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The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming. Diffuse Radiation. Diffuse Radiation - Clear skies: 80% of insolation reaches the surface - Cloudy skies: 10-45% of insolation may reach the surface. The Greenhouse Effect. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming
Diffuse RadiationDiffuse Radiation
- Clear skies: 80% of insolation reaches the surface
- Cloudy skies: 10-45% of insolation may reach the surface
The Greenhouse Effect Popular name for process whereby greenhouse gases in
atmosphere absorb longwave radiation from Earth and then emit or counterradiate it back to the surface providing additional heating
The Greenhouse Effect (cont’d)
Process acts to warm lower atmosphere by keeping longwave radiation from escaping to space (like insulation holding in heat in a house)
With no atmospheric greenhouse effect, Earth would be much colder: current mean global temp is 15°C (59°F); w/o greenhouse effect, temps would be about -18°C (0°F), which is a difference of 33°C (59°F)...
Greenhouse Gases Gases involved in this
process are called greenhouse gases
All are considered trace gases, meaning they only constitute a small percentage of atmospheric content, but they play a very important role
Include CO2, H2O, CH4, and Water vapor
How Do Greenhouse Gases Get into the
Atmosphere? CO2: burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) and
vegetation, during plant decomposition, during volcanic eruptions
H20: evaporation, evapotranspiration, airplane exhaust, volcanic eruptions
CH4: decay of organic matter, human activity (rice cultivation, farm animal wastes, bacterial decay in sewage and landfills, fossil fuel extraction and transportation, and biomass burning)
Quick Focus on Carbon Dioxide
Charles Keeling started taking CO2 observations at Mauna Loa, HI, in 1958
Now 45+ years of observations – what do we see?
A Bit More about CO2
Industrial Revolution 1750-Europe, early-mid 1800s in US
A Few More Facts CO2 and H2O vapor considered most important
greenhouse gases CFC-12 absorbs 10,000 times more longwave radiation
than CO2 (adding one CFC-12 molecule is equivalent to adding 10,000 CO2 molecules)
CFC’s: widely used in refrigeration process, formerly major component in aerosol spray cans (banned in 1976 by U.S. EPA)
Liquid water droplet and ice particles in clouds also very important in atmospheric greenhouse effect
NOAA’s Viewpoint
Global Warming Debate Its happening…and that
is not the debate.Although scientists agree that Earth is getting warmer, there is debate about the impact of human activities
Many think human activity is a major cause, while others claim it’s part of a natural cycle
Data sources and beliefs
What Natural Processes Lead to Climate Change?
Changes in solar radiation: solar constant variations, 11-year sunspot cycle
Astronomical changes: 23,000-year precession cycle (wobbling of axis), 41,000-year cycle in axial tilt, 100,000-year cycle in orbital eccentricity (revolution path not always elliptical)
Volcanic activity (Mt. Pinatubo, Philippine Islands, April 1994 – Fig. 3.25, p. 112)
Cloudiness
Warming vs. Cooling Natural cycles can lead to warming or cooling, depending on phase of cycle (solar
radiation changes and astronomical changes) or location/time of day in atmosphere (dust from volcanic activity and cloudiness)
All greenhouse gases tend to cause warming (exception is when CFC’s destroy O3)
Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming
What Do the Records Show?
Problem with observations: organized, continuous recording of weather only goes back ~140 years
Have other sources to determine temperature and atmospheric composition
1. Tree rings: 1 ring = 1 yr; wider rings = more tree growth = warmer temperatures, more precipitation
2. Ice cores: drill ice and sample gases in bubbles 3. Oceanic sediment cores: drill ocean floor and look at
what’s there (including plankton) 4. Reef cores: similar to #3 5. Pollen: in soil and packrat middens
Temperature Records
Temperature Records
How could global warming affect us?
Rising sea levels – flooding of coastal/low-lying areas, harm water supply, shift in crop patterns
Change in growing seasons Warmer temps = more evaporation drier soils Animal/plant habitat expands or contracts More cloud cover Stronger hurricanes farther north/south due to
warmer ocean temps