers. Allgon then developed antenna products for all military branches: Navy, Army (see Fig. 4) and Air force.

In 1980 the NMT 450MHz analog mobile phone system was introduced in the Nordic countries. At the beginning Allgon lacked base station products for this system but did produce car mounted antennas for the terminals. Soon a system version for the 900MHz band was introduced and then Allgon was prepared with product for both base stations as well as handhelds.

In 1989 the company was listed on the Stockholm stock exchange and in the wake of the exponential growth in the cellular industry, the company grew enormously during the 1990’s. The company was during this period divided into 3 separate business areas with focus on: 1) antennas and near antenna products for mobile systems, 2) terminals and 3) cars. Its main facility was still in Åkersberga but for the system products division, design and production had moved to the Stockholm suburb Täby. Also, a repeater design group was set up in Solna and microwave link development was set up in Gothenburg.

On the base station antenna side, the main developments during the mid 90’s were to include dual polarizations for diversity (which dramatically reduced the size of base station antenna installations, Fig. 5), and dual bands for combined operations of the two 2G bands (the GSM 1800 band become available after 1997). Later the dual band antenna products were extended to also include several GSM and 3G bands for networks all around the World

On the terminal side the antenna development was also rapid during the 90’s. With the introduction of the pocket size mobile phone there was also a need for smaller, but still well-functioning terminal antennas. Allgon solved this issue by inventing the extractable terminal antenna which combined an extractable quarter wave antenna with a helix at its bottom. At the end of the millennium Allgon produced around 100 million terminal antennas per year.

At the beginning of the third millennium, Allgon was probably the world’s second or third largest antenna company. It had a market cap exceeding three billion Swedish krona but since the Kämpe family had sold off their share in the late 90-ties, it became an easy victim for bankers with greater interests in mergers and acquisitions than antennas

In 2002 the terminal antenna division was sold off to US based company Centurion. The remaining part of Allgon was first merged together with LGP Telecom before it in 2004 was sold to the US based RF sub-supplier Powerwave. In 2005, one year after the acquisition, the brand name Allgon was gone and most of Allgon’s former employees had left the company.

The story of Allgon could as well have ended here. But it didn’t! Today the Kämpe family runs a new antenna business: CellMax. The company designs high gain base station antennas for 3G and 4G networks, and produces them at Allgon’s former subcontractor, Gelab (Gäddede Elektronik AB), in the north of Sweden. The car and vehicular antennas are continued within Smarteq. The repeater part is still active within DeltaNode

Allgon was throughout its life time a world leading design house for antennas. But it was also an environment filled with entrepreneurial spirit. The Allgon spirt continues to live on and so do also many thousands of its products, e.g. the base station antennas for mobile networks that are still deployed and in full use all around the World!

Figure 1. The Allgon logotype, illustrating the flexible antenna mount

II. HF, VHF, CELLULAR AND MICROWAVE ANTENNAS

Below follows illustrations of some of Allgon’s more memorable antenna designs

A. Car mounted FM antennas

Figure 2. Allgon Car mounted whip antennas for FM radio. The brand name

Allgopn originally comes from the nam of a car antenna mount that coiuld be pointed at all angles: “all-gon”.

B. The Allgon Log Periodic Dipole Antenna

Figure 3. An Allgon LPD16 antenna during its dismounting in Switserland.

The Allgon LPD 16 K was a steerable log-periodic antenna for

communication over medium and long distances in the HF range. It was designed for transmitters up to 250kW per carrier and 100% AM modulation

over the entire frequency range 6-30MHz. The boom was tillable allowing for

beam shaping to optimize the communication.

C. HF military broadband antennas

Figure 4. The reflection free directional broadband antenna RFD707. The reflection free directional broadband antenna RFD707, was a lightweight HF antenna for military field operations. Similar products are still in use by armies all over the world today. Since it was a thin wire antenna, it was internally at Allgon referred to as the “Hallén- antenna”(referring to the great Swedish antenna professor [3]).

D. Cellular base station antennas

Figure 5. Base station antennas for GSM: a) in a space diversity configuration b) using polarization diversity which dramatically reduced the space and windload for the same performance

E. Terminal antennas

Figure 6. The evolution of Allgon’s terminal antenna designs: a) is a extractable !/4 wave antenna with a bottom helix, b) is a short helix and c) is an inbuildt PIFA (Planar Inverted F Antenna), not seen.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This paper is dedicated to all the fantastic people that contributed with their skills and personalities to the creation of one of history’s greatest antenna companies. In particular we would like to mention: Torbjörn and Veronica Cramner, Hjalmar and Jonas Kämpe, Erland Cassel and Ulf Saldell,

REFERENCES

[1] Österåkers hembygds- och fornminnesförening.

http://milstolpen.org/agaria.html

[2] http://ref.awr.org/ForSale/Allgon.htm

[3] Carl-Henrik Walde, and Gunnar Petersson, "Erik Hallén and His Integral Equation, Swedish Defence Activities, the ANTENN Conferences, Stealth Craft Smyge.". Swedish Antenna Veterans’ Day at EuCAP 2013, Thursday 11th April 2013

http://milstolpen.org/agaria.html

http://ref.awr.org/ForSale/Allgon.htm

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Documents

The History of Antennas in Sweden