Upload
magdalen-harrington
View
225
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Exploration and Colonization
• Portuguese– Henry the Navigator– Diaz, da Gama, Cabral– Southern Atlantic, Africa, India
• New Technologies– Magnetic compass, astrolabe, new sails/vessels
Exploration and Colonization
• Spanish– Columbus– Magellan– Cortes - Aztecs– Pizarro – Incas
• Gold and silver• Columbian Exchange
Exploration and Colonization
• Low Countries rebel against Philip II– 1556-1587– Calvinist– Prosperous
• Spanish Netherlands (Belgium)/United Provinces (Holland)
• Defeat of Spanish Armada (1588)
Exploration and Colonization
• Thirty Years’ War runs concurrently with this era
• Austria gains Bohemia, Hungary, and Transylvania after defeating Suleiman the Magnificent
Exploration and Colonization
• Russia– Czars used influence with Mongols to consolidate
power– Ivan the Terrible (r. 1547-1584)
• Limited the power of the boyars• Civil war after his death
– Romanov dynasty established in 1613
– Peter the Great (r. 1696-1725)• Expanded power of the state• Modernized/Westernized• St. Petersberg
Exploration and Colonization
• Brandenburg– Gained independence as a result of a weakened
Hapsburg dynasty– Hohenzollern dynasty• Frederick William (r. 1713-1740)• Autocratic rule
– Junkers established autocratic rule in Prussia
Absolutism in France
• Francis I (r. 1515-1547)– Valois rival to HRE Charles V– Instituted taille (direct tax on land a property)– Concordat of Bologna• Effectively nationalized the French Church
Absolutism in France
• Henry II (r. 1547-1559)– Persecuted Huguenots• Continued under Francis II and Charles IX• Ended with Edict of Toleration
– Catherine de Medici – regent
Absolutism in France
• Henry of Navarre– Huguenot– Converts and becomes Henry IV (r. 1589-1610)– Edict of Nantes• Religious freedom
– Reformed tax collection system
Absolutism in France
• Regency of Louis XIII– Cardinal Richelieu
• Centralized government• Encouraged commerce• Increased tax base• Intendant system– Officials answer only to the king
• Diminished power of the nobility
Absolutism in France
• Regency of Louis XIV– Cardinal Mazarin
• War of the Fronde (1650-1652)– Nobility sought to limit the power of the monarch
• Louis comes of age– “L’Etat, c’est moi.”
Absolutism in France
• Three Estates– Clergy (1%)– Nobility (3-4%)– Bourgeoisie, artisans, urban workers, peasants
• Extravagance of Versailles– Captive nobility
• Edict of Nantes revoked
Constitutionalism in England
• Henry VII (r. 1485-1509)– Tudor– Strong central government– Beholden to Parliament
Constitutionalism in England
• Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547)
• Edward VI (r. 1547-1553)– 10 years old, frail health– Regency– Book of Common Prayer
Constitutionalism in England
• Bloody Mary Tudor (r. 1553-1558)– Catholic, married to Philip II– Burned Protestants
Constitutionalism in England
• Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603)
• Reestablished the English Reformation• Privateers• Ordered execution of Mary Stuart• Expanded Navy– Sir Francis Drake– Defeated Spanish Armada
• Golden Age of Literature– Shakespeare, Spenser, Donne, Marlowe, Bacon
Constitutionalism in England
• Stuart Dynasty (1603-1688)– James I (r. 1603-1625)• Absolutist
– Gunpowder Plot
• Addled Parliament (1614)– Parliament argued that taxes could only be raised
with its consent– James dissolved it
Constitutionalism in England
• Charles I (r. 1625-1649)– Absolutist– Petition of Right (1628)– Bishops’ War (1639-1640)– Long Parliament (1640-1660)
• Start of the English Civil War
English Civil War
• Roundheads– Middle class, merchants, major cities, small
segment of nobility• Cavaliers– Anglican clergy, majority of the nobility, peasants
English Civil War
• 1643– Roundheads ally with Scotland– Charles calls on Irish Catholics for help
• 1644– Oliver Cromwell– New Model Army– Battle of Marston Moor
English Civil War
• 1645– Charles surrenders to Scots
• 1647– Charles turned over to Parliament
• 1648– Cromwell victorious– Rump Parliament– Charles beheaded
English Civil War
• 1649– Commonwealth– Irish Question
• 1653-1660– Cromwell as Lord Protector• Dies in 1658• Son can’t maintain power
– Charles II restored
Stuart Restoration
• 1660-1688
• Cavalier Parliament (1660-1679)– Tories – nobles, gentry, Anglicans
• Favored monarchy and Anglicanism
– Whigs – middle class and Puritans• Favored Parliament and religious toleration
• Whig Parliament– Suspicious of Charles II’s pro-Catholic tendencies– Passed Habeas Corpus Act