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1930s: A CRITICAL PERIOD
• DRAMATIC GROWTH OF THE YISHUV
• THE GREAT REVOLT BY THE ARAB POPULATION TO END BRITISH RULE
• CONSOLIDATION OF LEADERSHIP ON BOTH SIDES
• ARAB DEFEAT AND JEWISH VICTORY SET THE STAGE FOR 1948
One standard argument
• COMPARES JEWISH AGENCY WITH THE ARAB HIGHER COMMITTEE
• BOTH PLAYED KEY INSTITUTIONAL ROLES
• SEEKS TO EXPLAIN THE YISHUV’S GREATER EFFECTIVENESS
• COMPARES SOCIO-ECONOMIC, DEMOGRAPHIC AND IDEOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES
KEY POINTS
• YISHUV’S LEADERSHIP WAS “MODERN”:– IDEOLOGICAL, HIGHLY COORDINATED– URBAN AND REPRESENTATIVE– ACHIEVEMENT
• ARAB LEADERSHIP WAS “TRADITIONAL”:– FAMILIAL AND PERSONAL– URBAN BUT UNREPRESENTATIVE– ASCRIPTIVE
BUT…
• AL-HUSSEINI HAS NO JEWISH OPPOSITE NUMBER (I.E., BEN-GURION)
• JAE WAS NOT AS CRUCIAL AS THE HISTADRUT
• AL-HUSSEINI’S POLITICAL CAREER BEGINS IN 1921-2 NOT 1936
• AHC AND JAE WRONG COMPARISONS
AND
• PALESTINIAN ARAB SOCIETY WAS A SOCIETY
• IGNORES CONFLICT FOR POWER INSIDE EACH COMMUNITY
• THE YISHUV WAS AN IDEOLOGICAL PROJECT
• THE YISHUV DID HAVE MORE EFFECTIVE INSTITUTIONS TO PREPARE FOR A CONFLICT OVER STATE-BUILIDNG
SUPREME MUSLIM COUNCIL
• WE KNOW LITTLE OF ITS ACTIVITIES• WITH THE DISINTEGRATION OF
SECULAR NATIONALISM, IT ASSUMED A LARGER ROLE
• HAD A SECURE FINANCIAL BASE• PROPOSED PALESTINE AS AN
ISLAMIC ISSUE• USED FUNDS AND SHARIA COURTS
TO BLOCK LAND PURCHASES
NATIONALIST ARAB PARTIESCOMPETING WITH HAJJ AMIN
• ISTIQLAL (INDEPENDENCE) PARTY– COMPLETE INDEPENDENCE– CLOSER TIES TO ARAB STATES
• NATIONAL DEFENSE PARTY– ORGANIZED AROUND NASHASHIBIs– ARGUED FOR MODERATION AND
COOPERATION WITH THE BRITISH
AND A PRO-HUSSEINI PARTY
• PALESTINE ARAB PARTY– FOUNDED IN MARCH 1935– SOUGHT TO CREATE A WIDER BASE FOR
HAJJ AMIN– CALLED FOR INDEPENDENCE AND
ABOLITION OF THE MANDATE
AND RELIGIOUS COMPETITION
• SHAYKH IZZ AL-DIN AL-QASSAM • FORMED THE YOUNG MEN’S MUSLIM
ASSOCIATION• PALESTINIANS KNEW OF SIMILAR
ORGANIZATIONS IN EGYPT (MUSLIM BROTHERS)
• PREACHED DIRECT, ARMED ACTION AGAINST THE YISHUV AND THE MANDATORY AUTHORITIES.
Rhythms of violence
• TWO QUESTIONS:
• WHAT CAUSES VIOLENCE?
• WHAT IS THE POLITICAL CONTEXT OF VIOLENCE?
• POLITICAL LEADERS CAN PROVOKE, INSTENSIFY, OR RESTRICT VIOLENCE
• THEY CAN ALSO CHOOSE HOW TO PORTRAY IT
WHAT ABOUT 1929?
• PROXIMATE CAUSE WAS CONFLICT OVER PRAYING AT THE WESTERN WALL IN JERUSALEM
• JOCKEYING FOR INFLUENCE AND POLITICAL FREEDOM TO ACT
• AND RESTRICT THE OTHER SIDE
• AND TO EXTEND ONE’S OWN INFLUENCE IN ONE’S OWN SIDE
RESULTS OF 1929 CONFLICT
• INCREASED ESTRANGEMENT OF YISHUV AND ARAB SOCIETIES
• DESTRUCTION OF JEWISH COMMUNITIES IN HEBRON AND SAFAD
• REINFORCEMENT OF “SELF-RELIANCE” IN THE YISHUV
• SENSE OF DESPERATION IN ARAB SOCIETY
BRITISH POLITICAL RESPONSES
• SIR WALTER SHAW HEADS A COMMISSION THAT REPORTS IN MARCH 1930
• SIR JOHN HOPE-SIMPSON UNDERTAKES A MISSION AND REPORTS IN OCTOBER 1930 THAT JEWISH IMMIGRATION CAUSES VIOLENCE
• THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT ISSUES THE PASSFIELD WHITE PAPER IN OCTOBER 1930 CALLING FOR AN END TO JEWISH IMMIGRATION
• PM RAMSAY MACDONALD REVERSES THE WHITE PAPER IN FEBRUARY 1931
EARLY 1930s
• DRAMATIC INCREASE IN JEWISH IMMIGRATION
• ECONOMIC DOWNTURN
• INTENSIFIED BY DROUGHT
• WIDESPREAD POLITICAL OPPOSITION TO IMPERIAL CONTROL IN SYRIA AND EGYPT
THE DEATH OF ‘IZZ AL-DIN AL-QASSAM
• THE “CEMENT BARREL” INCIDENT
• AL-QASSAM’S DECISION TO LAUNCH ARMED STRUGGLE IN NOVEMBER 1935
• HIS DEATH IN LATE NOVEMBER
• “THE ARAB TEL HAI”?
1936 THAWRA
• APRIL 15, 1936 MURDER AND REPRISAL
• APRIL 17 RUMORS AND RIOTS
• APRIL 19 THE NATIONAL COMMITTEE FORMED
• APRIL 21 THE GREAT REVOLT BEGINS
• APRIL 25 ARAB HIGHER COMMITTEE FORMED
INTERNAL CONFLICTS
• GENERATIONAL CONFLICT: SHABAB v. ESTABLISHED LEADERS
• CLASS CONFLICT: THE POOR AGAINST THE WEALTHY (AYAN)
• SOCIOLOGICAL CONFLICT: THE RURAL (FELLAHIN) AGAINST THE URBAN (EFFENDIYAH)
GAINING CONTROL
• HAJJ AMIN WORKED TO GAIN CONTROL OVER THE REVOLT WHILE NOT OVERLY ANTAGONIZING THE BRITISH
• BRITISH BRING IN TROOP REINFORCEMENTS
• HAGANA SHIFTS FROM PASSIVE TO AGGRESSIVE DEFENSE
THE FIRST PROPOSAL FOR PARTITION
• LORD WILLIAM ROBERT PEEL LEADS AN INVESTIGATION
• THE PEEL REPORT IS PUBLISHED JULY 7, 1937
• PROPOSAL TO PARTITION PALESTINE
• INCLUDES “TRANSFER”
• UNACCEPTABLE TO ARAB MAJORITY
RENEWAL OF THE REVOLT
• SECOND PHASE BEGINS IN THE SUMMER OF 1937
• LEADERSHIP IS UNCLEAR
• ATTACKS AGAINST BRITISH, YISHUV, AND INTERNECINE CONFLICT
• SCALE OF REVOLT GROWS
• SCALE OF REPRESSION GROWS
REPRESSION OF THE THAWRA
• LOSS OF LOCAL LEADERSHIP INCLUDING EXILE OF HAJJ AMIN
• INCREASE IN COERCIVE CAPACITY OF THE YISHUV
(IRGUN BET+HAGANAH+PALMACH)• DEGRADATION OF ARAB CAPACITY TO
RESIST• GROWING SENSE OF INTERCOMMUNAL
WAR
ANOTHER PARTITION PROPOSAL
• SIR JOHN WOODHEAD ARRIVES IN APRIL 1938 FOR A NEW COMMISSION OF INQUIRY
• ISSUES A REPORT PROPOSING A NEW PARTITION SCHEME
• ACCOMPANIED BY A WHITE PAPER DISMISSING IT