THE GREAT

FILIPINOHEROESSUPPLEMENTARY FOR THE STUDENTS

compiled and edited by:

Rheno A. Velasco

LOACAN PUBLISHING HOUSE

Publisher / Distributor

Philippine Copyright 1997All Rights Reserved

Copyright c 1997by Rheno A. Velasco and

Loacan Publishing House

Published & Exclusively Distributed by:

LOACAN PUBLISHING HOUSE

ISBN. 971-668-025-2

TABLE OF CONTENSTS

CHAPTER PAGE

1 OUR GREAT HEROES

General Emilio Aguinaldo 1-2Teodora Alonzo 3Cayetano S. Arellano 4-5Melchora Aquino 6-7Francisco Baltazar 8-9Andres Bonifacio 10-11Jose Apolonio Burgos 12Felipe Calderon 13Francisco Dagohoy 14Gregorio del Pilar 15Marcelo H. del Pilar 16Mariano Gomez 17Emilio Jacinto 18-19Graciano Lopez Jaena 20Sultan Kudarat 21Rajah Lakandula 22Lapu-Lapu 23General Antonio Luna 24-25Juan Luna 26-27Teresa Magbanua 28-29Apolinario Mabini 30-31General Miguel Malvar 32-33Timoteo Paez 34-35Pedro A. Paterno 36Tomas Pinpin 37Panday Pira 38

Mariano Ponce ..39Purmassuri 40Jose Rizal 41-42Margarita Roxas . 43Ignacia del Espiritu Santo .44Jose Abad Santos 45-46Epifanio de los Santos .47Diego Silang 48Reyna Sima ......49Princess Urduja 50Raja Soliman 51Jose Palma Velasco 52Jacinto Zamora 53Gabriela Silang 54

CHAPTER

II REMEMBERING THE CONTRIBUTIONOF SOME FILIPINO HEROES 55-94

Alejandro Roces Jr.Ambrosio FloresAnaclito LacsonAnanias DioknoAntonio Ma. RegidorArtemio RicarteBaldemero AguinaldoBonifacio ArevaloCandido IbanCandido TironaCarlos P. Romulo

Cesar Fernando BasaClaro M. RectoCrispulo AguinaldoCripulo ZamoraDaniel MarambaEleuterio AdevosoEsteban ContrerasFelipe SalvadorFelix Napao GaluraFernando Ma. GuerreroFleviano YencoRancisco MakabulosFrancisco RomanGalicano ApacibleGliceria VillavicencioGregorio de JesusGuillermo NakarIsidro TorresJamalul AzamJose Abad SantosJose PalmaJose Ma. PanganibanJose Ramos IshirawaJose Torres BugallonJuan AranetaJuan CaillesJuan de la CruzJulio NakpilLadislaw DiwaLeandro FullonLicerio GeronimoLicerio Topacio Y Cuenca

Luciano San MiguelMacario SakayNamerto NatividadManuel Rodriguez Sr.Marcela AlvarezMariano CrisitomoMariano Riego de DiosMariano TriasMaximo HizonNumeriano AdrianoPantaleon GarciaPantaleon VillegasPascual LedesmaPatrocinia GamboaPio del PilarPonciano RizalQuintin SalasRoman BasaRuperto KangleonSantiago AlvarezSantiago BarcelonaServillano AquinoSeverino de las AlasSimeon OlaTeodoro PlataTomas ClaudioTomas ConfesorTomas MascardoVicente LimVicente LukbanVictoriano LucianoVito Belarmino

CHAPTER

III BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINEREVOLUTIONS 95-110

Abolition of the Philippine RepublicBattle of BangkusayBattle of Besang PassBattle of Kakarong DesiliBattle of PinaglabananBattle of Tirad PassBiak-na-Bato RepublicBicol MartyrsCagayan RevoltConquistadorCry of PugadlawinFall of BataanFall of CorregidorFall of ManilaFirst Battle of Manila BayFort SantiagoHongKong JuntaHukbalahapKatipunanLa IndependeciaLa Liga FilipinaLa SolidaridadMakabayang Kalipunan ng mga FilipinoMakabulos RepublicMalong Rebellion

Mutual Defense PactNegros RepublicNew People ArmyInauguration of CommonwealthProclamation of SurrenderReparations AgreementSurrender of General Manuel TinioTejeros ConvertionThirteen Martyrs of BagumbayanTruce of Biak-na-Bato

OUR GREAT HEROES

We ought to remember, honor and love ourgreat heroes. They were Filipinos of courage anddetermination. Each of them dedicated the greaterpart of their lives by doing noble work for thecountrymen and for the good of our beautifulcountry. These great heroes sacrificed for ourbeloved native land. They showed their loved for allthe Filipinos and of the country. They served becauseit made them happy and honored. They were not afterthe reward, wealth, fortune and fame generation. Wecannot all be a great hero, but we can do it throughtheir good examples.

Heroes of their time and countless of our time,we should share our task to continue the cause theyhad started. They can be our source of inspiration forthe better of being human and a law abiding citizens.Let us be a part and know their great lives by readingthe biographies and history of our great Filipinoheroes .

This research compilation is dedicated to allFilipino Students. It contains a number of simplifiedbiographies with supplementary pictures of our greatand unknown heroes.

GENERAL EMILIOAGUINALDO

(MARCH 30, 1869 • FEBRUARY 6, 1964 )

•HEAD OF THE FIRST PHILIPPINEREPUBLIC •

B orn in Cawit, Cavite on March31,1869.

Won distinction for his military exploits and emergedas the recognized leader of his people who elevated, himto the presidency of the First Christian Republic inAsia.

During the revolution in 1876, he joined themovement as a lieutenant under General BaldemoroAguinaldo. He rose to the rank of General in few months.He then conducted and campaigned against the Spaniardsuntil the PACT OF BIAK NA-BATO was signed inDecember 1897. When the Spanish-American War brokeout from Hongkong, Aguinaldo returned tothePhilippines. Two weeks after his arrival, the upriseagainst Spain was renewed, soon Aguinakto forcesoccupied all the provinces except Manila . When Manilasurrendered to the American on August 13, 1878,Aguinaldo organized his Provincial Government at Bacoor,Cavite. Later, he transferred the seat of Government toMalolos, Bulacan where the Philippine Rejpublic wasproclaimed with Emilio Aguinaldo as President.

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The Treaty of Paris was signed on December1 ►, 1898, ceding the Philippines to the United States. InFebruary 1899, Aguinaldo broke relations with America.This war lasted until Aguinaldo surrendered. The hereturned to Kawit, Cavite to elevate his time in agriculture.

He died on February 6,1964,in Kawit, Cavite .

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TEODORA ALONZO

TEODORA ALONZO(November 9,1872*August 16,1911)

•GREAT MOTHER OF DR. JOSE RIZAL•• IMPRISONED WITHOUT ANY TRIAL BY THE

SPANIARDS •

The woman and mother who molded

the spirit and thoughts of the great hero„ Dr. JoseRizal. When she refused the offer of pension by theAmerican government , She said, "The Rizals offeredtheir lives to their mother country because of theirinherent patriotism and not because of money."

Dona Teodora Alonzo Rizal was born in Meisik, Tondo,Manila on November 9,1826. In 1848,she was married toFrancisco Mercado. They had several children; and amongthem was Dr. Jose Rizal. When her son Jose began toadvocate reforms in the Island, the Spanish governmentmade her suffer. She stayed in prison for two years,although she was innocent.

In 1907,the Philippine Assembly offered her alarge sum of money as pension. She refused it by saying,"The family has never been patriotic as means of obtainingproperty or money".

Teodora Alonzo died on August 16,1911,when thePhilippines was already under the American regime.

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CAYETANO ARELLANO

CAYETANO S. ARELLANO( MARCH 2, 1874 . DECEMBER 23, 1920 )

• THE GREATEST JURIST THE PHILIPPINES HAD EVERPRODUCED •

• FIRST FILIPINO CHIEF JUSTICE OF THE SUPREMECOURT.

According to President Harding Arellano

could be matched to the Best Jurist in the world. DonCayetano. S. Arellano was born in Orion, Bataan on March2, 1847.

He took up Law at the University of SantoTomas in 1876. After passing the bar examination, he ranhis own law office. Cayetano's ability to teach law mademany lawyers like him. Some of them were, ORTIGAS,PALMA, DE LOS SANTOS, SUMULONG, ORENSE,QUEZON, OSMENA AND MANY OTHERS. They feltthat they owed him a debt of gratitude.

In 1886, he was named "Magistrado Suplente"and in 1893 he was appointed member of the provincialassembly and intrusted to him the basic rules of thisassembly. After a few years, he became "MagistradoSuplente dela Audencia Territorial de Manila."

During the war, Don Cayetano becameSecretary of Foreign Affairs. He was a councilor of the cityof Manila, in 1877. In 1898, he again re-opened his lawoffice. He was appointed Head of the highest court in the

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country on May 29, 1899. He was the very first Filipino to,hold this great position.

When the jurist toured the different parts of theworld in 1904. President Theodore Roosevelt appointedhim to represent the United States to the Philippines.

He was honored with a Doctor of Laws degree k!,the University of Yale. After ten years the University of thePhilippines gave same honor for his competence anddedication.

Cayetano died on December 23, 1920. Before hedied, he requested " No Flowers and ceremonies Instead heshould have a simple Funeral".

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MELCHORA AQUINO

• WELLKNOWN AS TANDANG SORA•• CONSIDERED MOTHER OF THE PHILIPPINE

REVOLUTION.

She was known as Tandang Sora in the

Philippine history because when the war broke out, led byAndres Bonifacio, in 1896, she was already old. At the ageof 84, she joined the Revolution.

Tandang Sora used to keep a little storewhere she sold various goods in a small foods place inBalintawak, Quezon City.

In August 1896, came the cruel Spaniards.They became more strong and radical for they heard thatBonifacio's men were going to revolt. Hundreds of menin the city of Manila were captured and being forced toreveal the Secret of the Katipunan. They were severelypunished and many of them were hanged and stillothers were hot dead. Some escaped to the forest ofBalintawak.

In the person of Tandang Sora, they met anAngel who' ook care of them. Everyone had managed toescape and come to Tandang Sora and was taken cane ofby her offer and services in her little store. Even womenand children who came for her help in Tandang Sora'splace, she offered her kind services.

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The Spaniards learned about her generousservices, instantly the cruel spaniards arrested andcaptured her, took Tandang Sora to Manila and laterexiled to Marianas Island.

The Old Tandang Sora came back when thePhilippines was already in the hands of the Americans. Shewas already very old and had no more property. She livedpoor and died very poor.

Filipinos long remembered the courageouswoman in the person of Tandang Sora who once offeredher loved for her countrymen and her Mother Land.

She died on March 2, 1919

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FRANCISCO BALTAZAR

(BALAGTAS)

(APRIL 2, 1788. FEBRUARY 20, 1862)

• GREATEST FILIPINO POET•• AUTHOR OF FAMOUS "FLORANTE AT LAURA"•

B orn in the town of Panginay, Bigaa,

Bulacan, on April 2,1788.

Francisco Balagtas' first teacher in writingwas the famous Dr. Mariano Pilapil, then encouraged himto write poems. Huseng Sisiw was his next teacher inwriting a poems. Tandang Jose got his pen name Sisiwbecause one had to pay him by giving him a "chick" forevery poem that he arranged . One day Balagtas seeked thehelp of Huseng Sisiw to arranged him a poem but the oldman resented by doing so, because Balagtas had no "chick"to pay him. From then on, he was forced to arranged hisown poem. This event was to the advantaged of Balagtas,he too became a great poet. That was a discredit to thefamous Huseng Sisiw, which is Jose dela Cruz in realname.

Balagtas was imprisoned of fabricated charges.After this sad chapter of his life, when Balagtas wasreleased from prison, he went to Bataan. There he heldvarious important government positions, he becameassistant judge in that town, became "Teniente Mayor"

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and Juez de Comentera" in Orion, Bataan. There he met abeautiful woman named Juana Tiambeng, who became hiswife in 1842. While he was living peacefully with hisfamily, he was sued for having cut short the hair of hismaid. For this, he was imprisoned again. While in prisonhe wrote poems and plays.

When Balagtas was released from prison heresumed writing poems and plays which became his onlymeans of livelihood.

His writing were mostly on the oppressedconditions of his country under the cruel Spanish regime."Florante at Laura" is his best writing ever made, a novelin verse. The well-known novel shows and reminds us thepolitical situations of our beloved country during theSpanish era.

He died on February 20, 1862, at the age of 74.

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ANDRES BONIFACIOANG DAKILANG MARALTIA(Nobyembre 30, 1863 - 1897)

* AMA NG KATIPUNAN* AMA NG DEMOKRASYA

ANDRES BONIFACIO(NOVEMBER 30, 1863. MAY 10, 1897)

• FATHER OF THE REVOLUTION •• SECOND FAMOUS HERO OF OUR RACE •• FOUNDER OF THE KATIPUNAN •

The hero of the uprising Balintawak in

1896. Born in Tondo, Manila on November 30, 1863. Hehad great hopes and beliefs that his countrymen couldmaintain a Free Government. Because of this he organizedthe Katipunan in Balintawak the uprising. He convinced,Emilio Jacinto the brain of revolution to help him.

When the secret of the Katipunan was exposed ,Bonifacio and his men went to Balintawak. In August 26,the Katipunan and their brave leader Bonifacio, tore theirpoll taxes and waved their Red Flag as a sign of beginningof the revolt against the Spaniards. There was amisunderstanding when meeting was held at Tejeros,Malabon in 1877, Bonifacio formed a new government. TheSpaniards heard about the organization, later Bonifaciowas arrested and tried by the court of war. He and hisbrother Procopio were sentenced to be shot at BUNTISMOUNTAIN on May 10, 1897.

Bonifacio 's legacy to his mother country wasdemocracy. He left us the lessons, we derived from hisDecalogue :

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a.) Believe in one God wholeheartedly.b.) Love your country and your countrymen.c.) It is an honor to die, if cause is saving the country

from slavery.d.) One's desire is obtained by possessing coldness of

heart.e.) Take care of the Secret of the Katipunan just as you

take care of your own honor.f.) Save one who is in danger.

Bonifacio loved his native land and his

people. His favorite saying, " Liberty or Death".

The first revolt begun in Balintawak on August 26,1896. The Filipinos were shouting " LONG LIVETHE PHILIPPINE ItEPUBLIC".

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JOSE APOLONIO BURGOS(FEBRUARY 9, 1837 . FEBRUARY 17, 1872)

• PRIEST-REFORMIST AND MARTYR •• DR. JOSE RIZAL PROFESSOR AT THE

ATENEO DE MANILA.

orn, in Vigan, llocos Sur , on February 9,

1837. His father was a Spanish officer. He studied at SanJuan de Latran, in Manila. Later transferred to Universityof Santo Tomas where he obtained his doctorate degree inCanon Law and Theology. He was then appointed secondcurate of the cathedral, then magistrate at the cathedraland finally Fiscal of Ecclesiastical court. The highestposition a Filipino could held at that time. Jose Burgosseveral times depended the cause of the Filipino clergy, heprotested against the abuses of the Spanish priest. This ledto his downful together with Gomez and Zamora. He wasfalsely accused of encouraging the Cavite rebellions in1872. The three priest were garroted at Bagumbayan onFebruary 17, 1872.

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FELIPE CALDERON(Abril 4, 1863 - Hedy° 6, 1908)

Ama ng Saligang Batas ng Malolos

(APRIL 4, 1863 * JULY 6, 1908)

',KNOWN AS THE FATHER OF THE MALOLOSCONSTITUTION •

Felipe Calderon was born on April 4, 1863, in

Santa Cruz de Malabon (now Tanza) Cavite. His parentswere Jose Calderon and Manuel Roca. He studied atAteneo de Manila, and at University of Santo Tomas. Hefinished "Kurso sa Licentrate in Jurisprudence" on March1893. Calderon was one of the Filipino Patriot, arrested bythe spaniards and was jailed at Fort Bonifacio. He wasreleased after the spaniards shot for death Dr. Jose Rizal atBagumbayan.

Felipe Calderon heard of Aguinaldo's return toCavite, he then conviced Aguinaldo to get his servicesespecially the preparations of the Malolos Constitution tobe constituted by the delegates.

The Malolos Constitutions was the firstconstitution being made in the Philippines. For this, FelipeCalderon was honored as the "FATHER OF MALOLOSCONSTITUTIONS".

He died at the age of 45, on July 6, 1908.

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FRANCISCO DAGOHOY

• REBOLUTIONARY LEADER IN BOHOL*

Dagohoy, fought the Spaniards during the

revolution: It was a sad experience that dictates to fight theright of a Filipino. His brother was a member of theSpanish Army, he was killed during a fight in themountain. His remains was brought to a catholic church byhis comrade. However, the Spanish priest (Prayle) did notallow to be blessed and enter inside the church. Dagohoystill insist and beg the Spanish priest but ignored.

Dagohoy went home and buried his brother. Heorganized a Filipino movement, to fight against the crueltyof the Spaniards. The Boholanos supported him and havefaith that they will win. They succeed in fighting againstthe Spaniards and soon disappear in the Island Of Bohol.

It was not clear in history, when and howDagohoy died. However the . Boholanos were still intact tofight against the rights and freedom of our countrymen.

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GREGORIO DEL PILAR

GREGORIO DEL PILAR(NOVEMBER 14, 1875. DECEMBER 2, 1899)

• HERO OF THE BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS•• REVOLUTIONARY GENERAL.

e was born in San Jose, Bulacan on

November'14, 1875. Since childhood, he had witnessed thepopular abuses made by the cruel Spaniards. His uncleMarcelo H. del Pilar was then the editor of the "LASOLIDARIDAD" in Spain. The writing of his uncle taughthim about the' importance of being a patriotic in hiscountry.

In 1896, when Revolution broke out, GeneralAguinaldo assigned Gregorio del Pilar as commander, hewas then the youngest Filipino Soldier-General. He bravelyfought superior and better-armed American force in thenarrow pass of Tirad. Before the famous battle, GeneralGregorio del Pilar wrote a statement saying; "I am nowsurrounded by the encouragement which shall overpowerme and my brave men. I shall die happily with the thoughtthat it is sweet to die defending my motherland." He waskilled in this battle but surely his braveness shows to hiscountry above all.

The Americans, impressed by his bravery, theyburied him with military honors. Killed in the Battle ofTirad Pass, on December 2, 1899.

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p

MARCELO H. DEL PILAR(AUGUST 30, 1850: JULY 4, 1896)

•EDITOR OF THE POPULAR LASOLIDARIDAD"•

•LEADING PROPAGANDIST.

Marcelo H. del Pilar was born on August

30,1850, in a lawyer. During the Spanish regime, Marcelothe town of Cupang, Bulacan. He finished law andrequested the Spaniards to build schools throughout thecountry for the Filipinos. He firmly believed that it wouldbe good for his countrymen, an education for all. TheSpaniards got angry and suspected him of being an enemyof Spain. He was advised by his closed relatives to leave thePhilippines. He went to Spain. There he met GracianoLopez Jaena the founder of "LA SOLIDARIDAD"Marcelo became the editor, he wrote about the suffering ofhis people, he continued his work for reforms. He metmany difficulties. He kept on writing, hoping that somedayhis country will be free for all sufferings from theSpaniards

He returned to the Philippines, while on his way home, hedied of a disease. Another Filipino Patriot in the life ofMarcelo H. del Pilar, popularly known "PLARIDEL" ashis pen name.

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MARIANO GOMEZ

IVIARIANO GOMEZ( 1825 . 1872 )

eA MARTYR.

ather Mariano Gomez, another Filipino

Priest of Catholic Religion who died on February 17, 1872,together with father Burgos and Zamora.

Born in Sta. Cruz, Manila on 1825. He studiedat San Juan de Letran College in Manila. Took up religionand became the Parochial Priest of Bacoor, Cavite.Mariano Gomez is the founder of a Newspaper "LAVERDAD" which means (THE TRUTH) in English. TheNewspaper became the mouthpiece of the Filipinopropagandists. During_ the revolt which started in Cavite,the priest was so closely connected with the fight forfreedom movement. Father Gomez was a critic of Spanish

hi t regime, he always cited the political condition of hisbeloved country. Because of his liberal views and criticism,the Spaniards arrestel him, together with Padre Burgos

'11 and Zamora.

The three Filipino Priest died on February 17,1872 in Bagumbayan, by means of garote.

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EMILIO JACINTO(DECEMBER 15, 1875 . APRIL 16, 1899)

•RECOGNIZED AS THE BRAIN OF THEKATIPUNAN AND THE REVOLUTION •

•FIRST ADVISER OF ANDRES BONIFACIO•

Born in Trozo, Manila on December

15,1875. Although his family was poor, he succeded instaying at the University of Santo Tomas where he took uplaw.

When the revolution broke out, he joined the Katipunanwas became the adviser of Andres Bonifacio. He was theauthor of the "CARTILLA". A librarian of the Katipunanas well as editor of the paper "Kalayaan".

The supreme found Jacinto a very intelligentand brave companion. Emilio wrote the Katipunan, itcontinued the secret of Society's teachings. The Katipunanof is to love and depend the country. The Katipunerosadvice to respect both women and children all the timeespecially in time of war. He served as purchasing officerof the organization.

When Doctor Jose Rizal was invited to joinedthe Katipunan, Emilio Jacinto, was the man to coordinateRizal. Upon Bonifacio's death, Apolinario appointedJacinto to take charge of the Katipunan troops.

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In 1898 in battle between Spaniards and therevolutionist, he was wounded. Jacinto died defending hiscountry in Majayjay, Laguna, on April 16, 1899.

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GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA

GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA( DECEMBER 17, 1856 * JANUARY 20, 1896 )

• FOUNDER AND FIRST EDITOR OF "LASOLIDARIDAD".

• PROPAGANDIST.

G raciano Lopez Jaena was born on December

17, 1856, in Jaro, Iloilo. He finished his studies in hishometown the beautiful Iloilo City. He was a very good,bright student and eloquent orator.

He went to Madrid, Spain, where he stayed fornearly fifteen years. While in Spain. he wrote variousperiodicals to bring about reforms in the Philippines. Hewas the founder and the first editor of the patriotic "LASOLIDARIDAD" in Madrid Spain.

In 1890,he returned to the Philippines to seekmaterial help from his countrymen. After his mission, hewent back to Spain to continue his work. He always insistedfor the cause of the Filipinos, his writings attracted theattention of the Spanish administration.

He died in Barcelona, Spain on January 20,1896.A great Filipino died for a cause for love on hiscountrymen.

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it

SULTAN KUDARAT

• BRAVE MUSLIM LEADER IN MAGUINDANAO•

ultan Kudarat was known for his bravery

and great leader in the part of Mindanao (1619-1671). TheMuslim Filipino in Mindanao were not yet under theSpaniards during 1619 - 1671. It was Sultan Kudarat whokept the unity of the Filipino muslims in that part of thePhilippines.

During the three decades, the Filipino Muslimfought against the tyrany of the invaders. The strongleadership of Sultan Kudarat brought his people to fightagainst the Spaniards. Kudarat did not surrender to thespanish authorities until his death on 1672.

To acknowledge his greater work, thegovernment declared some parts of Mindanao to be namedafter him. Now there was a place in Mindanao, called"SULTAN KUDARAT" a province, near Cotabato, Isulanand Koronadal South Cotabato.

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RAJAH LAKANDULACHIEFTAIN OFTONDO

RAJAH LAKANDULA

• CHIEFTAIN OF TONDO•

Rajah Lakandula, the Raja of Tondo and

his descendants were granted a special advantage such asthe exemption from paying their Tributes and free fromLabor force. During the Spanish regime, GovernorLavezares cut off these privileges . By this, RajahLakandula declared war against the Spaniards in 1574.

SALCEDO another Spanish leader promisedRajah Lakandula and relatives to return all lost privileges.When the Spanish Governor- General MIGUEL LOPEZDE LEGASPI died, all privileges and advantages supposedto them were taken again due to new administration.

MAGAT SALAMAT, son of Rajah Lakandulaheaded against the Spaniards because they did not fulfilltheir promises of exempting taxes or tributes for the familyof Lakandula and his descendants.

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LAPU-LAPU

LAPU-LAPU

• KNOWN AS THE FIRST FILIPINO HERO AVICTORY OVER MAGELLAN.•

Lapu-Lapu was the King of the island of

Mactan, in Visayas, when Ferdinand Magellan landed theisland of the Philippines. He would neither submit to theSpanish rule nor pay tribute to Magallan. Lapu-Lapu'sattitude angered Magellan. Suddenly, the troops ofMagellan together with the sixty Spanish soldiers, sailedfrom Cebu to conquer the island of Mactan.

When the Spaniards landed on the island ofMactan, they were attacked by Lapu-Lapu and some braveFilipino's including Lapu-Lapu's son. In the fight, thepoorly armed Filipinos succeded in wounding Magellan.The Filipinos kept on fighting until they killed Magelkan.When the Spaniards saw their leader dead, they escaped totheir boats and sailed away. The battle took place on theshores of Mactan, on April 27,1521.

Lapu-Lapu's victory encouraged the Filipinos toattack the Spaniards in Cebu forcing them to leave theIsland of the Philippines.

When and how the brave Lapu-Lapu diednobody knows, it is not recorded in the Philippine history.

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I'

GENERAL ANTONIO LUNA(Oct. 29,1869. June5,1899)

•GREATEST FILIPINO SOLDIER.OF THE

REVOLUTION.

•THE FIERY GENERAL.

H is life was a story of greatness. He was

Loyal and extremely believed in military discipline.However, many soldiers who did not know the meaning ofmilitary discipline hated him. This led to his untimelydeath. He was not killed by the American soldiers but hisown fellow military.

Antonio Luna was born in Urbistondo,Binondo, Manila, on Oct. 29,1866. His parents were bothIlocanos. He is the younger brother of Juan Luna, thegreatest Filipino painter.

The intelligent young man finished his degree inpharmacy at the University of Santo Tomas. He continuedhis studies abroad and specialized in his field in a clinic inBelgium. Later, he worked as the assistant of Dr. Lattauxin his laboratory in Paris.

Two years after, he came back to thePhilippines. Luna was accused of initiating the "CRY OFPUGAD LAWIN". Together with other Filipino leaders, hewas exiled to Spain. There, he decided to set his life in theFilipino movement for freedom.

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JUAN LUNA( OCTOBER 23, 1857 • DECEMBER 7, 1899)

•GREAT FILIPINO PAINTER.•PRIZE WINNER IN EUROPE FOR HIS

PAINTINGS:A.) THE DEATH OF CLEOPATRAB.) THE BLOOD COMPACTC.) THE SPOLARIUM

JUAN LUNA was born in Badoc, llocos Norte

on October 23, 1857. During his student days, he showedgood interest in paintings.

In 1875, he obtained his certificate as a pilot atthe age of seventeen. He travelled in Spain in 1877, tobecome a specialist in the art of designing. He entered"ESCUELA DE BELLAS ARTES" in Madrid. Because ofhis exceptional ability in paintings, he was chosen by thePhilippine government to become PENSIONADO inEurope. He was given a pension of six hundred pesos ayear, for about four years. But the Philippine governmentwant him to submit at least some paintings to be used andto adorn the building of the government.

Juan Luna with Alejo Vera, his teacher,travelled in the different countries of Europe. He reachedROME, ITALY and PARIS. In 1881, during thecelebration in Madrid, he obtained a valuable gold medalas prize of the picture he made., "The Death ofCleopatra". Afterwards, he was able to sell this picture

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for five thousand pesetas. It was the highest price, onecould get for a picture.

There were many paintings created by JuanLuna, among them were " ANG ESPANA SAPILIPINAS," "ANG ALIPING BULAG," "ANGLABANAN SA LEPANTO," "ANG MESTISA" and otherswhich until now many believed cannot be surpassed.

In 1891, he returned to the Philippines and in1896, he was captured and imprisoned at Fort Santiago, bythe Spaniards who suspected that he had something to dowith the Katipunan together with his brother AntonioLuna.

In 1897, he was released. Again, he went toSpain to work for the released of his brother Antonio.After travelling in the different countries of the EAST, hegot sick. This brought him to his grave on December 7,1899.

In honor of Juan Luna, a GREAT PAINTERand a PATRIOT one big city street in Manila and a Schoolwere named after him.

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TERESA MAGBANUA

TERESA MAGBANUA(OCTOBER 13, 1868• AUGUST , 1947)

',JOAN OF ARC OF THE VISAYAS •

Teresa Magbanua was born on October 13,

1868, in Pototan, Iloilo. Her parents were Judge JuanMagbanua and Alejandra Ferraris a businesswoman.

Nay Isa was the popular nickname of TeresaMagbanua. She studied at San Jose, Jaro, Iloilo. Later shetransferred to Santa Catalina College and Sta. RosaCollege both in Manila.

She returned to Iloilo and became teacher, afterseveral years she got married to ALEJANDROBALDERA'S and helped his husband managing theirAgricultural land.

When Panay Island was isolated by rebels TeresaMagbanua decided to trained herself in military trainingand horse ridding. In August 1896, the revolution brokeout, Teresa submit herself to join the Revolutionary. Shemanaged to show her capability, distinction ,determination and bravery, for this, the revolutionaryaccepted her desire to join the group. It was untimely whenthe fight started in Sapang, Sara, Iloilo, Teresa gallantlyfought the strong group of the Spaniards. Inspite of theshortage in foods and arms they managed to win against

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the envaders. From then on, the name of Teresa Magbanuabecome popular like a thunderstorm in the Island of Panay.

In this revolt, her two brothers were accidentallykilled while Teresa was still alive. Her brother Elias wasbetrayed by his companion because of popular jealousy.

When the Americans dominated the Philippines,Teresa still fighting against the envaders. She was advisedto surrender by the Americans and to forget all the miserythat had happened to her brother, but she resisted.

Before the end of year 1900, the American groupdominated Panay Island. For this, the Visayan's Generalsurrendered. But not Nay Isa, Instead, she disbanded hertroops and backed to her husband's hometown. The revoltended, and the Americans pay respect to Teresa's decision.In the town of Sara, Iloilo , Teresa lived with peace untilthe death of her husband. They don't have children, thiswas the reason that all her property goes for sale. She wentto Mindanao in the town of Pagadian, Zamboanga, whereher sister and family resides.

During the Japanese occupation she hid inmountaips of Mindanao. After the revolution she returnedto Pagadian and stayed until her death on August 1947.

29

APOLINARIO MAB1864-1903

The Sublime Paralytic aBrains of the Revolution

APOLINARIO MABINI(JULY 23, 1864 • may 13, 1903)

• THE SUBLIME PARALYTIC.• ADVISER OF THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION.

A man of sublime ideals- that was

Apolinario Mabini. Sought the freedom of our country. Hewas a courageous patriot, a sagacious philosopher and alearned state man. His paralysis did not hinder him fromworking hard to gain the country's independence.

Apolinario Mabini was born to a poor familyon July 23, 1864. His father was Inocencio Mabini, aBarangay Captain and his mother was Dionisia Maranan, adaughter of a village teacher.

During his early age, Mabini loved to study.He preferred reading books than playing. He excelled intheir little barrio school.

Because of poverty , Mabini did odd jobs tohelp his parents send him to school. He finished Law atUniversity of Sto, Tomas.

There was a story that relates about Mabini'sgraduation at UST. He gave up hope of attending the ritesbecause he had no money to buy the cap, hood and gownneeded for his graduation. However, a big gift packagecontaining a cap, hood and gown was sent to him by agrateful woman whom he helped with a case in court.

Mabini became paralyzed in 1896. WhenEmilio Aguinaldo heared of Mabini's brilliant mind, he

30

appointed Mabini as his Chief Adviser. Since then, theparalyzed Mabini was carried wherever Aguinaldo neededhim.

Mabini wrote the True Decalogue when Fil-Amwar broke out. It inspired the Filipinos to fight and die forfreedom's sake. He laid down the foundations of the FirstPhilippine Republic earning for him the title "Brain of theRevolution".

In 1899, Mabini resigned as Aguinaldo'sAdviser because of poor health. He was captured by theAmericans and later exiled to Guam on January 7, 1901.He died of cholera on May 13, 1903 at the age 39.

31 •

MIGUEL MALVAR

GENERAL MIGUEL MALVAR(SEPTEMBER 27, 1865 • OCTOBER 13, 1911)

•THE LAST FILIPINO GENERAL TO SURRENDER TOTHE AMERICANS•

In the town of Sto. Tomas, Batangas, there

stands a magnificent monument in honor of the greatesthero of the place. The hero is none other than the braveand dountless General Miguel Malvar. He fought fearlesslyagainst the mighty Spanish and American forces.

Malvar was born in San Miguel, Sto. Tomas,Batangas on September 27, 1865. He was the eldest of thethree sons of Maximo Malvar, a landowner turned Cabezade Barangay, and Tiburcia Carpio.

Even in his childhood days, Malvar had shownsigns of bravery and determination. He accompanied hisfather in getting woods in the mountain unmindful of thedangerous animals in the forest. He helped his mother inher farming chores which lasted till dusk.

After his second year in high school studiesunder Father Malabanan, Malvar quitted schooling. In1885, he married Maula Maloles, his childhood sweetheart.They lived happily and peacefully. He became a farmer anda merchant and their life flourished.

While attending to his business in Manila,Malvar learned the secret society headed by Andres

32

Bonifacio which is the Katipunan. He recognized thesociety, principles, since then, took part of the revolution.

In August, 1896, after the news of the Cry ofPugadlawin reached Sto. Tomas, Malvar commanding asmall unit of revolutionist, attacked and invaded a Spanishgarrison. He fought bravely in the battles in Indang,Bailen, Magallanes and Alfonso. Because of his remarkablecourage and spirit he was promoted as commandinggeneral of the revolutionary unit of Batangas on March 31,1897.

When he felt that his men were slowly dyingfrom hunger, illness, fatigue and insufficient arms, just likea modest gentlemen that he is, Malvar, together with hismen and their families, surrendered to the American forceson April 16, 1902. On October 13, 1911. At the age of 46,Malvar died of a live decease.

Today, the spirit of bravery of General Malvaris not forgotten. The memory of the great General Patriotremains as long as the Filipino nation, still stands.

33

TIMOTEO PAEZ

TIMOTEO PAEZ(AUGUST 22, 1861• SEPTEMBER 18, 1939)

• HELPED PROPAGATE "LA LIGA FILIPINA"ORGANIZED BY RIZAL•

• WELL-KNOWN WRITTER IN TAGALOG ANDSPANISH •

Don Timoteo Paez came from a rich

family in Malabon. He was born in 'Tondo, Manila onAugust 22, 1861.

Don Paez became an adviser of laws. He wasa good writer in both Spanish and Tagalog. Because hewanted to help his country, he traveled in different partsof the world in order to see ways and means of othercountries in improving livelihood and their fellowmen.

When Doctor Jose Rizal organized the "LALIGA FILIPINA" Don Timoteo Paez became his righthand and a helper on the Propagation. Many well-knownFilipinos joined this organization. Among them wereMarcelino H. Del Pilar, Graciano Lopez Jaena, AndresBonifacio and other Filipinos who were protectors of ourrace.

When Jose Rizal and Plaridel (Marcelo H.del Pilar) run out of cash in Spain, Don Timoteo Paezalways helped them financially. He was also the instrumentin Publishing the "LA SOLIDARIDAD", the newspaperpublished by Graciano Lopez Jaena and Marcelo H. delPilar. He even helped in the formation of the KATIPUNANby Bonifacio and other Katipuneros.

34

Don Paez was one of those who suggested thatRizal's day be celebrated and a monument built in honor ofDr. Jose Rizal our national hero. To accomplish thisproject, Don Paez donate a big sum of money. He alsosuggested that Bonifacio's day be remembered.

There are two big buildings of Public Schools,one in Manila and in Pasay that bear the name of TimeteoPaez. Also a big street in Manila and in the Provincesnamed after him. This is one way of honoring a Filipinoand making him great according to Dr. Jose Rizal. TimeteoPaez was an example of honor, cleanliness and praiseswhich Filipinos ought to use as good example.

Don Timeteo Paez was a patriotic because ofthe exception that differentiates him from other fellowmenin his time, Dr. Jose Rizal was one of those who praiseshim and wrote his biography from which the public maylearn lessons.

He died on September 18, 1939 in his home, inTondo, Manila.

35

PEDRO A. PATERNO(PEACEMAKER OF THE REVOLUTION)

PEDRO A. PATERNO(FEBRUARY 27, 1857 • MARCH 27, 1911)

• PEACEMAKER OF THE REVOLUTION.PRESIDENT OF THE MALOLOS CONGRESS.

Pedro Paterno was born in Manila, on

February 27, 1857. After he studied in Ateneo de Manila,he enrolled in the world famous University of Salamanca,then transferred to Central University of Madrid were heacquired the degree of Laws.

He was the countless Filipino patriot to joinedthe propaganda movement by means of his prolific pen. In1882, he mediated as a peacemaker of the Filipino-Spanishstudent troubles in the campus of the Ateneo de Manila.His greatest achivement as a peacemaker was the FACTOF BIAK- NA - BATO, the turning point which led to thesuccess of the revolution headed by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo.

He was happy to die with thought that "IT ISSWEET TO DIE DEFENDING HIS MOTHERLAND". Hedied on March 27, 1911, at the age of 53.

36

TOMAS PINPIN

•THE PRINCE OF THE FILIPINO PRINTERS•

Tomas Pinpin was among the First Filipino

Author in the Philippines history. He learned his trade inthe Printing Shop of the old Sto. Tomas University underJuan de Vera, a christian chinese who was then in-chargeof the shop.

In 1610, through the kindness of a Dominican Priest, hewas able to Published a book in Tagalog, "LIBRONGPAG-AARALAN NANG MGA-TAGALOG SAPAGSASALITA NG WIKANG KASTILA", By means ofhis work he was called as "Prince of Filipino Printers" andalso among the first Filipino Author.

37

PANDAY PIRA

PANDAY PIRA(1488 • 1576 )

• FIRST FILIPINO CANNON MAKER.

Panday Pira was a Moro. He arrived in

Manila from the south of the Philippines. He waswellknown in making cannons. He was a blacksmith byprofession and had his own black smith shop in Manila.

Even before the Spaniards arrived in Manila,the Filipinos had their defenses in wharfs at the mouth ofrivers and along the coast which were made by PandayPira.

" PANDAY" is a tagalog word for ironsmith.He learned artillery making from the Chinese and Arabswhich was founded in Lamayan,Sta. Ana, Manila.

To acknowledge his part in serving hiscountry, a street in Tondo was named after him. When andhow Panday Pira died is not recorded in history.

38

MAR likNO PONCE(PATRIOT, MAN-OF-LETTER, AND RESEARCHER)

MARIANO PONCE( MARCH 23,1863 • MAY 23,1918 )

Born in Balivag on March 23,1863. He

studied at San Juan de Letran, the University of Sto.Tomas where he finished his medicine. Ponce activelyparticipated in Rizal's Propaganda Movement. He wroteregularly for " La Solidaridad".

On June 29,1898, he went to Yokohama tosolicit Japan's aid for the revolutionary cause and topurchase fire arms for the Filipino armies. He returned toManila after twenty years of patriotic work. He devoted hislife to intensive researches and writings on PhilippineHistory. In 1916, Ponce went to China to visit his friends ,President Sun Yet Sen , the first president of the ChineseRepublic. Upon arrival in Hongkong , he died while in thehospital for a serious condition on May 23,1918, at the ageof 55.

39

__*_._'.

PURMASSURI

•BRAVE PRINCESS OF SULU•

A very beautiful princess from Sulu. She

had a strong heart and a dominant will power with whichshe tried to bewitch the Spanish soldiers,thus leading themto their destruction.

Siri Kala,a Moro chief,already joined hisforces with those of Sigalo, another Moro Chief ,but theystill could not attack the Spaniards who were armedefficaciously and whom they thought they could notconquer.

Therefore, Purmassuri went to the barracksof the Spaniards. Just like other descendants of adam,theSpanish soldiers were bewitch by the beauty of Purmassuri.She took advantage of this opportunity and entertainedvery well the white soldiers.

Siri Kala's and Sigalo's soldiers attacked theSpanish soldiers. They were able to kill all the whitesoldiers except those left in the ship. The remaining soldierswere the opes that revealed all that happened.

This story of Purmassuri showed that ourcountry was never conquered without any defense and thewoman were always ready to make an effort to do their bitfor the sake of their mother country.

40

JOSE RIZAL(JUNE 19, 1861 e DECEMBER 30, 1896)

•THE PRIDE OF MALAY RACE •

•NATIONAL HERO•

ose Rizal was born on June 19, 1861 in

Calamba, Laguna. Born a genius, he was a doctor, writer,printer, engineer, linguist, scientist, sculptor andphilantrophist.

Many interesting stories and anecdotes werewritten about our national hero. One well-known anecdotewhich happened when he was a grade schooler goes thisway: Pepe (Rizal's nickname) and his friends were sailingover Laguna de Bay to attend a nearby town fiesta. Theywere all very happy. Pepe was impressed and thrilled bythe beauty of the water and began playing and touching thewater with his hand. Suddenly, one of his slipper fell intothe water. After a few minutes, to the great surprise of hisfriends, Pepe took his other slipper and threw it into thewater.

His friends asked him "why not recover thefallen slipper instead of throwing the remaining one?"

Pepe replied very calmly "My slipper is uselesswithout the other. Someday, a poor fisherman will findthem both"

Jose Rizal come from a rich family inCalamba,Laguna. He studied at Ateneo University and atSanto Tomas University then University of Madrid in

41

Spain. He finished medicine, and a wellknown linguistic indifferent languages. But the most great achivements thatRizal accomplished was the time of "PropagandaMovement" he was an active Filipino to seek for the reformof his country during Spanish government, through hisnovel "NOLI ME TANGERE" (1887) and the ELFILIBUSTERISMO (1891) these books brought out thecruelty especially, to his countrymen. It spread out to thewhole world about the Spanish tyrany, this led for thesudden death of Rizal. He was sentenced to death onDecember 31, 1896 at the Bagumbayan now popular asLuneta Park.

A Filipino who loved so much his countrymenand his motherland fighting for a cause especially theindependence of being a freeman on earth.

Truly, we can say that Doctor Jose Rizal is thepride of the Malay Race.

11;

42

•K.K.K.

KKK

MARGARITA ROXAS(1826• NOVEMBER 1, 1869)

.LOVE FOR COUNTRY AND PEOPLE.

argarita Roxas was a brave Filipino

woman, showed her greatness through example.Industry, wealth and education were her strong points. Shewanted her countrymen to educate the youth for the nextgenerations. She was a lover of democracy, peace andorder. Loved her country and preserved the greatness ofbeing a Filipino was her dreamed 3 for the beautifulPhilippines.

It was not recorded in history when and howshe died.

M

43

IGNACIA DEL ESPIRITUSANTO

(FEBRUARY 1, 1663 *SEPTEMBER 10, 1748)

FOUNBRESS OF FIRST RELIGEOUSCONGREGATION FOR FILIPINO WOMEN.

B orn in Tondo, Manila. Founder of the

congregation of the Religious of Virgin Mary (RVM).

A patriot who organized (1684)"BEATERIO DELA CAMPANIA DE JESUS". Anorganization intended for the Filipino Woman.

Because of the congregation's noble deedsand projects, the archibishop requested king of Spain togive protection to the congregation. For more than half acounay, she led the congregation, which eventually becamethe RVM.

Ignacia, loved her fellow filipino, she wasable to put an organization in order to help the livelihoodand to promote values to her countrymen. Because of this,Ignacia del Espiritu was considered unknown heroes of hertime.

44

TOSE 4R r'SO RN: ":•E' 1":1;f5S

DIED: MAY 7. 1V-2

th

JOSE ABAD SANTOS(FEBRUARY 19, 1886 • MAY 2, 1842)

• GREAT FILIPINO PATRIOT •

I s there love greater than the love for one's

own country? There is none... there is none...

These lines from a poem by Andres Bonifacio •hold true for Jose Abad Santos. The courageous patriotwho gave his life for the country earning for him therespect and love of the Filipino people.

Jose Abad Santos was born on lc !9,1886 in San Fernando, Pampanga. His parents wereVicente Abad Santos and Toribia Basco. Born rich, hegrew up to be a warm and kind hearted person.

Jose Abad Santos was barely ten years old whenrevolution broke out. He took part in it by giving food andcaring for the brave revolutionist. At a young age, he feltthe pains and hardships experienced by the people infighting for freedom and liberty against the cruel invaders.

After the war , Jose continued his studies. Hefinished his elementary and high school at San FernandoElementary School and Pampanga High School,respectively.

At the age of 18, Jose became a pensionado ofthe United States. He finished his law studies on June 4,1908 and received his Master of Law at George WashingtonUniversity.

45

When he came back to the Philippines. AbadSantos became an employee of the Department of Justiceafter passing the bar. From a simple lawyer, he became theChief Justice of the Supreme Court because of hisintellegence and dedication.

When the second World War broke out, AbadSantos refused to join Quezon's cabinet in going to theUnited States. He stayed in the country and was capturedby the Japanese. Because of his love for the country, Josedeclined to work for the Japanese Government. It was thereason why he was shot to death on May 2, 1942.

The Filipinos will long remember Jose AbadSantos for within their veins run the same blood that isever willing and ready to fight and die for the sake ofFreedom.

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EPIFANIO DE LOS SANTOS(Abril 7, 1871 - Abril 18, 1928)

*Dakilang Manunulat, Historyador

EPIFANIO DE LOS SANTOS(APRIL 7, 1871 * APRIL 18, 1928)

•GREAT AMONG THE GREAT FILIPINO

SCHOLARS.

Epifanio delos Santos was horn in

Malabon Rizal on April 18, 1928. A member of theeditorial staff of "LA INDEPENDENCIA", a newspaper byGeneral Antonio Luna. He was the director of thePhilippine Library and Museum. Became a districtattorney of San Isidro, Nueva Ecija, the hometown of hisfather. He was the provincial secretary and twice elected asgovernor. The first Filipino who joined and became amember of the Royal Academy of Madrid,Spain

Epifanio was also a musician, painter, criticand literary writer. Some of his work were TagalogLiterature, confidential Letters of Dr. Jose Rizal; a Spanishtranslator of Batangas and the " Florante at Laura".

He died on April 18, 1928

47

DIEGO SILANG

DIEGO SILANG(DECEMBER 16, 1730• MAY 28, 1763)

•REVOLUTIONARY LEADER OF ILOCOS•

He was born on December 16, 1730, in

Aringay, Pangasinan. In 1762, when the British tookManila, the Filipinos realized for the first time the defectsin the government established by the Spaniards. TheFilipinos ask and demand reforms in the government, theSpaniards, however, did not grant the Filipinos anyreform.

Diego Silang headed a native army andfought against the Spaniards. When the british learnedabout him, he was appointed governor of the province ofPangasinan. However the Spaniards angered Diego Silang,then used another Spanish mestizo who pretended to be hisfriend in the name of Miguel Vicos the mission is to killhim.

He was killed on May 28, 1763.

48

REYNA SIMA

REYNA SIMA

eyna Sima, a Cotabato woman leader

about the year 1637. A brave woman from the South whofought for the Filipino cause against the invaders of thecountry.

Justice and respect for Law were her greatqualities. She treated everybody equally. She loved justiceand made everybody obey the law. She was just to all andwas not partial even to her son or other relatives. Shepunished anybody that disobeyed the law.

49

PRINCESA URDUJA

PRINCESS URDUJA•GREAT WOMAN CHIEF OF PANGASINAN•

Our country was composed of many kingdoms

even before the Spaniards came to conquer the beautifulPhilippines. One of the well-known kingdoms was that ofPangasinan.

Princess Urduja was a popular woman chief ofPangasinan . An intellegient woman and was well educated.She was a brave and famous war leader and knew how tospeak different languages.

Her beautiful place was so popular because ofexpensive decorations of rare design and beauty. ThePrincess al3o known for her expensive and beautiful attirefitted her as Princess.

An Arabian traveller went to visit her court.What a big surprise, the man was dazzled by the richsplendor and beauty of what he saw. The food served tohim was very delicious. The arabian thought that thebeautiful Princess could not understand him in arabiclanguages he again suprised when he learned that thePrincess knew how to speak his own language. The princesssuitors did not even try to have the courage in courting her,strenght and bravery for fear that if they did and failedthey would only be put to shame. She had many prominentadmirers and suitors, but the princess turned them alldown. She did not want to marry one whom she couldsurpass in strength and bravery. According to her, shewould be happy only with a man who can defeat her andwhom she can respect and love.

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RAHA SOLIMAN

RAJA SOLIMAN

•MUSLIM KING OF MANILA.

During the early days, the Spaniards

tried to win the friendship of the Filipinos, it di :1 riotlast long because the Spaniards wanted the Filipinos topay tribute for them. Filipinos, angered -by thesesituations, they challenged them for a fight.

Some historians say that Raja Soliman is theruler of Borneo and a nephew of Rajah Lakandula(Matanda) who had made him heir as well as thedescendants in Manila and Pampanga.

He was noted for his daring bravery,penetrating intellegent and valiant Filipino chief that hadever opposed the cruel Spaniards.

Raja Soliman also known a R.aho 101;ehmeans young king. He died on June 3, 1571 in Eangkusav,Tondo, during a fight against the Spaniards because theFilipinos, was insufficient in terms of weapons.

51

JOSE PALMA Y VELASCO

JOSE PALMA VELASCO(JUNE 3, 1876• FEBRUARY 12, 1903)

• GREAT POET.

•BRAIN OF THE HYMNAL OF THE PHILIPPINE

NATIONAL ANTHEM.

Jose Palma was born in Tondo, Manila on

June 3, 1876, 1876. He was the brother of Dr. RafaelPalma, the fourth president of the University of thePhilippines. He was seventeen years old when he startedprinting his patriotic poems.

When the revolution broke out Velasco, enteredto become Filipino Army under the Aguinaldo's leadership.When he heard the Triumphant March made by JulianFelipe in Kawit Cavite. He was inspired to apply thehymnal tune, now the official Philippine National Anthem.

He died on February 12, 1903 in Manila.

52

ACM: 1 0 ZAMO

JACINTO ZAMORA(AUGUST 14, 1835• FEBRUARY 17, 1872)

•A MARTYR.

Father Jacinto Zamora, was born on

August 14, 1835, in Pandacan, Manila. His parents wereDon Venancio Zamora and Dona Hilaria del Rosario.

He studied at the Colegio de San Juan deLetran and at the University of Santo Tomas where hefinished priesthood. He became the parish priest ofMarikiLa and of Pasig, Rizal. He was assigned as assistantcurate in the cathedral of Manila where he met FatherBurgos, later he joined the Liberal movement, against theinjustice of the cruel Spaniards. Although he was not veryactive in the reform movement. He was always seen withFather Gomez and Burgos that he, too, was suspected as arebel by the Spaniards.

In January 1872, the Cavite revolt broke out.He was captured and jailed at Fort Santiago, withoutgiving a chance, he was sentenced to death by the Spanishgarote on February 17, 1872, together with Gomez andBurgos at Bagumbayan.

53

GABRIELA SILANG

GRABIELA SILANG

REVOLUTIONARY WOMAN GENERAL

abriela Silang was than wife of Diego

Silang. A revolutionary leader of Ilocos, captured andkilled by the Spaniards.

After the death of her husband, the SpanishArmy invaded the camp and got all firee arms,ammunitions, important documents that Diego Silang left.

In this situation, Gabriela don't lost hopeinstead she fought against the Spaniards. She continued thefight of her husband and the Ilocanos. She said " It wasnecessary for me to bring back the freedom that DiegoSilang started."

Gabriela Silang and the rest of her troopscontinued to fight against the Spaniards. But the Filiinsufficient arms bring them to lost the fight.

Gabriela Silang was captured in themountains of Abra. The Spaniards bring her and theremaining companions to Ilocos Sur. She was sentenced todie and the rest of her revolutionary troops, on September20, 1763 in Vigan Ilocos Sur.

54

Remembering....

The contributions of some

Filipino Heroes

55

ALEJANDRO ROCES SR.Born : April 16,1876Died : June 1943

Known as the Father of Modern PhilippineJournalism.

AMBROSIO FLORESBorn : March 20, 1843Died : June 24, 1912

General of the Philippine RevolutionaryArmy. He was chief of staff and was actingsecretary of war after the assassination ofAntonio Luna. During the American period heengaged in newspaper work, became editor-in--chief of El Grito del Pueblo and editor of LaDemocracia. He was also elected governor in1902.

56

ANACLITO LACSONBorn : April 17, 1858Died : February 3, 1931

Born in Talisay, Negros OccidentalRevolutionary leader in Negros during thePhilippine Revolutionary. He died on Febuary3, 1931

ANANIAS DIOKNOBorn : January 22 , 1860Died : November 2, 1922

Born in Taal, Batangas. Revolutionaryleader who led an expedition in the Visayas toestablish a •link between the revolutionary Forcesin Panay Island and the revolutionarygovernment of Emilio Aguinaldo. He died onNovember 2, 1931.

57

ANTONIA MA. REGIDORBorn : April 16. 1845Died : December 28, 1910

Antonia Ma. Regidor was born on April 15,1845. Lawyer, nationalist, and founder of thenewspaper LA ASABLEA FILIPINA -KAPULUNGANG BAYAN.

ARTEMIO RICARTEBorn : October 20, 1866Died : July 31, 1945

Born in Batac, Ilocos norte on Oct. 20,1866. Revolutionary general and patriot He waschief of operations in Manila during the FilipinoAmerican war. He was captured and exiled in1901. He refused to swear allegiance to the UnitedStates and came with the Japanese invaders in1941. He died on July 31, 1945.

58

BALDEMERO AGUINALDOBorn : February 27, 1869Died : February 14, 1915

Born in Binakayan, kawit, Cavite. Generalwho held positions in the revolutionary forces inSouthern Luzon.

BONIFACIO AREVALOBorn : May 14, 1850Died : December 13, 1920

Bonifacio Arevalo was a dentist, sculptorand a member of La Liga Filipina. He died onDecember 13, 1920.

59

CANDID() IRANBorn : October 3, 1863Died : March 23, 1897

Born in Liloan, Malinao, Capiz. Leader ofthe Katipunan in Panay and one of the NineteenMartyrs of Aklan.He was executed in Kalibo onMarch 23, 1897.

CANDID() TIRONABorn : August 29, 1862Died : November 10,1896

He was born in Kawit, Cavite on August29,1862. Revolutionary General , secretary of warin the Magdalo Council, and hero of the Battle ofBinakayan. He died on Nov. 10,1896.

60

CARLOS P. ROMULOBorn : January 14, 1899Died : December 15, 1985

Born in Camiling ,Tarlac, on Jan. 14, 1899.Journalist, diplomat and the first Filipino' tobecome president of the United Nations GeneralAssembly. He was conferred the National ArtistAward for literature in 1983. He died on Dec.15,1985.

CESAR FERNANDO BASABorn : June 21,1915Died : December 11, 1941

He was born in Isabela, Negros Occidental,on June 21, 1915. He was the first Filipino Aviatorto die in action during World War II . he died onDec. 11, 1941.

61

CLARO M, RECTOBorn : February 8 ,1890Died : October 2 , 1960

Born in Tiaong Quezon. NationalistStateman , Spanish and English writer, andregarded as Father of the 1935 constitution . Hewas also the last Supreme Court associate justiceappointed by the U.S. president . He is bestremembered for his nationalist position againstAmerican colonialism in the Philippines. Hepresided over the Constitutional Conventionwhich produced the 1935 constitution . Claro M.Recto died on October 2, 1960 in Rome , Italy.

CRIS PULO AGUINALD 0Born : June 10 , 1864Died : march 24, 1897

He was born in Kawit Cavite, on June10,1864. Older brother of General EmilioAguinaldo, and Lieutenant general who heroicallydied in the battle of Salitran on March 24, 1897.

62

CRISPULO ZAMORABorn : June 10, 1871Died : October 11, 1922

Born in Sampaloc, Manila . Katipunero andrevolutionary during the American Occupation.He died on October 11, 1922.

DANIEL MARAMBABorn : July 21, 1870Died : December 27,1941

Born in Sta. Barbara , Pangasinan, on July21,1870. Revolutionary Leader during the Spanishand American periods and governor of hisprovince. He died on Dec.27, 1941.

63

DEODATO ARELLANOBorn : July 26, 1844Died :

Born in Bulacan, Bulacan. A founder of theKatipunan and its first president.

EDILBERTO EVANGELISTABorn : February 24, 1862Died : February 17, 1897

Born in Sta. Cruz , Manila. Engineerand Revolutionary general who led theconstruction of trenches and other defensesagainst the Spaniards. He died in the Battleof Zapote Bridge in Bacoor , Cavite onFebruary 17, 1897.

64

ELEUTERIO ADEVOSOBorn : February 20, 1920Died : May 22, 1975

Born in San Juan, Manila. Guerilla leaderand officer of the famous Hunters ROTC Guerillasduring the Japanese Occupation, with the nom deguerre " Terry Magtanggol ". After the war, heentered politics and served in variousgovernment positions. He was one of the founderof the Progressive Party of the Philippines.

ESTEBAN CONTRERASBorn : May 12, 1864Died : 1904

Born in Capiz. He was a VisayanRevolutionary General. He died in his homeprovince in 1904.

65

FEDERICO ISABELO ABAYABorn : May 3, 1900Died :

Born in Candon, Ilocos Sur, on May 3, 1900.He was a revolutionary leader and member of therevolutionary group Espiritu de Candon

On March 25, 1898 , he led the revolt againstthe Spanish government in Candon, Ilocos Sur .

FELIPE AGONCILLOBorn : May 26, 1859Died : September 29, 1941

Born in Taal , Batangas, on May 26 ,1859. He was a lawyer and patriot; considered thefirst Filipino diplomat. He was appointedambassador of the Philippine revolutionarygovernment and went to the United States tocampaign for recognition of PhilippineIndependence. He died on September 29, 1941.

66

FELIPE SALVADORBorn : May 26, 1870Died : April 15, 1912

Born in Balivag, Bulacan, on May 26,1870 .He was a revolutionary leader, founder of SantaIglesia ( a messianic society during the Americanperiod),and popularly known as "Apo Ipe" . Hewas considered a bandit by the Americans. Whencaptured, he was imprisoned and hanged on April15, 1912.

FELIX NAPAO GALURABorn : February 21, 1866Died : July 20, 1919

Born in Bacolor, Pampanga. Revolutionaryleader and Pampango writer. One of the Firstmembers of the Katipunan in his province.Considered Father of Pampango Grammarbecause of his " Sanayan " , a grammar book inSpanish and Pampanga. He published IngAlipatpat and authored of several plays .

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FERNANDO MA. GUERREROBorn : June 1, 1873Died : June 12, 1929

Born in Ermita , Manila on June 1 1873. Hewas considered the poet of the Revolution. Hejoined the staff of La Independencia and waseditor . of El Renacimiento during the Americanoccupation. He was also the founder and editor ofLa Opinion. He died on June 12, 1929.

FLEVIANO YENCOBorn : Dec. 22, 1874Died : March 3, 1897

Born in Tondo, Manila. RevolutionaryGeneral.

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FRANCISCO

ULOSBorn Sept, 17, 1871Died Apr. 3G, 1922

Born in La Paz, Tarlac. RevolutionaryGeneral who was said to have organized his owngovernment in Central Luzon after the abrogationof the Truce of Biak-na-Bato. During the Filipino-American War, he fought in Tarlac andPanapanga. H died on April 30, 1922.

FRANCISCO ROMANBorn Oct. 4, 1_86'9Died ; June 5, 1899

Born on Oct. 4, 1869, in Quiapo, Manila.Revolutionary leader and military aid of AntonioLuna. He died with the general on June 5, 1899, inCabanatuan, Nueva ecija.

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GALICANO APACIBLEBorn : June 25, 1864Died : Mar. 22, 1949

Born in Balayan, Batangas, on June 25. 1864.Doctor of medicine and newspapertmAn. He was afounder of LA SOLIDARIDAD and Ambassador tothe United States of the revolutionarygovernment of Emilio Aguinaldo. He died onMarch 22, 1949.

GLICERIA VILLAVICENCIOBorn : May 13, 1852Died : Sept. 28, 1929

Born in Taal, Batangas. Conferred the titleMadrina General de las Fuerzas Revolutionariesby Emilio Aguinaldo for her substantialcontributions to the Philippine Revolution, Hedied on September 28, 1929.

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GREGORIA DE JESUSBorn : May 9, 1875Died : Mar. 15, 1943

Born in Kalookan, Rizal (now CaloocanCity). Wife of Andres Bonifacio and consideredthe "Muse of the Katipunan". They were marriedin 1894; after which she joined the Katipunan andperformed dangerous missions for theorganization. She is twenty-two when Bonifaciowas killed. She was remarried to Julio Nakpil .Died on March 15, 1943.

GUILLERMO NAKARBorn : Jan. 1, 1905Died : Sept. 29, 1942)

Born in Infanta, Quezon. Officer of thePhilippine Constabulary before the war andguerilla leader during the Japanese Occupation.He was captured by the Japanese and imprisonedat Fort Santiago. He died on Sept. 29, 1942.

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ISIDRO TORRESBorn : Apr. 10, 1866Died : Dec. 5, 1928

Born in Matimbo, Malolos, Bulacan.Revolutionary general who organized theprovincial Katipunan chapter in Bulacan. Heparticipated in the Malolos congress and heldvarious positions in the revolutionarygovernment. He died on December 5, 1928.

.leralsillialivonesseellnNticemin•apous.

JAMALUL AZAM

He was the son of Muhammad Fadl, andSultan of Sulu from 1862 until his death on April7, 1881. He was known to the Spaniards, helpedthe poor, and strictly, enforced the law againststealing.

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JOSE SANTOSBorn : Feb. 19, 1886Died : May 2, 1942

Born in San Fernando, Pampanga onFebruary 19, 1886.

Chief justice of the Supreme Court, cabinetmember, and Statesmen. When Manuel L. Quezonand his party went to the United States duringWorld War II, Abad Santos choose to remain inManila. He was executed on May 2, 1942 inMalabang, Lanao del Sur, when he refused tocooperate with the Japanese colonizers.

JOSE PALMABorn : June 3, 1876Died' : Feb. 12, 1903

Born in Tondo, Manila, on June 3, 1876. Hewas a Famous poet in Spanish who wrote thelyrics of the Philippine National Anthem. Hejoined the Katipunan in 1894 and worked with LAINDEPENDENCIA. He died on February 12, 1903.

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JOSE MA. PANGANIBANBorn : Feb. 1, 1863Died : Aug. 19, 1890

Born in Panganiban, Camarines Norte.Writer and leading member of the PropagandaMovement. He wrote for the La Solidaridad andwas a member of the association Hispano-Filipina. He used the pen-name "Jomapa" andJ.M.P.

JOSE RAMOS 'ISHIWARABorn : July 13, 1856Died : Oct. 24, 1921

He was born on July 13, 1856, in San Roque,Cavite. Propagandist and Advocator of thePhilippine Revolution. He adopted his Japanesesurname to concele his political activities andescape Spanish persecution, he died on October24, 1921.

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JOSE TORRES BUGALLONBorn : Aug. 28, 1873died : Feb. 5, 1899

Born in Salasa, Pangasinan. Revolutionaryleader and hero of the Battle of La Loma, wherehe was killed on Feb. 5, 1899.

JUAN ARANETABorn : July 13, 1852Died : Oct. 3, 1924

Born in Bago, Negros Occidental, on July 13,1852. Revolutionary leader in Western Visayasand founder of the so-called Negros Republic. Hedied on October 3, 1924.

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JUAN CAILLESBorn : Nov. 10, 1871Died : June 28, 1951

He was born in Nasugbu, Batangas ohNovember 10, 1871. Revolutionary general andpolitician. He served as governor of Laguna andTayabas during the American period. He died onJune 28, 1951.

JUAN DE LA CRUZ

August 29, 1908, A popular cartooncharacter in the PHILIPPINE FREE PRESSwhich Juan de la Cruz as model. He was oftenshown as a male Filipino wearing a Salakot,Camisa de Chino, and barefooted. The firstcaricature was done by Jorge Pineda.

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JULIO NAKPILBorn : May 22, 1867Died : Nov. 2, 1960

Born in Quiapo, Manila. He was a Musicianand Katipunan member who became known forhis patriotic compositions. He composed theKatipunan's official hymn, "Marangal na Dalit ngKatagalugan". Which later became "Salve Patria".After Bonifacio's death, Nakpil married his widowGregoria de Jesus on December 10, 1898. Nakpildied on November 2, 1960 in Manila.

LADISLAW DIWABorn : June 26, 1863Died : Mar. 12, 1930

He was born in San Roque, Cavite, on June26, 1863. One of the founders of the Katipunan. Hedied on March 12, 1930, in Caridad, Cavite.

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LEANDRO FULLONBorn : Mar. 13,1877Died : Oct. 16,1904

Born in Hamtik, Antique. RevolutionaryGeneral, considered liberation of Antique duringthe Philippine Revolutionn. During the Filipino-American war he fought courageously in Panay.He surrendered to the Americans in 1901, and waselected governor when a civil government wasestablished.

LICERIO GERONIMOBorn : Aug. 27,1855Died : Jan. 16,1924

Born in Sampaloc, Manila. RevolutionaryGeneral and hero of the Battle of San Mateo inRizal during the Filipino-American War. In thatbattle, the marksman squad he organized (calledTiradores de la Muerte) killed General Henry W.Lawton of the American Forces. He died onJanuary 16,1924.

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LICERIO TOPACIO Y CUENCABorn : Aug. 27, 1839Died : Apr. 19, 1925

30C REVOLUTIONARY HERO XXX

LUCIANO SAN MIGUEL

He died in the area between Marikina andCaloocan, in a militar raid by the Americans. Hewas a revolutionary general who founded BagongKatipunan, a group which fought the Americansduring the early years of Occupations.

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MACARIO SAKAYBorn : 1870Died : Sept. 13, 1907

Born in Tondo, Manila. Revolutionar leader,president of Republikang Tagalog, and also saidto be a barber, tailor, shophand, and moro-moroactor. He joined the Katipunan in 1894. Duringthe Filipino-American war, he organized aguerilla force in Southern Tagalog. In 1906, hewas tricked into surrending and was executed bythe Americans a year after. He died on Sept. 13,1907.

NAMERTO NATIVIDADBorn : Dec. 3, 1871Died : Nov. 9, 1897

Born in Bacolor, Pampanga, on Dec. 3, 1871.One of the youngest Filipino generals during theRevolution.

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MANUEL RODRIGUEZ SR.( January 1, 1915 )

Born in Cebu City. Father of Printmaking inthe Philippines. Upon his return form the UnitedStates of America in 1952, he organized inassociation of Filipino printmakers. In 1967, hereceived the Republic Culture heritage Award forhis efforts to develop the skill among youngpeople.

MARCELA AGONCILLOBorn : June 24, 1859Died : May 30, 1946

She was born in Taal, Batangas, on June 24,1859. Wife of Felipe Agoncillo. She sewed the firstPhilippine National Flag which was proclaimedas the countrys political symbol when it washoisted on June 12, 1898. She died on May 30,1946.

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MARIANO ALVAREZBorn : Aug. 19, 1831Died : Aug. 25, 1924

Born in Noveleta, Cavite, on August 19, 1831.Revolutionary general and school teacher. Headof the Katipunan's Magdiwang Council inNoveleta, he distinguished himself in battles withthe Spaniards and was elected director of welfareat the Tejeros Convention. He died on August 25,1924.

MARIANO CRISOSTOMOBorn : Feb. 3, 1862Died : May 11, 1913

Born in Malolos, Bulacan. A lawyer,Propagandist, Katipunan member, and deligate tothe Malolos Republic. Founder of CajaPropaganda which collected contributions forthe La Solidaridad. He died on May 11, 1913.

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-MARIANO RIEGO DE DIOSBorn : Sept. 12, 1875Died : Feb. 7, 1935

Born on Sept. 12, 1875, in Maragondon,Cavite. Revolutionary general and member of theKatipunan. He died on feb. 7, 1935.

MARIANO TRIASBorn : Oct. 12, 1868Died : Jan. 22, 1914

He was born in San Francisco, Malabon(now Gen. Trias), Cavite. Revolutionary generaland vice president of the revolutionarygovernment. He joined the Katipunan in 1896 andbecame fiscal of the Magdiwang Council. He wasalso designated secretary of finance and latersecretary of war. He died on Jan. 22, 1914.

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MAXIMO HIZONBorn : May 28, 1870Died : Sept. 1, 1901

Born in Mexico, Pampanga, on May 28, 1870.He was a revolutionary general in Pampanga. Heled the revolutionary forces in the victoriousbattle against the Americans in Ralookan onFebruary 4, 1899. He died on September 1, 1901.

NUMERIANO ADRIANOBorn : July 5, 1846Died : Jan. 11, 1897

He was born in Beata, Pandacan, Manila. Apropagandist and martyr executed by theSpaniards in Bagumbayan (now Luneta Park). Hedied on January 11, 1897.

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PANTALEON GARCIABorn : July 27, 1856Died : August 16, 1936

Born in Imus, Cavite. Revolutionarygeneral, first municipal president of Imus, andjustice of the peace and superintendent ofCOLONIA AGRICOLA in Cavite. He died on Aug.16, 1936.

PANTALEON VILLEGASBorn : July 27, 1873Died : April 8, 1898

He was also known as " LEON KIDLAT " inCebu. Leader of revolutionary group in Panayand Negros Island. He died on Apri18, 1898.

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PASCUAL LEDESMABorn : May 17,1843Died : June 6, 1917

Born in Himamaylan , Negros Occidental.He was a Visayan revolutionary leader. He diedon June 6, 1917.

PATROCINIA GAMBOABorn : April 30, 1865

Died : Nov. 24, 1953

Born in Jaro, Iloilo City. The revolutionaryheroine of Iloilo. Tia Patron, her popular name,was a member of the " Comite Conspirador andComite Central Revolucion de Visayas." Shemade the Philippine flag which was raised at theinauguration of the revolutionary government inthe Visayas. She often risked her life for therevolutionary cause.

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PIO DEL PILARBorn : July 11, 1860Died : June 21, 1931.

Born in Culi Culi Makati. His real name PioIsidro y Cataiieda ). Revolutionary general. Hedied on June 21, 1931.

PONCIANO RIZALBorn : March 9, 1851Died : April 13, 1930

Born in Calamba Laguna. Revolutionarygeneral and elder brother of Dr. Jose Rizal. Hesecretly helped the Propaganda Movement andSolicited funds for Marcelo H. del Pilar's"Diariong Tagalog." When arrested in 1896, heresisted all presure to implicate his brother JoseRizal in the Katipunan. During the Revolution, hewas active in Southern Luzon and continuedfighting even against the Americans. Sick withmalaria, he was captured by the Americans in1900. He eventually retired to Los Banos.

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QUINTIN SALASBorn : Oct. 31, 1870Died : Jan. 24, 1917

Born in Dumangas, Iloilo on October 31,1870. Revolutionary leader in Panay during theAmerican period. He died on January 24, 1917.

ROMAN BASABorn : Feb. 29, 1848Died : Feb. 6, 1897

Born in San Roque, Cavite. SecondPresident of the Katipunan, who was shot by theSpaniards in Bagumbayan. He died on February6, 1897.,

RUPERTO KANGLEONBorn : March 27, 1890

Born in Macrohon, Leyte, Guerilla leaderin Leyte-Samar area during the JapaneseOccupation. After the war, he served thegovernment as secretary of national defense andwas elected senator in 1953.

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SANTIAGO ALVAREZBorn : July 25, 1872Died : Oct. 30, 1930

He was born on July 25, 1872, in Imus,Cavite. Revolutionary general, founder andhonorary president of the first directorate of theNationalista Party.

He died on October 30, 1930.

SANTIAGO BARCELONA(May 22, 1863 )

He was a deligate to the Malolos Congressand Emilio Aguinaldo's aide during his retreat toNorther Luzon.

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SERVILLANO AQUINOBorn : April 20, 1874Died : February 3, 1959

Born in Concepcion, Tarlac. Revolutionarygeneral in Tarlac and Pampanga. He joined theKatipunan when the Philippine Revolution brokePut. He went to HongKong with Emilio Aguinaldowhen the Pact of Biak-na Bato was signed andresumed fighting during the Filipino-Americanwar.

SEVERINO de las ALAS( Jan. 8. 1851 - Nov. 4, 1918 )

Born in Indang Cavite, on January 8, 1851.One of the signers of the Biak-na-BatoConstitution. Later, he appointed director of theinterior of the Malolos Republic. He died on Nov.4, 1918.

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SIMEON OLABorn : Sept. 2, 1865Died : Feb. 14, 1952

Born in Guinobatan, Albay, on Sept 2, 1865.Revolutionary leader and one of the last generalsto surrender to the Americans. He joined theKatipunan in 1896 and became overall leader ofBicol.

He also fought during the Filipino-AmericanWar and did not surrender until Sept. 25, 1903. Hedied on Feb. 14, 1952.

TEODORO PLATABorn : ( 1866)Died : Dec. 31, 1896

Born in Tondo, Manila. One of the foundersof Katipunan. He was executed by Spanishauthorities on Dec. 31, 1896 at Bagumbayan.

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TOMAS CLAUDIOBorn : May 7, 1892Died : aline 29, 1918

Born in Morong, Rizal. He was the firstFilipino hero of the World War I. He died on June29, 1918 in Oise, France.

TOMAS CONFESORBorn : March 2, 1891Died : June 6, 1951

Born in Cabatuan, Ilo-ilo. Politician andGuerilla leader in Panay island during theJapanese Occupation. Before World War II, heoccupied various positions in the government,such as Ilo-ilo delegate to the 1934 constitutionalconvention, and governor of Ilo-ilo. When the warbroke out, he organized the Guerilla movement inPanay and Romblon. He was also elected Senatorafter the war.

He died on June 6, 1951.

9-2

TOMAS MASCARDOBorn : Oct. 7, 1871Died : July 7, 1932

Born in Kawit, Cavite, on Oct. 7, 1871.Revolutionary general and governor of Cavitefrom 1910 to 1912. He died on July 7, 1932.

VICENTE LIMBorn : Feb. 24, 1888Died : Jan. 15, 1945

Born in Calamba, Laguna. First Filipinograduate of West Point Academy in the UnitedStates. He became a Brigadier General of thePhilippine Army and led of the 41 st Division inBataan when World War II broke out. WhenBataan fell, he was imprisoned and laterreleased. He secretly worked for the guerilla,movement and is believed to have been executedby the Japanese for his activities.

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VICENTE LUKBANBorn : Feb. 11, 1860Died : Nov. 16, 1916

Born in Labo, Camarines Norte, onFebruary 11, 1860. A revolutionary leader inSamar-Leyte area during the Filipino-AmericanWar. He led a strong Guerilla movement in thearea, forcing the Americans to send more troopsto contain his forces. He was captured andimprisoned for several months. Vicente Lukbandied on November 16, 1916 in Tayabas Quezon.

VICTORIANO LUCIANOBorn : March 23, 1&63Died : September 12, 1896

Born in Cavite, a Katipunan member. Hewas one of the Thirteen Cavite Martyrs executedby the Spaniards on September 12, 1896. Hisdrugstore was used as a meeting place by thosewho planned the aborted uprising in Cavite. liedied on September 12, 1896.

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BRIEFHISTORYOF THEPHILIPPINEREVOLUTIONS...

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ABOLITION OF THE PHILIPPINEREPUBLIC

On August 17, 1945, Abolition of thePhilippine Republic was formed during theJapanese Occupation, announced by Jose P.Laurel.

BATTLE OF BANGKUSAY

On June 3, 1571, the Battle of Bangkusay,between the Filipinos living on the southern bankof the Pasig River, led by Soliman, and theSpanish forces, led by Martin de Goiti.

As a result,Manila was burned and manyof Soli- An's men were killed.It was believed thatSolima-1 escaped in the encounter and upon hissurrender,was baptized and assumed the nameAgustin de Legaspi. He again joined the uprisingin 1587 and 1588. He was eventually captured andexecuted.

4-'7 'E.; 7-,71 7

BATTLE OF BESSANG PASS

On June 14, 1945, Battle of Bessang Passwhere Japanese troops led by TomoyukiYamashita lost from the combined forces ofFilipino and American soldiers. Bessang wasfounded in the western portion of the Cordilleracentral.rear of Ifugao Province.

BATTLE OF KAKARONG DESILI

In 1897, the battle of Kakarong de sili inPandi, Bulacan. One of the major encountersduring the early part of the PhilippineRevolution. The revolutionary stronghold underthe leadership of Maestrong Sebio ( EusebioRoque ) was attacked by combined Spanish forcesfrom neighboring towns of Bulacan. According toan accounts, more than two thousand Filipinosdied in the battle. Maestro Sebio was able toescape but was captured after a few days. He wassummarily tried and executed on January 16,1897.

BATTLE OF PINAGLABANAN

August 30, 1896, Battle of Pinaglabananin San Juan, Rizal between ill-equipped Filipino

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revolutionaries led by Andres Bonifacio andabout a hundred SA anish soldiers. More than Onehundred fifty Filipinos was killed in this battle. Ashrine was built o the battle site in 1973 tocommemorate Filipino gallantry.

BATTLE OF TIRAI) PASS

On December 2, 1899 9 was the battle ofTirad Pass between sixty Filipino soldiers underGregorio del Filar and more than 300 Americansoldiers under Maier Peyton C. March. Del Pilarwas assigned o guard the Pass to give EmilioAguinaldo time to escape to Isabela. Only eightFili,•inos surviNed the American onsiaught.

BaK-NA-BATO REPUBLIC

On July 7, 1897, Bia.k-na-Bato, therevolutionary government established by EmilioAguinaldo, founded in San Miguel, Bulacan.

BICOL RTYRS

In January 4, 1897, was the execution ofthe Bicol Martyrs at Luneta. tw Rizal Park ) .The fifteen Bicolanos were among the first

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victims of Spanish cruelty after the outbreak ofthe Philippine Revolution. Of the fifteen, elevenwere executed at Luneta and the rest died duringthe incarceration or in exile. The fifteen were:Father Gabriel Prieto. Severino Diaz. FatherInocencio Herrera. Manuel Abella. DomingoAbella, Ramon Abella. Camilo Jacob. TomasPrieto. Florencio Lerma, Mariano Melgarejo, LeonHernandez. Mariano Arania and MarianoOrdenanza.

CAGAYAN REVOLT

On June 8, 1625, A Cagayan Revolt led_byMiguel Lanab, during which Spanish missionarieswere killed and a Catholic Church was burned.

CONQUISTADOR

Year 1572, August 10, Miguel Lopez deLegaspi, Spanish conquistador and first governorgeneral of the Philippine archipelago. He arrivedin 1565 and founded the city of Cebu. He went toManila in 1571 and proclaimed it the countryscapital. He was born in 1510 in Zumarraga, Spain.

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CRY OF PUGADLAWIN

August 23, 1896, Cry of Pugadlawin in asitio of Balintawak in Quezon City. TheKatipuneros, led by Andres Bonifacio, tore theirCedulas as a symbol of protest and thus markedthe beginning of the Philippine Revolutionagainst Spaniards.

FALL OF BATAAN

When the Filipino and American soldierscould no longer defend Bataan, Edward P. Kingsurrendered to the Japanese on April 9, 1942. Thismarked the beginning of the total JapaneseOccupation of the Philippines, during World WarII.

FALL OF CORREGIDOR

The surrender of Philippine-Americanforces in Bataan, Jonathan M. Wainwrightdecided to surrender his remaining force forabout 12,000 men in the Island.

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FALL OF MANILA

Year 1898, August 13, Fall of Manila tothe American occupying forces. Marked thebeginning of the American Occupation of thePhilippines.

In January 2, 1942, The Japanese forcesled by Masaharu Homma occupied Manila. Thefollowing day, Homma issued a proclamationannouncing the end of American Occupation andthe establishment of a new order under theJapanese.

FIRST BATTLE OF MANILA BAY

On May 23, 1570, was the First Battle ofManila Bay, between the Spaniards led by Martinde Goiti and the Filipinos led by Soliman. Goitiwithout intending to start a battle, fired a cannonto recall a boat he sent on an errand. TheFilipinos, thinking they were being fired upon,answered with their native cannons. Sensingdefeat, the Filipinos burned their own houses andfled from their settlement. Victorious Goiti andcompany returned to Panay Island to report toLegaspi.

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FORT SANTIAGO

Fort Santiago declared a national shrineby Republic. Act no. 597 in March 6, 1951. TheSpaniards built the old fortress on the ruins ofSoliman's kingdom and called it FUERZA deSANTIAGO. During the Spanish period, it wasalso used as a prison where many Filipinossuspected of rebellion died. It served the samepurpose during the Japanese Occupation. AtPresent, one part of the Fort houses the Rizalshrine, which contains memorabilia of thenational hero. Another part has been transformedinto an open-air theatre called Dulaang RahaSulayman by the Philippine Educational TheatreAssociation ( PETA ).

HONGKONG JUNTA

On June 24, 1898, HongKong Junta *wasorganized by Emilio Aguinaldo, to seekinternational recognition for the newlyproclaimed Philippine Republic.

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HUKBALAHAP

Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon orPeoples Army Against Japan. Established onMarch 29, 1942, in Nueva Ecija by the leaders ofthe Communist Party of the Philippines. Amongthem were Luis Taruc, Casto Alejandro, BernardoPoblete and Felipe Culala. It became thestrongest guerilla unit in Central Luzon duringthe Japanese Occupation. After the war it becamethe target of the anti-communist campaign of thegovernment, recognized itself as the HMB (Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan ) or PeoplesLiberation Army, and was suppressed during thetime of Ramon Magsaysay.

INAUGURATION OF

COMMONWEALTH

On November 15,1935, was theinauguration of Commonwealth government ofthe Philippines,in accordance with tydingsMcdaffie law. Manuel L. Quezon and SergioOsmena Sr. ,took oath as president and vicepresident respectively.

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KATIPUNAN

On July 7, 1892, The Katipunan wasfounded by Andres Bonifacio, Valentin Diaz,Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa and DeodatoArellano. The revolutionary movement startedthe Philippine Revolution four years later.

LA INDEPENDENCIA

On SEPTEMBER 3, 1898, LaIndependencia, was the official newspaper of therevolutionary government. Edited by AntonioLuna, it was first printed at calle Jolo ( now JuanLuna ) in Binondo, Manila. However, it was madeto appear that it was published in " Asilo deHuerfanos" in Malabon a place outside Americanjurisdiction. the newspaper ceased in 1899.

LA LIGA FILIPINA

On July 3, 1892 La Liga Filipina wasfounded by Jose Rizal in Tondo, Manila.Considered the last resort of the PropagandaMovement. Officers of the association; wereAmbrocio Salvador ( president ) , Augustin de laRosa ( fiscal ) , Bonifacio Arevalo ( treasurer ),and Deodato Arellano ( secretary ). The

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AYANGMGA PI LIPINO

IPUN

KAPILI )

NGA II

association was paralyzed when Rizal wasarrested and exiled to Dapitan. Apolinario Mabiniwas subsequently elected as secretary but choseto concentrate more on La Solidaridad

LA SOLIDARID

La Solidaridad, organ of the PropagandaMovement puiblished in Spain, on Feb. 15, 1889 .First edited by Graciano Lopez Jaena and later onby Marcelo del pilar . It published essays andarticles in Spanish expressing the Filipinodemands for reforms in the Philippines..

On December 8, 1944, The MakabayangKalipunan. ng mga Pilipino was organized by PioDuran, BOIlig110 R91/10S, Artentli0 Recarte andAurelio /Uvero. Because it committed atrocitiesagainst ininocent citizens, the organization andmany of its members were prosecuted after thesecond World War.

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ULOS REPUBLIC

April 17, 1898, Makabulos Republic wasestablished with the promulgation of constitutioncalled the Makabulos Constitution by arevolutionary assembly in Tarlac led by FranciscoMakabulos. The body called for continuedstruggle against the Spaniards.

MALACARANG

On August 27, 1847, Malacanangdeclared by royal decrees as summer residence ofthe Spanish Governor General.

On Sept. 22, 1943, National Anthem andNational Flag declared official symbols by virtueof Presidential Decree No. 211.

k ONG REBELLION

Dec. 15, 1660, a rebellion against Spain,in Pangasinan, led by a Maestro del Camponamed Andres Malong of Binalatongan ( now SanCarlos City ). The uprising was constrained afterMalongs death in Feb. 1661.

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MUTUAL DEFENSE PACT

August 30, 1951, a fact between thePhilippines and the United States made effective.The agreement aimed to ensure peace betweenthe two nations as well as to protect each otheragainst external aggression.

NEGROS REPUBLIC

1899 Negros Republic was proclaimed byaffluent landowners of Western Visayas, as atransitional government. It was not recognized bythe Americans. On March 1, General Otis issuedan order for the creation of the military district ofNegros which covered Panay , Cebu, and Negros.On July 20, the Negros Constitution wassubmitted to Governor McKinley but wasrejected.

NEW PEOPLES ARMY

NPA established in Tarlac , on March 29,1969 Initially composed of former HukbongMapagpalaya ng Bayan members and youthactivists, the NPA is the military arm of the re-established communist Party of the Philippines.

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PROCLAMATION OFSURRENDER

On April 29,1901, a proclamation of surrenderby Emilio Aguinaldo. The Americans had itprinted in English, Spanish , and severalPhilippine languages and distributed throughoutthe country.

REPARATIONS AGREEMENT

On May 9 , 1956, ReparationsAgreement between Japan and thePhilippines signed in Malacanang. Theagreement provided for the payment of $ 800million by Japan to the Philippines for thedamage caused during the World War II.

SURRENDER OF GENERALMANUEL TINIO

On April 29, 1901, General Manuel Tino,head of the Filipino forces against the Americanin the Ilocos region. He surrended two days afterGregorio Aglipay and other Filipino leaders. TheAmericans declared the suspension of the

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hostilities in the region on May 1, within themonth ,Tinio facilitated the surender of GeneralBenito Natividad, Col. Joaguin, and others..

TEJEROS COVENTION

Popular Tejeros Convention held in TejerosCavite on March 22,1897. Members of theKatipunan who belong to the two councils,Magdalo and Magdiwang, could not agree onwether to establish a revolutionary government.Andres Bonifacio went to Cavite to mediatebetween the two groups . The assembly decided toestablish a government and elected its officers toreplace the Katipunan . Elected officials were:Emilio Aguinaldo, (president)) ; Mariano Trias(vice President); Artemio Recarte ( Captain Gen.);Eniiliano Riego de dios .( Director of War ) ;andAndres bonifacio ( director of Interior ). Thecontroversy erupted when Daniel Tironaobjected to the election of Bonifacio,who feltinsulted by Tirona's actions. In anger, Bonifacionullified the whole proceedings and left theconvention. On the other hand, Aguinaldo whowas in Dasmarinas at that time, was advised toproceed to Tjeros and take his oath as presidentof the revolutionary government

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THIRTEEN RTYRS OFBAGUMBAYAN

Year 1897, Thirteen Martyrs ofBagumbayan ( now part of Rizal Park ). Theywere arrested after the cry of Pugadlawin, oncharges of treason and sedition. After a mocktrial, they were executed in Bagumbayan. Thethriteen were; Numeriano Adriario propagandist), Moises Salvador (propagandist) Francisco L.Roxas ( industrialist and civic leader) , Jose Dizon(Katipunan member ), Benedicto Nijaga(Katipunan member), • Antonio Salazar(businessman), Ramon A. Padira (employee andpropagandist ), Faustino Villaruel (business andmason), Braulio Rivera (Katipunan member) , ,Luis Inciso Villaruel, and Eustacio Mafialak,

TRUCE OF BIAK-NA-BAT

On December 14, 1897, the truce signedby Emilio Aguinaldo and Fernando Primo deRivera, to provisionally stop armed conflictbetween the Filipinos And Spaniards. The trucefailed due to suspicions, and fighting resumed inMay 1898.

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