The High Middle AgesThe High Middle AgesThe Crusades-Holy Lands (where Jesus lived and taught) conquered by Saljuq TurksChristian pilgrims attacked & persecutedTurks also threatened ConstantinopleByzantine Emperor sought help from Pope Urban II in RomeAt the meeting at Clermont Urban calls for a Crusade to regain the Holy LandThose who died on Crusade were promised to go to heaven

The 1st CrusadeLed by French & Norman nobles, it lasted from 1096–1099Passed through Constantinople then across Asia Minor toward PalestineDressed wrong for climate- it was very hot, they had wool, leather & armorShortage of food & water because they had few pack animalsFortunately Turks were disunited, unable to effectively oppose themConquered several cities as well as Jerusalem.Crusaders slaughtered inhabitants (Jews & Muslims)Crusaders occupied Jerusalem for nearly 100 years before Turks recaptured it.This was the only truly successful Crusade Chapter 11, Sect. 1

Chapter 11, Sect. 1

The CrusadesThe Crusades2nd Crusade-Began in 1147 after Turks recaptured city of EdessaKing Louis VII of France & the Holy Roman Emperor Conrad III led their armiesNo cooperation, a dismal failure, they returned to Europe in disgrace after 2 yrs.

3rd Crusade-1189-1192 after Salah al-Din captured city of Jerusalem in 1187Leaders:

King Richard the Lion Heart of EnglandKing Philip II of France (turned back after dispute)Emperor Frederick Barbarossa - Holy Roman Empire (drowned crossing stream)

3rd Crusade a failure, had a truce which allowed Pilgrims access to Jerusalem

Later Crusades-Several later Crusades were attempted, but none successfullySome Crusades were disastrous

The CrusadesThe Crusades

Chapter 11, Sect. 1

Results of the Crusades-Militarily all except 1st were failuresMilitary knowledge increased – crossbow, siege tactics, use of gunpowderDeparture many nobles allowed kings to consolidate power, weaken feudalismEXCHANGE OF IDEAS – re-introduction of classical ideasINTRODUCTION OF NEW PRODUCTS, REVIVAL OF TRADERice, sugar, citrus fruit, melons, cotton, many spices

THE CRUSADES CHANGED EUROPE FOREVER (turning point in history)

Chapter 11, Sect. 2

The Revival of TradeThe Revival of TradeTrade had nearly died out after the Fall of Roman EmpireManor system had develop great self-sufficiency

Trade Routes-Trade began to revive in Italy, Towns had not declined as much as elsewhereFavorable location in middle of MediterraneanIts ports were often used by crusaders to leave or re-enter Europe

Trade also began to revive in northern Europe via the Vikings

Around 1100 large cities became trading centers in EuropeEuropean trade routes went from city to city where manufacturing had begunPeople moved from the manors to the cities

The Revival of TradeThe Revival of Trade

Chapter 11, Sect. 2

Articles of Trade -Crusades had created increase in demand for exotic goods from the East:

•spices, medicines, perfumes, dyes, & precious gems•silk, cotton, & linen textile products •gold, silver, & ivory art objects•And much more

Europe offered the following for trade:•fur, timber, fish, grain•wine, oil, leather, weapons & armor•metal goods, glassware, fine woolen cloth

Markets & Fairs-Village market days, religious festivals evolved into fairs exclusively for tradeLocal rulers offered protection to encourage trade at fairsUsed Barter Economy (goods & services exchanged for other goods & services)At large fairs (Champagne, France) money began to be used to make trade easierThey also served as a means of sharing news & information (cultural diffusion)

Chapter 11, Sect. 2

The Revival of TradeThe Revival of TradeManufacturing, Banking, & Investment -

Manufacturing systems:•Domestic System- manufacturing the takes place in the workers’ homes

Banking -•Bank from old Italian word “banca” means “money changers bench”•Exchanged currency, developed “notes” for $ transfer, lent money•Jews were money lenders - Christians forbade charging interest (usury)

Investment•Capital- wealth earned, saved, & invested to produce profits•Partnerships formed to pool capital

Laid foundation for emergence of Market Economy, •where land, labor, & capital are controlled by individuals•Formed basis of modern capitalist system

Chapter 11, Sect. 3

The Growth of TownsThe Growth of TownsThe Rights of Townspeople

Towns sought their own government:•Some lords allowed charters & governments•Some refused and rights were won by force•Helped destroy feudalism

Four Basic Rights -•Freedom – no longer bound to the land if officials did not challenge them for a year and a day•Exempt status – residents of towns not required to work on manor•Town Justice – had own courts to try residents•Commercial privileges – right to sell goods free at town market andcharge outsiders tolls to trade there

The Growth of TownsThe Growth of Towns

Chapter 11, Sect. 3

Guilds -

Medieval merchants united in associations

Merchant Guilds:•Gained monopoly on trade in a given area or town•Charged others a fee to trade in their area•Helped members & families

Craft Guilds -•Includes all people in a particular manufacturing craft •Helped regulate wages & working conditions•Set standards of quality•Developed training system

•Apprentice -1st stage of craft training, overseen by master•Journeyman – Skilled artisan, worked for daily wages from a master •Masters – may open own shop & train other artisans

Chapter 11, Sect. 3

The Growth of TownsThe Growth of TownsRise of the Middle Class -

•A new class including merchants, master workers, and skilled workers•They were called

•burgesses in England, •bourgeoisie in France, •burghers in Germany•All from word burg or borough, meaning town

•They supported strong central governments as opposed to feudal system

Life in a Medieval Town -

•9 of 10 were smaller than 2,000•Usually located in a defensible position (hilltops, bend of river, etc.)•Close packed buildings, 5-6 stories high•Narrow garbage & sewage filled streets •Sickness & epidemics common•Still a very busy, interesting place

Chapter 11, Sect. 4

Life & Culture in the Middle AgesLife & Culture in the Middle AgesLanguage & Literature -

•Educated people cont’d speaking & writing in Latin after fall of roman Empire•The common people spoke a variety of local languages (vernacular) •Eventually writers began writing in the vernacular.•Troubadours (traveling singers) wrote & sang ballads of

Chivalry & love in the vernacular•Drama was also written & performed in the vernacular•Two of greatest authors who wrote in the vernacular, were

•Dante Alighieri – Italian, wrote in native tongue of Tuscany, which became basis for Italian – greatest work – “Divine Comedy”•Geoffrey Chaucer – English, wrote “The Canterbury Tales,” series of storiesBased on pilgrims traveling to the shrine of Thomas Beckett

Education -

•Very few people were educated (usually come clergy & a few nobility)•Eventually schools were established for higher learning•Students & teachers formed a guild called a universitas (later became universities)

Chapter 11, Sect. 4

Life & Culture in the Middle AgesLife & Culture in the Middle Ages

Philosophy -

•Roman & Greek Classics introduced to Europe via Muslims in Spain.•Scholars attempt to reconcile classical ideas with Church doctrine (Scholasticism)•Peter Abelard – scholastic philosopher – questioned conflicting doctrines•Thomas Aquinas – Dominican Friar, greatest Medieval philosopher, wrote “Summa Theologiae” a summary of Christian thought

Science -

•Attempted to justify Church doctrines.•Only two subjects received serious attention, math & optics•Studied practical application of mechanical knowledge•Some experimentation done in monasteries )Mendelssohn - genetics

Chapter 11, Sect. 4

Life & Culture in the Middle AgesLife & Culture in the Middle AgesArt & Architecture -

•Most art dedicated to glorifying God.•Most architects stayed with Roman (Romanesque) styles

•Heavy thick walls – small windows – rounded arches – very dark interiors

•Mid 1100’s different style emerged – “Gothic”

•Thinner walls – large windows – pointed arches – flying buttresses – light inside•Exemplified change (hinted of the coming Renaissance)

•The poor still lived in wood with mud covered huts with thatched roofs.

Chapter 11, Sect. 5

Wars & the Growth of NationsWars & the Growth of Nations

England

•Patriotism – feeling of loyalty or belonging to a country as a whole•Power of the king increased even though limited by Parliament•Professional army eliminated dependence on vassals•Villages grew as power of the Lords declined •fewer serfs, more free peasants•A single court system developed, giving legal control to monarchy•Parliament grew stronger by controlling any extraordinary taxes

The Hundred Years War•Series of conflicts with France from 1337 - 1453•Edward III because he held Aquitaine & Gascony, was vassal to French King•When last male heir Capetian Dynasty passed, Edward claimed French throne•HUNDRED YEARS war harder on France because it was fought in France

Chapter 11, Sect. 5

The War of the Roses (1455-1485)

•Struggle for throne- between Lancasters & Yorks•Henry Tudor emerged victorious (become Henry VII)•Henry established a strong monarchy

Wars & the Growth of NationsWars & the Growth of Nations

New Weapons

•Longbow – English. 200 yd effective range, ended effective use of mounted knights•Gunpowder was used increasingly as an explosive and propellant•Use of cannons – used to batter down castles during sieges.•Castles no longer effective protection

Wars & the Growth of NationsWars & the Growth of Nations

Chapter 11, Sect. 5

France

•Joan of Arc – 16yr old peasant girl had vision from saints told her to help defend city of Orleans. Inspired army to save city. Church tried her as a heretic,burned her at stake. Considered a martyr & church later made her a saint.

The Estates General-•1302 established by Philip IV•First Estate – Clergy•Second Estate – Nobles•Third Estate – Common people•During 100 years wars controlled finances & lawmaking

Wars & the Growth of NationsWars & the Growth of Nations

Chapter 11, Sect. 5

Spain

•Ferdinand & Isabella – married joined their separate kingdoms (Aragon & Castile) against the Moors (Muslims). Captured Navarre& Granada to create a unified county – Spain. Ordered all Jews to becomeChristians or leave Spain.

Holy Roman Empire

•Germanic Area & Peninsula – initially loose group of smaller states, elected Holy Roman Emperor who had little real power. Over time HabsburgFamily consolidated power by a clever use of political intermarriage between member countries. Countries of Germany & Italy did not surface as unified states until the 1800’s.

Chapter 11, Sect. 6

Challenges to Church PowerChallenges to Church Power

Innocent III – Height of power of the papacy . . . After his reign Power of papacy declined

Europe was changing- strong national governments, patriotism, church lawThought to hinder growth in industry & trade

Introduction of Greco-Roman thought- introduced by Muslims in Spain & from the Crusades – conflicted with church teachings.

Boniface VIII- felt that church didn’t have to pay taxes, declared supremacyover temporal rulers. Died shortly after altercation with Philip. Power ofPapacy decreased.

Philip IV- clergy should either pay taxes or obey national laws,Summoned Estates General, accused pope of simony & heresy. Demanded trialof Boniface. Sent envoy to Italy to imprison pope, released soon.

Chapter 11, Sect. 6

Challenges to Church PowerChallenges to Church Power

Babylonian Captivity (1309-1377) – After Boniface’s death, Philip IV had his advisor Elected pope, Clement V•Next six popes were French•Avignon, France becomes home of the papacy for six popes

The Great Schism (1378-1417) – •Several popes claiming power each having supporters including national rulers•Council of Constance- agreed to one new pope & need for reforms•Still great differences of opinion by various parties regarding reforms.

Criticisms continue

Some from within the Church

John Wycliffe- member of the clergy, teacher at Oxford Univ. Criticized wealth of church and pope’s claim to absolute authorityTranslated Bible from Latin to English

Jan Hus-Rector at University of PragueDenounced abuses in church, angered clergy was excommunicatedTried for heresy , convicted him and had him burned at the stake

Chapter 11, Sect. 6

Challenges to Church PowerChallenges to Church Power

Church’s prestige and power had been substantially reduced