•1. Classical Greece - 2100 BC – 150 BC•2. Rome and Early Christianity – 750 BC – AD 500•3. The Americas – 1000 BC – AD 1500•4. Empires of China and India – 350 BC – AD 600

The Growth of Civilizations

350 BC to AD 600350 BC to AD 600

Empires of China and India

•1. The Growth of China•2. Chinese Society and Culture•3. Indian Dynasties•4. Indian Society and Culture

• 300 – 200 BC, strong empires unified much of China and India•Under these empires, China and India became prosperous•Led to classical periods in their histories, during which China and India developed many of the characteristics that would define their modern times

350 BC to AD 600350 BC to AD 600

1. The Growth of China350 BC – AD600

•Qin and the Han

The Qin DynastyThe Qin Dynasty

•300’s BC, the Warring States Period –•era in which the Qin state began to dominate the other states of China

350 BC – AD600

• Established China’s first empire• Shi Huangdi (First Emperor) •Legalist rule

•A powerful and efficient government was key to maintaining order•Bureaucratic administration•Centralized control•Military expansion•Book burnings targetedConfucianists•Buried protestors alive!

• Built large section of the Great Wall

Qin [Ch’in] Dynasty350 BC – AD600

Shi Huangdi’s Terra Cotta Army

Shi Huangdi’s Terra Cotta Army

•Discovered in 1974 - the immense army of the dead•A Paranoid Emperor in hope of gaining immortality had artisans create a life-size army with chariots, horses, and more than 7,000 soldiers to guard him in the afterlife

350 BC – AD600

Shi Huangdi’s Terra Cotta Army

Shi Huangdi’s Terra Cotta Army

•Army placed in pits around the emperor’s tomb

350 BC – AD600

Individual “Tombs”Individual “Tombs”350 BC – AD600

Terra Cotta Soldiers & CavalrymenTerra Cotta Soldiers & Cavalrymen

•Although harsh, Qin policies under Huangdi unified and strengthened China. •He undertook massive building projects, including an improved irrigationsystem, an expanded network of roads and canals, and a defensive wall.

350 BC – AD600

CavalryCavalry

•Despite improvements in trade and transportation, peasants had to pay heavy taxes and some were forced to work on them

350 BC – AD600

Individual SoldiersIndividual Soldiers350 BC – AD600

Details of an Individual SoldierDetails of an Individual Soldier350 BC – AD600

Great Wall, Shanhai PassGreat Wall, Shanhai Pass•To strengthen security and protect his empire from outside threats, Shanhai had workers join the separate defensive walls creating the Great Wall of China

350 BC – AD600

The Great Wall with TowersThe Great Wall with Towers

•Hundreds of thousands of peasants were forced to work on the wall and many people died from the harsh labor.

350 BC – AD600

The Han DynastyThe Han Dynasty

•When Shi Huangdi died in 210 BC, the Qin Dynasty crumbled in rebellion. Liu Bang, a peasant leader, founded the Han dynasty, one of the greatest dynasties in Chinese history

350 BC – AD600

•“People of the Han” original Chinese•Paper invented [105 B.C.E.] •Silk Road trade develops; improves life for many•Buddhism introduced into China•Expanded into Central Asia

Han DynastyHan Dynasty350 BC – AD600

Liu Bang TombLiu Bang Tomb

• His jade suit has 2498 pieces! He ruled with the mandate of heaven (approval of the gods)

• He re-instituted Confucianism and at the same time kept some Legalist policies to maintain firm control over his empire

350 BC – AD600

•One of the Greatest Han emperors•Started public schools.•Colonized Manchuria, Korea, & Vietnam.•Civil service system-pass an exam in the Confucian classics bureaucrats

•Confucian scholar-gentry

•Revival of Chinese landscape painting.

Emperor WudiEmperor Wudi350 BC – AD600

Emperor Wudi and Expansion

•Martial Emperor -expand his empire through warfare

•Xiongnu-nomads who lived in the grasslands

of n. China

350 BC – AD600

•In 184, a Daoist sect called the Yellow Turbans rebelled and through the empire into chaos

•Period of Disunion - 350 years of warfare

The Han Decline 350 BC – AD600

2. Chinese Society and Culture2. Chinese Society and Culture

• The Silk Road network of trade routes that stretched from China 4,000 miles across the heart of Asia to the Mediterranean Sea

Trade Routes of the Ancient World

350 BC – AD600

Ruins of Jiaohe, Turphan depression.

Ruins of Jiaohe, Turphan depression.

•Han dynasty outpost in Central Asia

350 BC – AD600

Chang’an: The Han CapitalChang’an: The Han Capital350 BC – AD600

Han ArtifactsHan Artifacts

Imperial Seal

Han Ceramic House

•The Han period was a Classical age in China history. •During this age, art flourished and science and technology improved life.

350 BC – AD600

Ceramics, Later Han PeriodCeramics, Later Han Period

•The Spread of Buddhism to China, led to an increase in Buddhist art and statues

350 BC – AD600

AcupunctureAcupuncture•Inserting fine needlesinto the skin at specific points to cure disease

and relieve pain

350 BC – AD600

3. Indian Dynasties3. Indian Dynasties

•321 BCE – 185 BCE•The first Indian Empire•The seizing of the throne of the kingdom of Magadha

The Maurya Empire

350 BC – AD600

Chandragupta: 321 BCE-298Chandragupta: 321 BCE-298

First Mauryan emperor

Unified northern India.

Defeated the Persian general Seleucus.

Divided his empire into provinces, then districts for tax assessments and law enforcement.

He feared assassination [like Saddam Hussein] food tasters, slept in different rooms, etc.

301 BCE gave up his throne & became a Jain.

350 BC – AD600

KautilyaKautilya

Chandragupta’s advisor.

Brahmin caste.

Wrote The Treatise on Material Gain or the Arthashastra .- statescraft

A guide for the king and his ministers:

Supports royal power.

The great evil in society is anarchy.

Therefore, a single authority is needed to employ force when necessary!

350 BC – AD600

Ashoka (304 – 232 BCE)Ashoka (304 – 232 BCE) Religious conversion after the gruesome battle of Kalinga in 262 BCE.

Dedicated his life to Buddhism.

Built extensive roads.

Conflict how to balance Kautilya’s methods of keeping power and Buddha’s demands to become a selfless person?

Considered to be one of India’s greatest rulers

350 BC – AD600

Asoka’s EmpireAsoka’s Empire350 BC – AD600

Asoka’s law codeAsoka’s law code Edicts scattered in

more than 30 placesin India, Nepal,Pakistan, & Afghanistan.

Written mostly inSanskrit, but one was in Greek and Aramaic.

10 rock edicts.

Each pillar [stupa] is 40’-50’ high.

Buddhist principles dominate his laws.

350 BC – AD600

One of Asoka’s StupasOne of Asoka’s Stupas350 BC – AD600

Women Under an Asoka treeWomen Under an Asoka tree350 BC – AD600

Turmoil & a power Vacuum:220 BCE – 320 CE

Turmoil & a power Vacuum:220 BCE – 320 CE

•The Maurya Empire is divided into many kingdoms.

•Kushan – invaders from Central Asia

•Tamils-far south; carried active sea trade with Southeast Asia

350 BC – AD600

Gupta Empire: 320 CE – 647 CEGupta Empire: 320 CE – 647 CE

India remained divided into small kingdoms for about 400 years.

Then around Ad 320, the Gupta took over northern India.

350 BC – AD600

Gupta RulersGupta Rulers Chandra Gupta I

r. 320 – 335 CE

“Great King of Kings”

founder

Chandra Gupta II

r. 375 - 415 CE

Profitable trade withthe Mediterraneanworld!

Hindu revival.

White Huns invade – 450 CE

350 BC – AD600

Chandra Gupta 11Chandra Gupta 11350 BC – AD600

4. Indian Society and Culture4. Indian Society and Culture

Chinese Buddhist monk traveled along the Silk Road and visited India in the 5c.

He was following the path of the Buddha.

He reported the people to be happy, relatively free of government oppression, and inclined towards courtesy and charity. Other references in the journal, however, indicate that the caste system was rapidly assuming its basic features, including "untouchability," the social isolation of a lowest class that is doomed to menial labor.

Fa-Hsien: Life in Gupta India

350 BC – AD600

International Trade Routes during the Guptas

International Trade Routes during the Guptas

350 BC – AD600

Extensive Trade:Extensive Trade:

spices

gold & ivory

350 BC – AD600

KalidasaKalidasa

The greatest of Indian poets.

His most famous play was Shakuntala.

During the reign of Chandra Gupta II.

350 BC – AD600

Gupta ArtGupta Art

•Greatly influenced Southeast Asian art & architecture.

350 BC – AD600

Medicine Literature

MathematicsAstronomy

Printedmedicinal guides

1000 diseasesclassified

PlasticSurgery

C-sectionsperformed

Inoculations

500 healingplants identified

DecimalSystem

Conceptof Zero

PI = 3.1416

Kalidasa-poet and playright

SolarCalendar

The earthis round

Aryabhata

GuptaIndia

Gupta Achievements

Gupta Achievements

Sakuntala

Hindu-Arabic-Indian scholars created the

numerals we use today

350 BC – AD600

The Decline of the GuptasThe Decline of the Guptas Invasion of the White Huns in the 4c signaled

the end of the Gupta Golden Age, even thoughat first, the Guptas defeated them.

After the decline of the Gupta empire, northIndia broke into a number of separate Hindu

kingdoms and was not really unified again untilthe coming of the Muslims in the 7c

350 BC – AD600

BhartrhariBhartrhari 5c India court poet and philosopher.

Knowledge is man's crowning mark,

A treasure secretly buried,The source of luxury, fame,

and bliss,A guru most venerable,

A friend on foreign journeys,

The pinnacle of divinity.Knowledge is valued by kings

beyond wealth---When he lacks it, a man is a

brute.

What does this poem suggest about the importance of knowledge? How does Mr. Schenk feel about knowledge?

350 BC – AD600